A

TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT ON

GREEN COMPUTING
Guided By
P. Sujatha, M.Tech
Submitted by
GAJULA NIKITHA
21PP1A0517

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

ANUBOSE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTU HYDERABAD)
KSP ROAD, NEW PALONCHA, 507115
2025
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the technical seminar entitled
"GREEN COMPUTING"
Has been duly completed by the following student in a satisfactory manner
as partial fulfillment for the
Degree of bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science and Engineering
Submitted by
GAJULA NIKITHA
21PP1A0517

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Anubose Institute of Technology
Paloncha
2025
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank respected Associate Professor Head of the Dept Dr. A. Avani,
M.Tech., Ph.D for giving me such a wonderful opportunity to expand my knowledge for my own
branch and giving me guidelines to present a seminar report. It helped a lot to realize of what we
study for.

Secondly, I would like to thank my parents who patiently help me as I went through my
work and help to modify and eliminate some of the irrelevant or un-necessary stuffs.

Thirdly, I would like to thank my friends who helped me to make my work more organized
and well-stacked till the end.

Next, I would thank Microsoft for developing such a wonderful tool like MS. Word. It
helped my work a lot to remain error-free.

Last but clearly not the least; I would thank the almighty for giving me strength to complete
my report on time.
 CONTENTS
Abstract 1

1. Introduction 2

1.1 Go Green Importance 2

1.2 Objectives 3

2. About Green Computing 5

2.1 History of Green Computing 5

2.2 What is Green Computing? 5

2.3 Regulation Initiative 8

2.4 Advantages of Green Computing 8

2.5 Facts about Green Computing 9

3. Analysis and Approaches 10

3.1 Why Green computing 10

3.2 Approaches to Green computing 10

3.3 Green IT solutions Applications 13

3.4 Perspective with respect to Indian scenario 14

4. Steps to Green Computing 16

5. Conclusion 19

6. Future Work 20

7. References 21
 ABSTRACT
Green computing, also called sustainable computing, is the process of developing and
Optimizing computer chips, systems, networks, and software in such a manner that can
Maximize efficiency by utilizing energy more efficiently and minimizing the negative
environmental influence on the surrounding. The term “green computing” refers to practices that
lessen the negative effects of technology on the environment. Due to the improvements in modern
technology, various devices, mechanisms, and software have been developed, and lots of studies
have been conducted to optimize and increase those technologies’ green computing abilities.
Thus, review and summarization of green computing-based studies are required to identify the
current advancements, challenges, and future research opportunities. This study reviewed and
summarized green computing in each area studies, by exploring green computing’s twelve areas.
Current research trends, datasets or testing mechanisms, and the construction or implementation
of various technologies to accomplish green computing and sustainable development have been
discussed. This study, after conducting a thorough comparison and analysis, provides responses to
the proposed state-of-the-art research questions.
Furthermore, this study presents the current challenges and future research opportunities
with respect to each green computing area. This study will provide organizations, researchers, and
institutions conducting research on green computing with insights and ideas. Furthermore,
environmental organizations, companies, and government agencies concerned with reducing
carbon emissions and energy consumption will also benefit from this review study.

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 1. Introduction

Green computing is the practice of using computing resources efficiently. The goals are to
reduce the use of hazardous materials, maximize energy efficiency during the product's lifetime,
and promote recyclability or biodegradability of defunct products and factory waste. Such practices
include the implementation of energy-efficient central processing units (CPUs), servers and
peripherals as well as reduced resource consumption and proper disposal of electronic waste (e-
waste). In 1992, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency launched Energy Star, a voluntary
labeling program which is designed to promote and recognize energy-efficiency in monitors,
climate control equipment, and other technologies. This resulted in the widespread adoption of
sleep mode among consumer electronics.
The term "green computing" was probably coined shortly after the Energy Star program
began; there are several USENET posts dating back to 1992 which use the term in this manner.

1.1 Go Green Importance

Green computing is a very hot topic these days, not only because of rising energy costs and
potential savings, but also due to the impact on the environment. Energy to manufacture, store,
operate, and cool computing systems has grown significantly in the recent years, primarily due to
the volume of systems and computing that companies now heavily rely upon. Computing power

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consumption of companies has reached a critical point. For example, an E-commerce business with
100,000 servers can easily spend up to $20 million a year on server power. Add another $10 million
for a/c cooling and it tops $30 million a year in power alone. Clearly there is a huge potential for
savings in their infrastructure.

