1.

According to paragraph 1, each of the following is Spartina

true of Spartina alrerniflora EXCEPT: Spartina alterniflora, known as cordgrass, is a deciduous,
A. It rarely flowers in salt marshes. perennial flowering plant native to the Atlantic coast and
B. It grows well in intertidal zones. the Gulf Coast of the United States. It is the dominant
C. It is commonly referred to as cordgrass. native species of the lower salt marshes along these coasts,
D. It occurs naturally along the Gulf Coast and where it grows in the intertidal zone (the area covered by
the Atlantic coast of the United States. water some parts of the day and exposed others).

These natural salt marshes are among the most productive

2. According to paragraph 2, a major reason why habitats in the marine environment. Nutrient-rich water is
natural salt marshes are so productive is that they are brought to the wetlands during each high tide, making a
A. inhabited by long-lived seaweed and marsh high rate of food production possible. As the seaweed and
grasses that reproduce gradually marsh grass leaves die, bacteria break down the plant
B. kept clear of excess plant material by the material, and insects, small shrimplike organisms, fiddler
tides crabs, and marsh snails eat the decaying plant tissue, digest
C. regularly supplied with high levels of it, and excrete wastes high in nutrients. Numerous insects
nutrients occupy the marsh, feeding on living or dead cordgrass
D. home to a wide variety of different species of tissue, and redwing blackbirds, sparrows, rodents, rabbits,
grasses and deer feed directly on the cordgrass. Each tidal cycle
carries plant material into the offshore water to be used by
3. Which of the sentences below best express the the subtidal organisms.
essential information in the highlighted sentence in the
passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in
important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Insects feed only on dead cordgrass, while
most other marsh inhabitants feed on live
cordgrass.
B. The marsh is a good habitat for insects, but a
relatively poor one for birds and animals.
C. Although cordgrass provides food for birds
and animals, it gives insects both food and a
place to live.
D. Cordgrass provides food for numerous
insects, birds, and other animals.
4. What is the organizational structure of paragraph Spartina is an exceedingly competitive plant. It spreads
3? primarily by underground stems; colonies form when
A. It makes a general claim about Spartina and pieces of the root system or whole plants float into an area
then provides specific evidence to defend and take root or when seeds float into a suitable area and
that claim against objections to the claim. germinate. Spartina establishes itself on substrates ranging
B. It presents a general characterization of from sand and silt to gravel and cobble and is tolerant of
Spartina and then describes particular salinities ranging from that of near freshwater (0.05
features on which this characterization is percent) to that of salt water (3.5 percent). Because they
based. lack oxygen, marsh sediments are high in sulfides that are
C. It reports a widely held view about Spartina toxic to most plants. Spartina has the ability to take up
and then considers evidence both for and sulfides and convert them to sulfate, a form of sulfur that
against that view. the plant can use; this ability makes it easier for the grass to
D. It presents a general hypothesis about colonize marsh environments. Another adaptive advantage
Spartina and then lists specific evidence that is Spartina’s ability to use carbon dioxide more efficiently
disputes that hypothesis. than most other plants.

