Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the

following:

5
• Identify the available group functions
• Describe the use of group functions
Reporting Aggregated Data
• Group data by using the GROUP BY clause
Using the Group Functions
• Include or exclude grouped rows by using the HAVING
clause

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Lesson Agenda What Are Group Functions?

• Group functions: Group functions operate on sets of rows to give one result per
– Types and syntax group.
– Use AVG, SUM, MIN, MAX, COUNT EMPLOYEES
– Use DISTINCT keyword within group functions
– NULL values in a group function
• Grouping rows:
– GROUP BY clause
– HAVING clause Maximum salary in
EMPLOYEES table
• Nesting group functions
…

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Types of Group Functions Group Functions: Syntax

• AVG
• COUNT SELECT group_function(column), ...
• MAX FROM table
• MIN [WHERE condition]
Group [ORDER BY column];
• STDDEV functions
• SUM
• VARIANCE

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 Using the AVG and SUM Functions Using the MIN and MAX Functions

You can use AVG, MAX, MIN and SUM for numeric data. You can use MIN and MAX for numeric, character, and date data
types.
SELECT AVG(salary), MAX(salary),
MIN(salary), SUM(salary)
FROM employees SELECT MIN(hire_date), MAX(hire_date)
WHERE job_id LIKE '%REP%'; FROM employees;

5-7 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. 5-8 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Using the COUNT Function Using the DISTINCT Keyword

COUNT(*) returns the number of rows (records) in a table: • COUNT(DISTINCT expr) returns the number of distinct
SELECT COUNT(*)
non-null values of expr.
1 FROM employees • To display the number of distinct department values in the
WHERE department_id = 50; EMPLOYEES table:

SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT department_id)

COUNT(expr) returns the number of rows with non-null values FROM employees;
for expr:
SELECT COUNT(commission_pct)
2 FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 80;

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Group Functions and Null Values W3C SQL Tutorial

Group functions ignore null values in the column:

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/
SELECT AVG(commission_pct)
1 FROM employees;

The NVL function forces group functions to include null values:

SELECT AVG(NVL(commission_pct, 0))

2 FROM employees;

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 Lesson Agenda Creating Groups of Data

• Group functions: EMPLOYEES

– Types and syntax
4400
Average salary in
– Use AVG, SUM, MIN, MAX, COUNT EMPLOYEES table for
9500
– Use DISTINCT keyword within group functions each department
– NULL values in a group function
3500
• Grouping rows:
– GROUP BY clause
– HAVING clause 6400

• Nesting group functions

10033

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Creating Groups of Data: Using the GROUP BY Clause

GROUP BY Clause Syntax

SELECT column, group_function(column) All columns in the SELECT list that are not in group functions
FROM table must be in the GROUP BY clause.
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY group_by_expression] SELECT department_id, AVG(salary)
[ORDER BY column]; FROM employees
You can divide rows in a table into smaller groups by using the GROUP BY department_id ;
GROUP BY clause.

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Using the GROUP BY Clause Grouping by More than One Column

The GROUP BY column does not have to be in the SELECT list. EMPLOYEES Add the salaries in the EMPLOYEES
table for each job, grouped by
department.
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id ;

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 Using the GROUP BY Clause Illegal Queries
on Multiple Columns Using Group Functions
SELECT department_id, job_id, SUM(salary) Any column or expression in the SELECT list that is not an
FROM employees aggregate function must be in the GROUP BY clause:
WHERE department_id > 40
GROUP BY department_id, job_id SELECT department_id, COUNT(last_name)
ORDER BY department_id; FROM employees;
A GROUP BY clause must be added to
count the last names for each
department_id.

SELECT department_id, job_id, COUNT(last_name)

FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;

Either add job_id in the GROUP BY or

remove the job_id column from the
SELECT list.

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Illegal Queries Restricting Group Results

Using Group Functions
EMPLOYEES
• You cannot use the WHERE clause to restrict groups.
• You use the HAVING clause to restrict groups.
• You cannot use group functions in the WHERE clause.
The maximum salary per
SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) department when it is
FROM employees greater than $10,000
WHERE AVG(salary) > 8000
GROUP BY department_id;

Cannot use the

WHERE clause to
restrict groups
…

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Restricting Group Results Using the HAVING Clause

with the HAVING Clause
When you use the HAVING clause, the Oracle server restricts
groups as follows: SELECT department_id, MAX(salary)
1. Rows are grouped. FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
2. The group function is applied. HAVING MAX(salary)>10000 ;
3. Groups matching the HAVING clause are displayed.

SELECT column, group_function

FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY group_by_expression]
[HAVING group_condition]
[ORDER BY column];

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 Using the HAVING Clause Lesson Agenda

• Group functions:
SELECT job_id, SUM(salary) PAYROLL – Types and syntax
FROM employees – Use AVG, SUM, MIN, MAX, COUNT
WHERE job_id NOT LIKE '%REP%'
GROUP BY job_id – Use DISTINCT keyword within group functions
HAVING SUM(salary) > 13000 – NULL values in a group function
ORDER BY SUM(salary); • Grouping rows:
– GROUP BY clause
– HAVING clause
• Nesting group functions

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Nesting Group Functions Quiz

Display the maximum average salary: Identify the guidelines for group functions and the GROUP BY
clause.
SELECT MAX(AVG(salary)) 1. You cannot use a column alias in the GROUP BY clause.
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;
2. The GROUP BY column must be in the SELECT clause.
3. By using a WHERE clause, you can exclude rows before
dividing them into groups.
4. The GROUP BY clause groups rows and ensures order of
the result set.
5. If you include a group function in a SELECT clause, you
cannot select individual results as well.

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Summary Practice 5: Overview

In this lesson, you should have learned how to: This practice covers the following topics:
• Use the group functions COUNT, MAX, MIN, SUM, and AVG • Writing queries that use the group functions
• Write queries that use the GROUP BY clause • Grouping by rows to achieve more than one result
• Write queries that use the HAVING clause • Restricting groups by using the HAVING clause

SELECT column, group_function

FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY group_by_expression]
[HAVING group_condition]
[ORDER BY column];

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 W3C SQL Tutorial for Group By and Having

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_groupby.asp

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_having.asp

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