Admas University

Department of Computer Science

Individual Assignment: Introduction to Emerging Technology (EmTe1102)
Answer the following question briefly
1. What is Data, information, knowledge and data Science? Define the role of data in emerging
technology?
Data: Data refers to raw facts, observations, or statistics that are
collected or measured. It can be structured or unstructured and can
come in various formats such as numbers, text, images, videos, etc.

Information: Information is derived from data through a process of

organizing, analyzing, and interpreting it. It provides context and
meaning to data, making it relevant and useful for decision-making.
Information is typically presented in a structured and meaningful way.

Knowledge: Knowledge is the understanding and application of

information. It is the result of gaining insights and experience from
information by internalizing and integrating it into one's existing
knowledge base. Knowledge enables us to make informed decisions,
solve problems, and perform tasks effectively.

Data Science: Data Science is an interdisciplinary field that involves

extracting insights and knowledge from large and complex datasets. It
employs various techniques and technologies such as statistics,
machine learning, data mining, and visualization to analyze and
interpret data. Data scientists use their expertise in programming,
mathematics, and statistical analysis to extract valuable insights from
data.

Role of data in emerging technology: Data plays a crucial role in

emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning,
internet of things, and augmented reality. These technologies heavily
rely on data to operate efficiently and effectively. Data is used to train
machine learning models, improve accuracy, make predictions, and
provide personalized experiences. In the realm of internet of things,
data is collected from various sensors and devices to monitor and
control systems, optimize operations, and improve user experiences.
Data is the fuel that powers these emerging technologies, enabling
them to offer advanced functionalities and capabilities.
2. List and explain some emerging technologies that are expected to have a significant impact on
businesses.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

AI and ML are the first technologies on the list and are two
technologies becoming increasingly crucial in our daily lives. AI is
a computer's ability to imitate human behavior, and machine
learning is a subset of AI that improves the accuracy of
predictions. They are already in use in a variety of fields, notably
health care, finance, and transportation. These technologies can
be used to automate tasks, make predictions, and analyze data,
among other applications.

AI and ML technologies are expected to see significant growth and

development in the coming years, with a wide range of emerging
use cases in various industries.
Internet of Things (IoT):

IoT refers to a network of interconnected physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and

other objects embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity, enabling them to
collect and exchange data. It allows businesses to gather real-time information,
automate processes, and enhance efficiency. For instance, IoT-enabled supply
chains can offer better inventory management, reduced downtime, and preventive
maintenance.
Artificial Intelligence (AI):
AI involves machines performing tasks that typically require human intelligence,
such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making. With advancements in AI,
businesses can automate processes, analyze vast amounts of data for valuable
insights, and enhance customer experiences through personalization. AI is also
being used for predictive analytics, fraud detection, and virtual assistants, among
other applications.

Blockchain and Web3

Blockchain technology is a decentralized, secure way of storing

and processing data that is being increasingly adopted..
Blockchain and Web3 technologies have the potential to
revolutionize a wide range of industries; in the next few years, we
can expect to see an increasing number of innovative use cases
emerge. Here are a few examples of how blockchain and Web3
can be used:
Intelligent Automation and Robotic Process Automation

The next technology on our list is RPA and intelligent automation.

It is difficult to predict what the emerging use cases for RPA and
intelligent automation will be in 2023, as technology is constantly
evolving and new applications are being developed. However,
based on current trends and the increasing adoption of RPA in
various industries, it is likely that the following areas will see
significant growth:

Internet of Things (IoT)

Next on the list is internet of things (IoT). The IoT refers to the
network of connected devices that can communicate with each
other and exchange data. This technology is being used to
improve efficiency, automation, and decision-making in many
industries. As IoT technologies are rapidly growing and
transforming many industries and sectors, there are several top
emerging use cases:

Quantum Computing

Quantum computing is a type of computing that uses quantum-

mechanical phenomena to perform operations on data. This
technology can solve problems that are currently too complex for
classical computers. It is being explored in fields such as drug
discovery and financial modeling. Here are the top potential use
cases for quantum computing in 2023:

Overall, these emerging technologies can transform a wide range

of industries and significantly impact the way we live and work.
The potential uses for these emerging technologies are vast, and
as these technologies continue to mature, we can expect to see
even more innovative and transformative use cases emerge.
These technologies will expand next year as more companies
adopt these solutions to automate a wide range of business
processes and improve efficiency.
3. Discuss and elaborate cloud computing, its application and its service models.

