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Cell Structure and Function NEET

The document provides an overview of cell structure and function, detailing the characteristics and types of cells, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It explains key organelles, the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, and transport mechanisms, as well as cell division processes like mitosis and meiosis. Additionally, it includes practice questions for NEET preparation.

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KPNM. CHAINAL
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7 views

Cell Structure and Function NEET

The document provides an overview of cell structure and function, detailing the characteristics and types of cells, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It explains key organelles, the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, and transport mechanisms, as well as cell division processes like mitosis and meiosis. Additionally, it includes practice questions for NEET preparation.

Uploaded by

KPNM. CHAINAL
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NEET Preparation - Cell Structure and Function

Chapter: Cell Structure and Function

1. Introduction to the Cell:

- Definition: The cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of life. It is the smallest unit

that can carry out all life processes.

- Cell Theory:

* All living organisms are composed of cells.

* The cell is the basic unit of life.

* All cells arise from pre-existing cells (proposed by Rudolf Virchow).

- Types of Cells:

* Prokaryotic cells: Simple, lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria).

* Eukaryotic cells: Complex, have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., plants,

animals).

2. Prokaryotic Cell:

- Characteristics:

* No membrane-bound nucleus (nucleoid region contains circular DNA).

* Lack of membrane-bound organelles.

* 70S ribosomes (smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes).

* Cell wall made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria).

* Reproduce by binary fission.

- Key Structures:

* Cell wall: Provides structural support.

* Plasma membrane: Controls the movement of substances in and out.


* Cytoplasm: Contains enzymes for metabolic activities.

* Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.

* Flagella: Used for movement (e.g., in bacteria like Escherichia coli).

* Plasmids: Small circular DNA molecules that carry extra genetic information.

3. Eukaryotic Cell:

- Characteristics:

* True membrane-bound nucleus.

* Presence of various membrane-bound organelles.

* 80S ribosomes (larger than prokaryotic ribosomes).

* Cell division by mitosis or meiosis.

- Key Organelles:

a. Nucleus: Control center of the cell.

b. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Smooth ER (lipid synthesis), Rough ER (protein synthesis).

c. Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.

d. Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, site of ATP production.

e. Lysosomes: Contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion.

f. Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis.

g. Chloroplasts (in Plant Cells): Site of photosynthesis.

h. Vacuoles: Storage and maintenance of turgor pressure.

i. Cytoskeleton: Maintains cell shape, enables movement.

4. Cell Membrane Structure:

- Fluid Mosaic Model: Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

- Functions: Selectively permeable, cell communication.


5. Transport Across Cell Membranes:

- Passive Transport (Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated diffusion).

- Active Transport (Sodium-potassium pump).

- Endocytosis and Exocytosis.

6. Cell Division:

- Mitosis: Division into two identical cells.

- Meiosis: Formation of four haploid gametes.

Practice Questions:

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs):

1. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of prokaryotic cells?

a) Membrane-bound nucleus

b) Presence of 80S ribosomes

c) Lack of true nucleus

d) Presence of endoplasmic reticulum

2. The powerhouse of the cell is:

a) Ribosomes

b) Nucleus

c) Golgi apparatus

d) Mitochondria

Short Answer Questions:


1. Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

2. Explain the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane.

Long Answer Questions:

1. Discuss the process of mitosis and its significance.

2. Compare passive and active transport mechanisms across cell membranes.

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