5. The word "exceedingly" in the passage is closest

in meaning to
A. unusually
B. dangerously
C. surprisingly
D. highly

6. According to paragraph 3, one reason that

Spanina is able to compete in marsh environments so
successfully is its ability to
A. alter the substrate in which it grows
B. convert sulfides into a usable form of sulfur
C. grow and produce seeds while floating on the
surface of the water These characteristics make Spartina a valuable component
D. produce carbon dioxide with great efficiency of the estuaries where it occurs naturally. The plant
functions as a stabilizer and a sediment trap and as a
7. Paragraph 4 suggests that where Spanina occurs nursery area for estuarine fish and shellfish. Once
naturally, an established stand of it will eventually established, a stand of Spartina begins to trap sediment,
A. create conditions in which it can no longer changing the substrate elevation, and eventually the stand
survive evolves into a high marsh system where Spartina is
B. get washed away by water flowing through gradually displaced by higher-elevation, brackish-water
the deep channels that form around it species. As elevation increases, narrow, deep channels of
C. become adapted to brackish water water form throughout the marsh. Along the east coast
D. take over other grass species growing in the Spartina is considered valuable for its ability to prevent
area erosion and marshland deterioration; it is also used for
coastal restoration projects and the creation of new wetland
8. According to paragraph 4, in its natural habitats, sites.
Spanina helps estuaries by
A. controlling marshland decline
B. decreasing the substrate elevation
C. reducing the brackishness of the water
D. increasing the flow of water into the estuary
9. The word "modifies" in the passage is closest in Spartina was transported to Washington State in packing
meaning to materials for oysters transplanted from the east coast in
A. creates 1894. Leaving its insect predators behind, the cordgrass has
B. changes been spreading slowly and steadily along Washington’s
C. grows on tidal estuaries on the west coast, crowding out the native
D. breaks down plants and drastically altering the landscape by trapping
sediment. Spartina modifies tidal mudflats, turning them
10. The word "Efforts" in the passage is closest in into high marshes inhospitable to the many fish and
meaning to waterfowl that depend on the mudflats. It is already
A. Laws hampering the oyster harvest and the Dungeness crab
B. Suggestions fishery, and it interferes with the recreational use of
C. Attempts beaches and waterfronts. Spartina has been transplanted to
D. Failures England and to New Zealand for land reclamation and
shoreline stabilization. In New Zealand the plant has spread
11. According to paragraph 5, Spanina negatively rapidly, changing mudflats with marshy fringes to
affects wildlife in estuaries by extensive salt meadows and reducing the number and kinds
A. trapping fish and waterfowl in sediment of birds and animals that use the marsh.
B. preventing oysters from transplanting
successfully Efforts to control Spartina outside its natural environment
C. turning mudflats into high marshes and salt have included burning, flooding, shading plants with black
meadows canvas or plastic, smothering the plants with dredged
D. expanding the marshy fringes of salt materials or clay, applying herbicide, and mowing
meadows repeatedly. Little success has been reported in New
Zealand and England; Washington State’s management
12. According to paragraph 6, each of the following program has tried many of these methods and is presently
methods has been used in attempts to control Spanina using the herbicide glyphosphate to control its spread.
EXCEPT Work has begun to determine the feasibility of using
A. flooding plants insects as biological controls, but effective biological
B. cutting plants down repeatedly controls are considered years away. Even with a massive
C. applying herbicides effort, it is doubtful that complete eradication of Spartina
D. introducing predatory insects from nonnative habitats is possible, for it has become an
integral part of these shorelines and estuaries during the
last 100 to 200 years.
13. Look at the four squares [Ⓐ] [Ⓑ] [Ⓒ] and [Ⓓ] Spartina is an exceedingly competitive plant. Ⓐ It
that indicate where the following sentence could be spreads primarily by underground stems; colonies form
added to the passage. when pieces of the root system or whole plants float into an
Spartina is particularly able to tolerate high area and take root or when seeds float into a suitable area
salinities because salt glands on the surface of the and germinate. Ⓑ Spartina establishes itself on substrates
leaves remove the salt from the plant sap. ranging from sand and silt to gravel and cobble and is
Where would the sentence best fit? tolerant of salinities ranging from that of near freshwater
(0.05 percent) to that of salt water (3.5 percent). Ⓒ
14. Because they lack oxygen, marsh sediments are high in
Spanina alrerniflora, or cordgrass, is the dominant sulfides that are toxic to most plants. Ⓓ Spartina has the
native species in salt marshes along the Atlantic ability to take up sulfides and convert them to sulfate, a
coast and the Gulf Coast of the United States. form of sulfur that the plant can use; this ability makes it
easier for the grass to colonize marsh environments.
Click on 3 answers. Another adaptive advantage is Spartina’s ability to use
A. Spartina is very well adapted to conditions in carbon dioxide more efficiently than most other plants.
salt marshes, where it plays a valuable role in
stabilizing them and making them highly
productive marine habitats.
B. Spartina expands by growing root systems
that float on the water’s surface and descend
underground, where it finds the nutrients that
it needs to germinate.
C. As a result of its spread in Washington State
over the past hundred years. Spartina has
now become a threat to native oysters by
releasing sediments that contain sulfides into
the waters.
D. The dead leaves of Spartina become food for
a wide variety of marine organisms.
E. Outside its native regions, Spartina can pose
serious problems by turning mudflats into
high marshes that are inhospitable to many
native fish and birds.
F. Spartina has physiological adaptations that
allow it to grow in environments where other
plants cannot, making it a very strong
competitor that is difficult to control once it
is established.
 The Birth of Photography
Perceptions of the visible world were greatly altered by
the invention of photography in the middle of the
1. What can be inferred from paragraphs 1 and 2 nineteenth century. In particular, and quite logically, the
about the effect of photography on nineteenth-century art of painting was forever changed, though not always in
painting? the ways one might have expected. The realistic and
A. Photography did not significantly change naturalistic painters of the mid- and late-nineteenth
the way people looked at reality. century were all intently aware of photography—as a
B. Most painters used the images of the camera thing to use, to learn from, and react to.
obscura in preference to those of the
daguerreotype. Unlike most major inventions, photography had been
C. Painters who were concerned with realistic long and impatiently awaited. The images produced by
or naturalistic representation were the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole
particularly influenced by photography. or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a
D. Artists used the long-awaited invention of piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device
photography in just the ways they had had been much employed by topographical artists like the
expected to. Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city
of Venice. What was lacking was a way of giving such
images permanent form. This was finally achieved by
2. The word "duplicated" in the passage is closest in Louis Daguerre (1787-1851), who perfected a way of
meaning to fixing them on a silvered copper plate. His discovery, the
A. copied "daguerreotype," was announced in 1839.
B. replaced
C. handled A second and very different process was patented by
D. clarified the British inventor William Henry Talbot (1800-1877) in
1841. Talbot's "calotype" was the first
3. The phrase "Its general effect" in the passage negative-to-positive process and the direct ancestor of the
refers to modern photograph. The calotype was revolutionary in its
A. the camera lens use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light
B. the calotype became dark in tone, producing a negative image. This
C. the etching "negative," as Talbot called it, could then be used to print
D. the engraving multiple positive images on another piece of treated
paper.
4. According to paragraphs 2 and 3 which of the
following did the daguerreotype and the calotype have The two processes produced very different results.
in common? The daguerreotype was a unique image that reproduced
A. They were equally useful for artists. what was in front of the camera lens in minute,
B. They could be reproduced. unselective detail and could not be duplicated. The
C. They produced a permanent image calotype could be made in series, and was thus the
D. They were produced on treated paper. equivalent of an etching or an engraving. Its general
effect was soft edged and tonal.
5. The word "authenticity" in the passage is closest in One of the things that most impressed the original
meaning to audience for photography was the idea of authenticity.
A. improvement Nature now seemed able to speak for itself, with a
B. practicality minimum of interference. The title Talbot chose for his
C. genuineness book, The Pencil of Nature (the first part of which was
D. repetition published in 1844), reflected this feeling. Artists were
fascinated by photography because it offered a way of
examining the world in much greater detail. They were
6. What point does the author make in paragraph 6? also afraid of it, because it seemed likely to make their
A. Paintings became less expensive because of own efforts unnecessary.
competition with photography.
B. Photography, unlike painting, was a type of Photography did indeed make certain kinds of
portraiture that even ordinary people could painting obsolete—the daguerreotype virtually did away
afford. with the portrait miniature. It also made the whole
C. Every style of painting was influenced by the business of making and owning images democratic.
invention of photography. Portraiture, once a luxury for the privileged few, was
D. The daguerreotype was more popular than suddenly well within the reach of many more people.
the calotype.
In the long term, photography's impact on the visual
7. The word "reluctant" in the passage is closest in arts was far from simple. Because the medium was so
meaning to prolific, in the sense that it was possible to produce a
A. unable multitude of images very cheaply, it was soon treated as
B. embarrassed the poor relation of fine art, rather than its destined
C. unlikely successor. Even those artists who were most dependent
D. unwilling on photography became reluctant to admit that they made
use of it, in case this compromised their professional
8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the standing.
essential information in the highlighted sentence in the
passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in
important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Photography did not replace other fine arts
because people felt the image looked cheap
in relation to the other arts.
B. Photography was not considered a true art
because people could use it to create many
images cheaply.
C. Photography was so cheap and readily
available that it could be purchased by
people who were too poor to purchase fine
art.
D. Photography not only spread quickly but
also was a cheap art form and so became true
successor of fine arts rather than its poor
relation.
 The rapid technical development of
9. The word "unanticipated" in the passage is closest photography—the introduction of lighter and
in meaning to simpler equipment, and of new emulsions that
A. indirect coated photographic plates, film, and paper and
B. not expected enabled images to be made at much faster
C. unquestionable speeds—had some unanticipated consequences.
D. beneficial Scientific experiments made by photographers
such as Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904) and
10. The word "accidental" in the passage is closest in Etienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904) demonstrated
meaning to that the movements of both humans and animals
A. surprising differed widely from the way they had been
B. unintentional traditionally represented in art. Artists, often
C. realistic reluctantly, were forced to accept the evidence
D. unusual provided by the camera. The new candid
photography—unposed pictures that were made
11. Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph when the subjects were unaware that their pictures
8 as a benefit that artists derived from photography? were being taken—confirmed these scientific
A. It inspired artists to use technological themes results, and at the same time, thanks to the radical
in their painting. cropping (trimming) of images that the camera
B. It lent prestige to those artists who used often imposed, suggested new compositional
photographs as models for paintings formats. The accidental effects obtained by candid
C. It provided artists with new types of photographers were soon being copied by artists
equipment to speed up the painting process. such as the French painter Degas.
D. It motivated artists to think about new ways
to compose images in their paintings.

12. It can be inferred from paragraph 8 that one effect

that photography had on painting was that it
A. provided painters with new insights into how
humans and animals actually move
B. showed that representing movement could
be as interesting as portrait art
C. increased the appeal of painted portraiture
among the wealthy
D. influenced artists to improve techniques for
painting faster
13. Look at the four squares HI that indicate where the
following sentence could be added to the passage
Although his process produced permanent images, Unlike most major inventions, photography had been
each was unique and no reproduction of the picture long and impatiently awaited. The images produced by
was possible. the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole
Where would the sentence best fit? or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a
Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device
passage. had been much employed by topographical artists like the
Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city
of Venice. What was lacking was a way of giving such
images permanent form. This was finally achieved by
Louis Daguerre (1787-1851), who perfected a way of
14. fixing them on a silvered copper plate. His discovery, the
The invention of photography had a significant "daguerreotype," was announced in 1839.■
impact on the art of painting in the nineteenth
century. A second and very different process was patented by
Answer Choices the British inventor William Henry Talbot (1800-1877) in
A. For a brief time, artists preferred not to paint 1841.■ Talbot's "calotype" was the first
natural or realistic images that would have to negative-to-positive process and the direct ancestor of the
compete with photographs. modern photograph. The calotype was revolutionary in its
B. Before photography, Canaletto had used the use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light
camera obscura to project scenes onto a became dark in tone, producing a negative image.■ This
paper or glass plate. "negative," as Talbot called it, could then be used to print
C. The photographic processes of Louis multiple positive images on another piece of treated
Daguerre and William Henry Talbot both paper.■
made permanent images, but only Talbot's
process allowed making multiple copies.
D. The work of Eadweard Muybridge and
Etienne-Jules Marey established
photography both as a science and as an art.
E. Photography made accurate images widely
and inexpensively available, but this popular
success also had the effect of lowering its
perceived value in relation to the fine arts.
F. Photography eliminated the painted portrait
miniature, led artists to accurately represent
movement, and affected pictorial
composition, but did not replace traditional
visual arts.