An internet network connection links the front end, which includes the accessing client
device, browser, network and cloud software applications, with the back end, which
consists of databases, servers and computers. The back end functions as a repository,
storing data that is accessed by the front end.

Communications between the front and back ends are managed by a central server. The
central server relies on protocols to facilitate the exchange of data. The central server
uses both software and middleware to manage connectivity between different client
devices and cloud servers. Typically, there is a dedicated server for each individual
application or workload.

Cloud computing refers to the use of a network of remote servers hosted on the internet to store,
manage, and process data, rather than using a local server or a personal computer. This technology enables
users to access applications, storage, and computing power on a pay-as-you-go basis and eliminates the
need for extensive hardware and infrastructure.

Cloud computing has a wide range of applications across various industries and sectors. Some of
the common applications include:

1. Storage and Backup: Cloud storage allows users to store and retrieve data remotely, providing a
reliable and scalable solution for data backup and disaster recovery. Services like Google Drive, Dropbox,
and Microsoft OneDrive are popular examples of cloud-based storage solutions.

2. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): With IaaS, businesses can access virtualized computing
resources such as virtual machines, networks, and storage on demand. This allows companies to quickly
scale their IT infrastructure without the need for physical servers and infrastructure management. Amazon
Web Services (AWS) and Microsoft Azure are prominent IaaS providers.

3. Platform as a Service (PaaS): PaaS offers a platform for developing, testing, and deploying
applications without worrying about infrastructure management. It provides tools, development
frameworks, and runtime environments to support the application development process. Examples of PaaS
providers include Heroku and Google App Engine.

4. Software as a Service (SaaS): SaaS refers to the delivery of software applications over the
internet on a subscription basis. Users can access these applications through a web browser, eliminating
the need for installation or maintenance. Popular examples of SaaS applications are Salesforce, Microsoft
Office 365, and Adobe Creative Cloud.
 5. Big Data Analytics: Cloud computing enables organizations to harness the power of large-scale
data processing and analytics. With cloud-based services like Amazon Redshift and Google BigQuery,
businesses can process vast amounts of data and gain valuable insights without the need for significant
investments in infrastructure.

6. Internet of Things (IoT): Cloud computing is crucial for managing and analyzing the data
generated by IoT devices. It allows for real-time processing, storage, and monitoring of data from
connected devices, enabling businesses to leverage IoT technologies effectively.

Along with these applications, cloud computing offers various service models to cater to different
needs:

1. Public Cloud: Services provided by a public cloud are available to the general public over the
internet. It is a cost-effective option for small and medium-sized businesses that do not want to invest in
their infrastructure. Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform are some popular public
cloud providers.

2. Private Cloud: A private cloud is dedicated to a single organization and is often hosted on-
premises or in a data center. It offers more control, customization, and security but requires significant
investments in infrastructure and maintenance.

3. Hybrid Cloud: A hybrid cloud combines both public and private cloud infrastructure, allowing
organizations to take advantage of the benefits offered by both. It offers flexibility in terms of workload
placement and scalability.

4. Community Cloud: A community cloud is shared among multiple organizations with similar
interests, such as government agencies or healthcare providers. It allows for cost-sharing, collaboration,
and resource optimization within a specific community.

In summary, cloud computing has numerous applications across various industries, including
storage and backup, infrastructure management, software deployment, big data analytics, and IoT. The
service models include public, private, hybrid, and community clouds, providing organizations with
options to suit their specific needs and requirements.
4. What is Artificial intelligence? List the types and applications of Artificial intelligence? Discuss roles,
benefits and drawbacks of artificial intelligence?
AI will and over time, AI might kill most “jobs” as we know them. I think that
people are somewhat complacent in regard to the economic impact of AI, and
will likely be ill-prepared for the changes we have to adapt to in the not-so-
distant future.