Fig: Green computing

Despite the huge surge in computing power demands, there are many existing technologies
and methods by which significant savings can be made. This series is dedicated to the ways a
typical organization can reduce their energy footprint while maintaining required levels of
computing performance.

1.2 Objectives
Climate Change:

First and foremost, conclusive research shows that CO2 and other emissions are causing
global climate and environmental damage. Preserving the planet is a valid goal because it aims to
preserve life.

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 Planets like ours, that supports life, are very rare. None of the planets in our solar system,
or in nearby star systems have m-class planets as we know them.
Savings:

Green computing can lead to serious cost savings over time. Reductions in energy costs
from servers, cooling, and lighting are generating serious savings for many corporations.
Reliability of Power:

As energy demands in the world go up, energy supply is declining or flat. Energy efficient
systems helps ensure healthy power systems. Also, more companies are generating more of their
own electricity, which further motivates them to keep power consumption low.

Computing Power Consumption Has Reached a Critical Point:

Data centers have run out of usable power and cooling due to high densities.

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 2. ABOUT GREEN COMPUTING
2.1 HISTORY OF GREEN COMPUTING
In 1992, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency launched Energy Star, a
Voluntary labeling program which is designed to promote and recognize energy-efficiency in
monitors, climate control equipment, and other technologies. This resulted in the widespread
adoption of sleep mode among consumer electronics. The term "green computing" was probably
coined shortly after the Energy Star program began; there are several USENET posts dating back
to 1992 which use the term in this manner. Concurrently, the Swedish organization TCO
Development launched the Certification program to promote low magnetic and electrical emissions
from CRT-based computer displays; this program was later expanded to include criteria on energy
consumption, ergonomics, and the use of hazardous materials in construction.
When it comes to PC disposal, it is necessary to know everything there is to know to be
involved in green computing. Basically, the whole green aspect came about quite a few years back
when the news that the environment was not a renewable resource really hit home and people
started realizing that they had to do their part to protect the environment. Basically, the efficient
use of computers and computing is what green computing is all about. The triple bottom line is
what is important when it comes to anything green and the same goes for green computing. This
considers social responsibility, economic viability and the impact on the environment. Many
businesses simply focus on a bottom line, rather than a green Triple bottom line, of economic
viability when it comes to computers.
The idea is to make the whole process surrounding computers friendlier to the environment,
economy, and society. This means manufacturers create computers in a way that reflects the triple
bottom line positively. Once computers are sold businesses or people use them in a green way by
reducing power usage and disposing of them properly or recycling them. The idea is to make
computers from beginning trend a green product.

2.2 WHAT IS GREEN COMPUTING?

Green computing is the study and practice of using computing resources efficiently. The
primary objective of such a program is to account an expanded spectrum of values and criteria for
measuring organizational (and societal) success. The goals are similar to green chemistry; reduce
the use of hazardous materials, maximize energy efficiency during the product‘s lifetime, and
promote recyclability or biodegradability of defunct products and factory waste.

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 Figure 2.2: Green Earth

Modern IT systems rely upon a complicated mix of people, networks and hardware; as
such, a green computing initiative must be systemic in nature, and address increasingly
sophisticated problems. Elements of such a solution may comprise items such as end user
satisfaction, management restructuring, regulatory compliance, disposal of electronic waste,
telecommuting.

Origin
In 1992, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency launched Energy Star, a voluntary
labeling program that is designed to promote and recognize energy-efficiency in monitors, climate
control equipment, and other technologies Concurrently, the Swedish organization TCO
Development launched the TCO Certification program to promote low magnetic and electrical
emissions from CRT-based computer displays.

At Present
Currently the ICT industry is responsible for 3% of the world‘s energy consumption. With
the rate of consumption increasing by 20% a year, 2030 will be the year when the world‘s energy
consumption will double because of the ICT industry.
Organizations use the Green Computing Lifecycle when designing and implementing green
computing technologies. The stages in the Lifecycle include Strategy, Design, Implementation,
Operations and Continual Improvements.
Many governmental agencies have continued to implement standards and regulations that
encourage green computing. The Energy Star program was revised in October 2006 to include
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stricter efficiency requirements for computer equipment, along with a tiered ranking system for
approved products.
The 5 core green computing technologies advocated by GCI are Green Data Centre,
Virtualization, Cloud Computing, Power Optimization and Grid Computing.

Figure: Present Scenario

There are currently many nations that have established state-wide recycling programs for
obsolete computers and consumer electronics equipment The statutes either impose a fee for each
unit sold at retail (Advance Recovery Fee model), or require the manufacturers to reclaim the
equipment at disposal (Producer Responsibility model).

Roads to Green Computing

Figure: Reduce, Reuse &Recycle

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Green use:
Reducing the energy consumption of computers and other information systems as well as
using them in an environmentally sound manner.

Green disposal:
Refurbishing and reusing old computers and properly recycling unwanted computers and
other electronic equipment
Green design:
Designing energy-efficient and environmentally sound components, computers, servers,
cooling equipment, and data centers.

Green manufacturing:
Manufacturing electronic components, computers, another associated subsystems with
minimal impact on the environment.

2.3 Regulation Initiative

Many governmental agencies have continued to implement standards and regulations that
encourage green computing. The Energy Star program was revised in October 2006 to include
stricter efficiency requirements for computer equipment The European Union‘s directives
2002/95/EC (ROHS), on the reduction of hazardous substances, and 2002/96/EC (WEEE) on waste
electrical and electronic equipment required the substitution of heavy metals and flame retardants
like PBBs and PBDEs in all electronic equipment put on the market starting on July 1, 2006. The
directives placed responsibility on manufacturers for the gathering and recycling of old equipment
(the Producer Responsibility model).

2.4 ADVANTAGES OF GREEN COMPUTING

Figure 2.4: Green IT

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2.5 Facts About Green Computing
Computer technology use accounts for 2% of anthropogenic CO2

• Roughly equivalent to aviation industry

• IT energy usage will double next 4 years

A typical desktop PC with a 17-inch LCD monitor requires about 145 watts 110 watts for
the computer and 35 watts for the monitor.
For every 12 consumers who keep power settings enabled for their on their monitors
and PCs, CO2 emissions equivalent to removing one average automobile from the road will
be avoided. If left on 24x7 for one year, this same computer will consume 1,270 kilowatt
hours of electricity that‘s enough to release 1,715 pounds of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere and the equivalent of driving 1,886 miles in the average car.

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 3. ANALYSIS AND APPROACHES
3.1 WHY GREEN COMPUTING?
Our so called technically successful world almost sounds fake. We have great machines
and equipment to accomplish our tasks, great gadgets with royal looks and features make our lives
more impressive and smoother. Today almost all streams weather its IT, medicine, transportation,
agriculture uses machines which indirectly requires large amount of power and money for its
effective functioning. Newton‘s Third Law of Motion states that For every action, there is an equal
and opposite reaction. Therefore consumption of energy sources has a negative reaction on the
environment. Data centers use a large amount of power and consequently cooling energy is needed
to counteract the power usage. It can be an endless circle of energy waste Hence the Three main
reasons that made us realize the need for growing green are: -
• Release of harmful gases from electronics.
• More utilization of power and money.
• Increase of E-waste and improper disposal.

3.2 APPROACHES TO GREEN COMPUTING

Virtualization:
Computer Virtualization means abstraction of computer resources, such as the process of
running two or more logical computer systems on one set of physical hardware. Through
Virtualization, a system administrator can combine several physical systems into virtual machines
on one single, powerful system, thereby reducing power and cooling consumption. In the longer
run, more profits and less expenses.

Figure: Virtualization

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• Reducing the number of hardware components and replacing them with Green Computing
systems reduces energy costs for running hardware and cooling as well as reducing carbon dioxide
emissions and conserving energy.
• The phrase green computing may conjure up some humorous images if you ‘re not familiar
with the term. Normally, we think of gas guzzling cars, factories, pesticides, and such when
considering environmental concerns. So, what does the term green‖ signify in the context of
everyday computing?
• In a world where computers are everywhere, and environmental concerns are growing by
the day, we need to consider how we can build, use and dispose of computers in a manner that‘s
conducive to the health of the environment. That includes reducing the use of lead and other
hazardous materials in manufacturing, being careful about energy consumption and paper waste
by computer users, and concern for salvage or recycling of old computers. Millions of computers
are dumped into landfills each year. That equates to a lot of lead, cadmium, mercury and
brominates flame retardants, which will contaminate both water and air.

Figure: Component Wattage

Algorithm Efficiency
The efficiency of algorithms has an impact on the amount of computer resources required
for any given computing function and there are many efficiency trade-offs in writing programs. As
computers have become more numerous and the cost of hardware has declined relative to the cost
of energy, the energy efficiency and environmental impact of computing systems and programs

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has received increased attention. The energy cost of a single Google search. The Green 500 list,
rates supercomputers by energy efficiency.

Power management
The Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI), an open industry standard,
allows an operating system to directly control the power saving aspects of its underlying hardware.
This allows a system to automatically turn off components such as monitors and hard drives after
set periods of inactivity. In addition, a system may hibernate, where most components (including
the CPU and the system RAM) are turned off. ACPI is a successor to an earlier Intel-Microsoft
standard called Advanced Power Management, which allows a computer‘s BIOS to control power
management functions.

Power Supply
Desktop computer power supplies (PSUs) are generally 70–75% efficient, dissipating the
remaining energy as heat. An industry initiative called 80 PLUS certifies PSUs that are at least
80% efficient; typically, these models are drop-in replacements for older, less efficient PSUs of the
same form factor. As of July 20, 2007, all new Energy Star 4.0-certified desktop PSUs must be at
least 80% efficient.

Storage
Smaller form factor (e.g., 2.5 inch) hard disk drives often consume less power per gigabyte
than physically larger drives.
Unlike hard disk drives, solid-state drives store data in flash memory or DRAM. With no
moving parts, power consumption may be reduced somewhat for low-capacity flash-based devices.
Even at modest sizes, DRAM-based SSDs may use more power than hard disks, (e.g., 4GB I-RAM
uses more power and space than laptop drives). Flash based drives are generally slower for writing
than hard disks.

Display
LCD monitors typically use a cold-cathode fluorescent bulb to provide light for the display.
Some newer displays use an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in place of the fluorescent bulb,
which reduces the amount of electricity used by the display.

Materials Recycling
Computer systems that have outlived their function can be repurposed or donated to various
charities and non-profit organizations. However, many charities have recently imposed minimum

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system requirements for donated equipment. Additionally, parts from outdated systems may be
salvaged and recycled through certain retail outlets and municipal or private recycling centers.
Recycling computing equipment can keep harmful materials such as lead, mercury, and hexavalent
chromium out of landfills, but often computers gathered through recycling drives are shipped to
developing countries where environmental standards are less strict than in North America and
Europe. The Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition estimates that 80% of the post-consumer e-waste
collected for recycling is shipped abroad to countries such as China, India, and Pakistan.
Computing supplies, such as printer cartridges, paper, and batteries may be recycled as well.

Telecommuting
Teleconferencing and telepresence technologies are often implemented in green computing
initiatives. The advantages are many; increased worker satisfaction, reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions related to travel, and increased profit margins because of lower overhead costs for office
space, heat, lighting, etc. The savings are significant; the average annual energy consumption for
U.S. office buildings is over 23 kilowatt hours per square foot, with heat, air conditioning and
lighting accounting for 70% of all energy consumed. Other related initiatives, such as hoteling,
reduce the square footage per employee as workers reserve space only when they need it. Many
types of jobs sales, consulting, and field service integrate well with this technique.

3.3 Green IT Solutions Applications

An innovative application for the Air Cargo industry that enables efficient, multi- format
& paperless interaction between Airlines, Freight Forwarder and Customs.
• Emission Compliance Management System.
• Energy Efficiency Solution.
• Products
• Services
• E-Waste Disposal Services
• Green Data Center Energy consumption & Cost are the drivers

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3.4 Perspective with respect to Indian Scenario

For a long time, there was no considerable improvement in the growth of indigenous
authentic hardware equipment manufacturer in the country and almost every company and the
household customers were dependent on foreign companies who were either importing the
equipment or producing part of them in Indian subsidiaries. Lack of basic research initiative and
congenial infrastructure has resulted in absence of good patents and commercial production of
importing computer hardware accelerated the import and resulted in the minimization of the
indigenously built equipment. Due to tax relief given by the Government in the last few years for
machines, equipment and peripherals. In this situation many small and medium scale industries
were induced to start procuring the hardware at low prices and venture into the building of IT
infrastructure for the company.
But during the activities price was the most important criterion. At that point of time the
basic objective was to build basic infrastructure without considering the principle of green
computing. In the later stage when at the recent time the concept is grown enough it is not possible
for most of the small and medium scale companies to redo the task of IT infrastructure development
over and above bearing the cost of maintenance and procurement of software.
Even with the old non green hardware it was observed that most of the boards (Around
73.78 % as found in local survey in and around Kolkata, Siliguri, ADDA) faced a question by the
stakeholders about the justification for the IT expenditure and they also insisted to calculate the
cost benefit ratio of the investment and unfortunately most of the boards failed to give good answer
due to confusion and initial fault in planning which resulted in the massive underutilization of the
equipment’s and failure of MID which was not very prudent and robust with respect to the changing
business dynamics.
So, in the backdrop of the above discussion, it can be concluded that most of the SMEs will
not be interested right now to change their IT infrastructure to green infrastructure. Even if they
are concerned about the concept they will wait until the cost is recovered from the old
infrastructure. Though when they procure any new equipment, they will have a choice of green
equipment but in that case also price will play a deterrent role decision-making. Regarding the
large companies and MNCs cost of procurement of new green equipment is not very tough but

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again disposal of the old equipment is not a very easy task. Apart from this the problem of
homoeostasis of the employee is also a negative factor.
In India the IT backed business intelligence and operation is now in a growth phage and
the stakeholders are really concerned to maximize the return on investment and as a result of this
it will not be easy to implement the principle of green computing in the IT infrastructure.

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 4. STEPS TO GREEN COMPUTING
Ways for achieving
Whilst the performance and the breadth of application of computers is increasing, so too is
our awareness of the cost and scarcity of the energy required to power them, as well as the materials
needed to make them in the first place. However, because computing developments can enable
individuals and businesses to adopt greener lifestyles and work styles, in terms of the
environmental debate computing is both part of the problem and part of the solution. Through more
environmentally aware usage (such as more effective power management and shutdown during
periods of inactivity), and by adopting current lower power technologies, computers can already
be made significantly more energy efficient. Indeed, just as we now look back and wonder why
automobiles a decade or two ago used to guzzle so much petrol, in a decade's time we will no doubt
be staggered that a typical desktop PC used to happily sit around drawing 100-200W of power
every hour night and day, and when accomplishing no more than displaying a screensaver.
The computing industry is more prepared and far more competent than almost any other
industry when it comes to facing and responding to rapid change. Environmentally it is not a good
thing that most PCs especially in companies have typically entered a landfill after only a few years
in service. However, this reality does at least mean that a widespread mindset already exists for
both adapting to and paying money for new computer hardware on a regular basis. Hence, whereas
it took decades to get more energy efficient cars on the roads, it will hopefully only take a matter
of years to reach a situation where most computers are using far less power than they needlessly
waste today.

Rules to follow:
As 21st century belongs to computers, gizmos and electronic items, energy issues will get
a serious ring in the coming days, as the public debate on carbon emissions, global warming and
climate change gets hotter. If we think computers are non-polluting and consume very little energy,
we need to think again. It is estimated that out of $250 billion per year spent on powering computers
worldwide only about 15% of that power is spent computing- the rest is wasted idling. Thus, energy
saved on computer hardware and computing will equate tons of carbon emissions saved per year.
Taking into consideration the popular use of information technology industry, it has to lead a
revolution of sorts by turning green in a manner no industry has ever done before. Opportunities

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lie in green technology like never before in history and organizations are seeing it to create new
profit centers while trying to help the environmental cause. The plan towards green IT should
include new electronic products and services with optimum efficiency and all possible options
towards energy savings.
Faster processors historically use more power. Inefficient CPUs are a double hit because
they both use too much power themselves and their waste heat increases air conditioning needs,
especially in server farms between the computers and the HVAC. The waste heat also causes
reliability problems, as CPU's crash much more often at higher temperatures. Many people have
been working for years to slice this inefficiency out of computers. Similarly, power supplies are
notoriously bad, generally as little as 47% efficient. And since everything in a computer runs off
the power supply, nothing can be efficient without a good power supply. Recent inventions of
power supply are helping fix this by running at 80% efficiency or better.
• 3⁄4 landfills can be controlled by making best use of the device by upgrading and repairing
in time with a need to make such processes (i.e., up gradation and repairing) easier and cheaper.
• 3⁄4 avoiding the discarding will not only control e-waste out of dumps but also save energy
and materials needed for a whole new computer.
• 3⁄4 power-sucking displays can be replaced with green light displays made of OLEDs, or
organic light-emitting diodes.
• 3⁄4 use of toxic materials like lead can be replaced by silver and copper.
• 3⁄4 making recycling of computers (which is expensive and time consuming at present)
more effective by recycling computer parts separately with a option of reuse or resale.
• 3⁄4 future computers could knock 10 percent off their energy use just by replacing hard
drives with solid-state, or flash, memory, which has no watt-hungry moving parts.

STEPS TO GREEN COMPUTING

As of Oct. 20, there are new performance requirements to qualify for the Energy Star rating
or desktop and notebook computers, workstations, integrated computers, desktop-derived servers
and game consoles. These specifications go into effect on July 20. But businesses don‘t have to
wait until then to initiate more environmentally-friendly computing practices. Here are five first
steps you can take toward a green computing strategy.

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Develop a sustainable green computing plan:

Discuss with your business leaders the elements that should be factored into such a plan,
including organizational policies and checklists. Such a plan should include recycling policies,
recommendations for disposal of used equipment, government guidelines and recommendations
for purchasing green computer equipment.
Green computing best practices and policies should cover power usage, reduction of paper
consumption, as well as recommendations for new equipment and recycling old machines.
Organizational policies should include communication and implementation.
Recycle:
Discard used or unwanted electronic equipment in a convenient and environmentally
responsible manner. Computers have toxin metals and pollutants that can emit harmful emissions
into the environment. Never discard computers in a landfill. Recycle them instead through
manufacturer programs such as HP' Planet Partners recycling service or recycling facilities in your
community. Or donate still-working computers to a non-profit agency.

Reduce Paper Consumption:

There are many easy, obvious ways to reduce paper consumption: e-mail, electronic
archiving, use the track changes‖ feature in electronic documents, rather than red-line corrections
on paper. When you do print out documents, make sure to use both sides of the paper, recycle
regularly, use smaller fonts and margins, and selectively print required pages.

Conserve energy:
Turn off your computer when you know you won‘t use it for an extended period of time.
Turn on power management features during shorter periods of inactivity.
Power management allows monitors and computers to enter low-power states when sitting
idle. By simply hitting the keyboard or moving the mouse, the computer or monitors awakens from
its low-power sleep mode in seconds. Power management tactics can save energy and help protect
the environment.

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 5. CONCLUSION
Adopting Green Computing Strategies make sense not only from an ethical, or moral
standpoint, but from a commercial standpoint. There are many business benefits achievable
through the implementation of a green computing strategy such as cost savings, resilience, disaster
recovery, business continuity planning and of course public relations. Given the prolific nature of
IT within today's information economy IT leaders have an excellent opportunity to significantly
impact the fight against global warming, whilst enhancing the business operation and efficiency.

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 6. FUTURE WORK
Faster processors historically use more power. Inefficient CPUs are a double hit because
they both use too much power themselves and their waste heat increases air conditioning needs,
especially in server farms between the computers and the HVAC. The waste heat also causes
reliability problems, as CPU's crash much more often at higher temperatures. Many people have
been working for years to slice this inefficiency out of computers.

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 7. REFERENCES

[1] http://igreenik.com/innovations/green-computing/green-computing/212/

[2] http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/featured/green-technologies-future/7228

[3] http://thefutureofthings.com/articles/1003/green-computing.html

[4] http://greenlivingideas.com/2008/02/12/whats-in-the-future-for-green-pcs/

[5] http://www.thinkdigit.com/latest/green_computing.html

[6]http://www.firstpost.com/topic/issue/green-computing-profile-84259.html

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