GIT

Version Controlling
===================
This is the process of maintianing multiple versions of the code
All the team members uplaod their code(check in) into the remote
version controlling system.The VCS accepts the code uplaods from
multiple team members and integrates it so that when the other
team members download(check out) the code they will be able to
see the entire work done by the team.

VCS's also preserve older and later versions of the code so that
at any time we can switch between which ever version we want

VCS's also keep a track of who is making what kind of changes

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VCS's are categorised into 2 types

1 Centralised version controlling
2 Distributed version controlling

Centralised Version controlling(cvc)

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Here we have a remote server(code repository) into which all the
team members check in the code and all the features of version
controlling are implemented in this remote server. Ex:svn is a
software which is used for performing cvc.

Distributed version controlling

--------------------------------
Here we have a local repository installed on every team members
machines where version controlling happens at the level of
individual team members from where it is uploaded into a remote
server where version cotrolling happens for the entire team

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Setting up git on Windows

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1 Download git from
https://git-scm.com/downloads

2 Install it

3 Open gitbash and execute the git commands

Setting up git in ubuntu linux servers
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1 Update the apt repository
sudo apt-get update

2 Install git
sudo apt-get install -y git

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Configuring user and email globally for all users on a system
git config --global user.name "sai krishna"
git config --global user.email "[email protected]"

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On the local machine git uses three sections
1 Working directory
2 Stagging Area
3 Local repository

Working directory is the location where all the code is created

Initially all the files present here are called as untracked
files

Stagging area is the location where file indexing happens and it

is the buffer area of git and the files are called as indexed
files

Local repository is where version controlling happens and the

files are called as commited files
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Day 2
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Branching in Git
================
This is a feature of git using which we can create seperate
branches for different functionalites and later merge them with
the main branch also known as the master branch.This will help in
creating the code in an uncluttered way

1 To see the list of local branches

git branch

2 To see the list all branches local and remote

git branch -a

3 To create a branch
git branch branch_name
4 To move into a branch
git checkout branch_name

5 To create a branch and also move into it

git checkout -b branch_name

6 To merge a branch
git merge branch_name

7 To delete a branch that is merged

git branch -d branch_name
This is also called as soft delete

8 To delete a branch that is not merged

git branch -D branch_name
This is also known as hard delete

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Note: Whenever a branch is create whatever is the commit history

of the parent branch will be copied into the new branch

Note: Irrespective of, on which branch a file is created or

modified git only considers from which branch it is commited and
the file belongs to that commited branch only.

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Working on the Github

=====================
This is the remote repository into which the code is uploaded and
this process is called as checkin

1 Singup for a github account

2 Signin into that account
3 Click on + on top right corner
4 Click on New repository
5 Enter some repository name
6 Select Public or Private
7 Click on Create repository
8 Go to Push an existing repository from command line and copy
paste the commands Enter username and password of github.
Downloading the code from the remote github
===========================================
This can be done in three ways
git clone
git fetch
git pull

git clone:
=========
This will download all the code from the remote repository
into the local repository and it is generally used only once
when all the team members want a copy of the same code

Syntax: git clone remote_git_repo_url

git fetch:
=========
This will download only the modified files but it will place
them on a seperate branch called as "remote branch",we can go
into this remote branch check if the modificatios are accpetable
and then merge it with the main branch

1 Open the github

2 Go to the repository that we uploaded
3 Select a file and edit it--->Click on commit changes
4 Open git bash
5 git fetch
6 To see the name of remote branch
git branch -a
7 To switch into this branch
git checkout branch_name_from_step6
8 View the modified file
cat filename
9 If these modifications are ok then merge with main branch
git checkout main
git merge branch_name_from_step6
git pull:
========
This will download only the modified files and merge them with
our local branches
1 Open the github
2 Go to the repository that we uploaded
3 Select a file and edit it--->Click on commit changes
4 Open git bash
5 git pull
We can see the modified files on the main branch

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Git Merge:
=========
Merging always happens bases on the time stamps of the commits

1 Create few commits on master

touch f1
git add .
git commit -m "a"
touch f2
git add .
git commit -m "b"

2 Check the git commit history

git log --oneline

3 Create a test branch and create few commits on it

git checkout -b test
touch f3
git add .
git commit -m "c"
touch f4
git add .
git commit -m "d"

4 Check the commit history

git log --oneline

5 Go back to master and create few more commits

git checkout master
touch f5
git add .
git commit -m "e"
touch f6
git add .
git commit -m "f"
6 Check the commit history
git log --oneline

9 Merge test with master

git merge test

10 Check the commit history

git log --oneline

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Git rebase:
==========
This is called as fastforward merge where the commits coming from
a branch are projected as the top most commits on master branch.

1 Implement step 1-6 from above scenario

2 To rebase test with master

git checkout test
git rebase master
git checkout master
git merge test

3 Check the commit history

git log --oneline

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Git Cherrypicking:
=================
This is used to selectively pick up certain commits and add them
to the master branch

1 On master create few commits

a--->b

2 Create a test branch and create few commits

git checkout -b test
a--->b--->c--->d--->e--->f--->g

3 To bring only c and e commits to master

git checkout master
git cherry-pick c_commitid e_commitid

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Git reset:
=========
This is a command of git using which we can toggle between
multiple versions of git and access whichever version we want.

Toggle means a setting that can be switched between two different

options by performing a single action.

Reset can be done in 3 ways

1 Hard reset
2 soft reset
3 Mixed reset

Hard reset: In hard reset HEAD simply points to an older commit

and we can see the data as present at the time of that older
commit

1 Create few commits on master

a-->b--->c

2 To jump to b commit from c

git reset --hard b_commit_id

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Soft reset will also move the head to an older commit but
we will see the condition of the git repository as just one
step prior to the c commit ie; the files will be seen in the
stagging area.

git reset --soft b_commitid

Mixed reset also moves the head to an older commit

but we will see the condition of git as 2 steps prior to the c
commit ie; the files will be present in the untracked/modified
section

git reset --mixed b_commitid

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Git stashing:
============
Stash is a section of git into which once the files are pushed
git cannot access them

To stash all the files present in the stagging area

git stash

To stash all files present in stagging area and untracked

section.
git stash -u

To stash all files present in stagging area,untracked section and

also .gitignore
git stash -a

To see the list of stases

git stash list

To unstash a latest stash

git stash pop

To unstash an older stash

git stash pop stash@{stashno}

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Git squash:
==========
This is the process of merging multiple commits and making
it look like a single commit.This can be done using the git
rebase command

1 Create a commit history

a --> b --> c --> d --> e --> f
HEAD is pointing to f commit

Note: a commit is called as the "initial commit" and it cannot be

squashed

In the above scenario we can sqaush only a max of 5 commits

2 To squash
 git rebase -i HEAD~5

This will open the top 5 commits in vi editor

For which ever commits we want to perform a squash operation
remove the word "pick" and replace it with "squash"

3 Check the commit history

git log --online

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Git rebase can also rearrange the commit history order

1 Create a commit history

a --> b --> c --> d --> e --> f
HEAD is pointing ti f commit

2 To rearrange the commit history order

git rebase -i HEAD~5
Reaarange the commits in whatever order that we want

3 Check the commit history now

git log --oneline

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Tags:Tags are generally used when you want to associate your

commits with something is called as Release numbers or revesion
numbers we call it as tags.

When so many commits are there,important commits which are

related to Release activity when software release particular
commit they have to be Identified uniquely that is where you
implementing something called as bookmarks(tags).

When we have a huge commit history there are certain important

commits which are related to Release activity then we want to
Identified that commits we can use tags.

Tags by default are always created for the latest commit.

Tags means its just a way of Identifiying important commits which

are related to release activities

COMMANDS OF TAGS:
================

If we want to tags for older commit

Git tag Release-1.0 which older commit we want give that
commit id

list of tags
git tag

Delete tag
git tag –d Release-1.0

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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 (Token password)github