First, let's start with the comparisons to machinery and automation. They did
indeed put factory workers out of work. In that respect, I agree AI today is similar
in many applications, replacing workers who have less specialized skills, perhaps
call center operators, office assistants (in a limited extent), and maybe soon, taxi
drivers and truck drivers. But I would argue that AI is fundamentally different
from machinery or most of the other analogies commonly made when answering
this question, because AI is growing and is unlikely to stop growing. It's growing
in breadth (of applications and industries), in geographic and economic scope,
and in power (it's capacity to address increasingly complex tasks). A more fitting
analogy would be machinery in an automobile plant that not only made the parts
one day, but then learned how to assemble them the week after, and then how
to design cars a year later.

I think that there is little that is out of reach for advanced AI of the future. Let's
leave the question of the AI singularity alone for now. Instead, I think that deep
learning efforts at Google and elsewhere are making AI systems learn faster and
faster, with a growing rate of acceleration. Advanced AI can now address
increasingly complex tasks including medical diagnosis, stock market trading,
weather prediction and human behavioral modeling. Very soon, it will be able to
take the place of certain types of teachers, and find a role in education. It can
already deal with complex systems in software and mathematics, and seems to
be only limited in applications that require interactions with the physical world
(sensors are still imperfect), and with people.

So without projecting too far into the future, we can ask the question, what jobs
will NOT be killed by AI? Jobs that involve labor are already (or soon to be)
replaced. Jobs that require logical reasoning are being replaced, albeit at a
slower rate. What are the qualities that humans have that cannot be captured by
AI? Perhaps creativity, emotional responses? So perhaps researchers in academia
will survive longer than most, and artists (though AI stylistic mimicry is already
quite impressive and their results enjoyable), and counselors/psychologists/case
workers, and decision makers like CEOs who cannot be predictable or error
prone. And hopefully software engineers and algorithm designers who develop AI
systems.

This leaves a very, very small portion of today's jobs intact. Many say: we just
need to train people to fill higher level jobs created by AI, e.g. Programmers, ML
researchers. But this is no easy feat. The US educational system is struggling to
meet the demands created by advanced technology today. This failure is in part
responsible for the economic divide plaguing the country today. The challenge of
educating the public for a job market that is both decreasing in scope and
increasing in complexity, is nothing we've ever faced before.

I am far from original in this opinion. But if I had to guess, I would say that AI will
put far more people out of work than we can (re)train in time. That will have
significant economic repercussions as corporations seeking to minimize cost will
do so at the cost of rising unemployment. There will need to be dramatic
changes in social policies in order to avert large scale economic disaster, first
dramatic rises in minimum wage, then eventually some type of universal
income/welfare. It's the kind of change that requires significant leadership in our
government, something that seems woefully absent today.

EDIT December 25, 2022

I think that the one thing I would add today is that I am quite surprised at how
fast AI is now displacing jobs that many considered driven by creativity. Artists
are not actively fighting back against AI art produced by diffusion models like
Stable Diffusion and MidJourney, especially when they can be prompted with the
names of artists you want them to mimic. I do think that as this displacement
happens, human artists will still be needed to inject new forms of creativity into
these models, but the art ecosystem will look dramatically different from what it
used to be.

5. What is Internet of things? Explain the features of internet of things (IoT) What does IoT roles in our
day to day lives of people and organizations, Discuss the components, applications and architectures of
Internet of Things (IoT)?

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence

by software-coded heuristics. Nowadays this code is prevalent in everything
from cloud-based, enterprise applications to consumer apps and even
embedded firmware.

The year 2022 brought AI into the mainstream through widespread familiarity
with applications of Generative Pre-Training Transformer. The most popular
application is OpenAI's ChatGPT. The widespread fascination with ChatGPT
made it synonymous with AI in the minds of most consumers. However, it
represents only a small portion of the ways that AI technology is being used
today.

The ideal characteristic of artificial intelligence is its ability to rationalize and

take actions that have the best chance of achieving a specific goal. A subset
of artificial intelligence is machine learning (ML), which refers to the concept
that computer programs can automatically learn from and adapt to new data
without being assisted by humans. Deep learning techniques enable this
automatic learning through the absorption of huge amounts of unstructured
data such as text, images, or video.

6. Compare and contrast the Augmented Reality, virtual Reality and Mixed Reality .
7. Discuss briefly the applications of Augmented Reality System and its common features.
8. Discuss Biotechnology, block chain technology and computer vision with their applications?
9. Discuss the cybersecurity and its application? How did you see Ethiopian technology usage and
security levels?
10. List four companies that have failed to adopt new technologies effectively with the most notable
examples: