MARKING SCHEME : PHYSICS (042)

CODE : 55/5/1
Q.NO. VALUE POINTS/ EXPECTED ANSWERS MARKS TOTAL
MARKS
SECTION - A
1. (D) 0.5  1 1
2. (D) 4R 1 1
3. (B) Sodium and Calcium 1 1
4. (C) 5.2 k 1 1
5. (A) 0.4 mH 1 1
6. (B) Ultraviolet rays 1 1
7. (D) 125 1 1
8. (A) A 1 1
9. (C) 3.4 eV , 6.8eV 1 1
10 (C) 8th 1 1
11 (A) 0.8 fm 1 1
12 (B) 1.51016 1 1
13 (C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. 1 1
14 (A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is correct 1 1
explanation of Assertion (A).
15 (C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. 1 1
16 (D) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are false. 1 1
SECTION - B
17 (a)
Diagram showing direction of forces 1
Finding net force 1

OA = OB = OC = OD = r
Net force on charge 4C

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F  FOA  FOB  FOC  FOD ½
FOA   FOC  FOA  FOC  0
FOB   FOD  FOB  FOD  0
F 0 ½

Alternatively
9 109  4 106 1106
FOA  FOC 
(15 2 102 ) 2
 0.8 N
FOB  FOD 1.6 N ½
F1  FOA  FOC  0
F2  FOB  FOD  0
Net Force F  0 ½

OR
(b)
Finding net electric field at centroid 2

q A  qB  qC  1pC
AO  BO  CO  r
EOA  EOB  EOC
EBC  EOB  EOC
EBC  EOB
2
 EOC
2
 2 EOB EOC cos1200 ½
EBC  EOB , EOA   EBC
Net electric field EO  EOA  EBC
EO  0 ½

Alternatively

55/5/1 Page 4 of 16
 EOA  EOB  EOC  2.7 NC-1
EBC  EOB
2
 EOC
2
 2 EOB EOC cos1200 ½
 EOB
As EBC   EOA
EBC  EOA  0 ½
Net electric field is zero.

Alternatively
EOA  EOB  EOC
Electric field vectors are making an angle of 1200 with each other. They
make a closed polygon. So vector sum of all electric field vectors will be
zero.
E 0 2 2

18
Deriving an expression for magnetic force 1½

Validity and Justification for zig-zag form conductor ½

Total number of mobile charge carriers in a conductor of length L , cross-

sectional area A and number density of charge carriers n :
 nLA
Force acting on the charge carriers in external magnetic field B
F  (nAL) qv d  B      (1)
½
Where vd is the drift velocity of the charge carriers
Current flowing
I  v d qnA ½
IL  v d qnAL      (2)
On solving equation (1) and (2)
½
F  I ( L  B)
Yes, because this force can be calculated by considering zig-zag
conductor as a collection of linear strips (dl ) and summing them ½ 2
vectorically.
19
Calculation of magnifying power 1
Calculation of image distance 1

f0 ½
m
fe
150
  30 ½
5
1 1 1
 
f v u ½

55/5/1 Page 5 of 16
 1 1 1
 
150 v 
½
v  150cm
(Note: Award full credit of this part, if a student writes correct distance of 2
image without calculation i.e. using object position at infinity.)
20
(a) Finding the wavelength 1½

(b) Identifying series ½

hc
(a) E2  E1 
 ½
Given
½
E2  E1  2.551.6 1019 J
6.631034  3108 ½
   487.5 nm
2.55 1.6 1019

(b) Balmer series ½ 2

21
Finding the quantum number 2

Using Bohr‟s model

nh 1
mvr 
2
½
2  6.0 1024  30 103 1.5 1011
n
6.63 1034
n  2.558 1074 ½ 2
SECTION - C
22
(a) Writing Einstein‟s photoelectric equation 1½
Milliken‟s proof for the validity
(b) Explanation of existence of threshold frequency 1½

(a) h  h 0  Kmax  hv0  eV0 1½

By finding the value of Planck‟s constant using V0 versus υ straight line
plot for sodium.
(b) Since Kmax must be non- negative therefore photo-electric emission is
1½ 3
possible only when h > h 0 , which implies the existence of  0 .
23
(a) Defining the term electric flux 1
Writing dimensions ½
(b) Finding the electric flux 1½

(a) It is the measure of the total number of electric field lines passing 1
through a surface normally.

Alternatively

55/5/1 Page 6 of 16
 Surface integral of electric field over a surface.
Alternatively
E  E  A

 ML3T 3 A1  ½

(b) E  E. A ½
 (100 iˆ).(10 4 nˆ )
 (100 iˆ).(0.8 iˆ  0.6 kˆ)10 4 ½
 8  103 Nm 2 C-1 ½ 3
24 (a)
(i) Statement of Lenz‟s Law 1
Justification ½
(ii) Calculating emf induced 1½

(i) The polarity of induced emf is such that it tends to produce a current
which opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it. 1

In a closed loop, when the polarity of induced emf is such that, the
induced current favours the change in magnetic flux then the magnetic
flux and consequently the current will go on increasing without any ½
external source of energy. This violates law of conservation of energy.
1
  Bl 2 ½
2
1
  2  (2) 2  (2  60) ½
2
 480 V ½
 1.5110 V 3

OR
(b)
(i) Statement and explanation of Ampere‟s circuital law 1
(ii) Finding magnitude and direction of magnetic field 2

(i) Line integral of magnetic field over a closed loop in vacuum is equal to 1
0 times the total current passing through the loop.

Alternatively
 B  dl  0 I
The integral in this expression is over a closed loop coinciding with the
boundary of the surface.

55/5/1 Page 7 of 16
 (ii)

0 I
B ½
2 r

Net magnetic field B = B2 – B1

 102
B 0 10  5
20
4 107 102  5
B
20 ½
5
B  10 T ½
Along the direction of magnetic field produced by the conductor carrying
½ 3
current 10A.
25
Finding the radius of circular path 1
Answer for linear path ½
Calculation of linear distance covered 1½

Radius of circular path

mv x
r ½
eB
9.11031 1 107
r
1.6 1019  0.5 103
 11.38 102 m
½
Yes, it traces a linear path too. ½
Linear distance during period of one revolution
2 m
y  vy ½
eB
2    9.1 1031  0.5  107 ½

1.6 1019  0.5 103
 0.357 m
½ 3
 0.36 m
26
(a) Naming the parts of electromagnetic spectrum for (i) and (ii) ½ +½

(b) Writing one method of production and detection of each ½

(a) (i) Infrared waves ½

(ii) Ultraviolet Rays ½

55/5/1 Page 8 of 16
 (b) Method of production
Infrared waves: Hot bodies / Vibration of atoms and molecules ½
Ultraviolet Rays: Special UV lamps / Sun / Very hot bodies ½
Method of detection
Infrared waves: Thermopiles / IR photographic film / Bolometer ½
Ultraviolet Rays: Photocells / photographic film ½ 3

27
(a) Characteristics of p-n junction diode that makes it suitable for
rectification 1
(b) Circuit diagram 1
Explanation of working of full wave rectifier 1
(a) p-n junction diode allows current to pass only when it is forward 1
biased

(b)

When input voltage to A, with respect to the centre tap at any instant is
positive, at that instant voltage at B, being out of phase will be negative,
diode D1 gets forward biased and conducts while D2 being reverse biased
does not conduct. Hence during this half cycle an output current and
output voltage across RL is obtained. During second half of the cycle
when voltage at A becomes negative with respect to centre tap, the voltage
at B would be positive. Hence D1 would not conduct but D2 would be
giving an output current and output voltage. Thus output voltage is 1 3
obtained during both halves of the cycle.

28
Explanation of (a), (b) and(c) 1+1+1
(a) Charge of additional charge carriers is just equal and opposite to that
of the ionised cores in the lattice. 1

(b) Under equilibrium, the diffusion current is equal to the drift current. 1

(c) Reverse current is limited due to concentration of minority charge

carriers on either side of the junction. 1 3

SECTION - D
29 (i)  D  HCl 1
(ii)  B The net dipole moment of induced dipoles is along the
direction of the applied electric field. 1

55/5/1 Page 9 of 16
 (iii)  B  decreases and the electric field also decreases. 1
 5K 
(iv) a   C   C0
1
 4 K  1 
OR
3
iv   b   D 4
16
30 (i)  C  greater than  2 1
(ii)  C  λ decreases but  is unchanged 1
(iii)  a   D  violet colour 1
OR
(iii)  b   C  rR < rY < rV
(iv)  D  undergo total internal reflection 1 4
SECTION - E
31 (a)
(i) Drawing equipotential surfaces 1
(ii) Obtaining an expression for potential energy 2
(iii) Finding the change in potential energy 2

(i)

(ii) Work done in bringing a charge q1 from infinity to r1 :

W1 = q1V( r1 ) -------------(1) ½
Work done in bringing a charge q2 from infinity to r2 against the
external field :
W2 = q2V( r2 ) -------------(2) ½
Work done on q2 against the field due to q1:
q1q2
W12 = -----------------(3)
4 0 r12 ½
Potential energy of the system = Total work done
qq
= q1V( r1 ) + q2V( r2 ) + 1 2 ½
4 0 r12
(iii) Change in Potential energy = Work done
W = pE [cosθ0 – cosθ1] 1
W = 10-30  105 [cos00 – cos600] ½
W = 5.0  10-26 J ½

OR

55/5/1 Page 10 of 16
(b) (i) Deduction of an expression for electric field for (i) and (ii) 3
(ii) Finding magnitude and direction of the net electric field 2
(i)
(i) Electric Field outside the shell

Electric flux through Gaussian surface

Φ = E  4  r2
Charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface
Q =   4 R2
Q
Using Gauss‟ law:  E.ds 
½
0
( 4 R 2 )
E  4  r2 =
0
R 2
E=
 0r 2 ½
 R2
E rˆ
 0r 2

(ii) Field inside the shell

Electric flux through Gaussian surface

Φ = E  4  r2 ( r  R)
Charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface
Q=0
By Gauss‟ Law
E  4  r2 = 0 ½
i.e. E = 0 ½

55/5/1 Page 11 of 16
 (Note: Award full credit of this part if a student writes directly E=0,
mentioning as there is no charge enclosed by Gaussian surface)

(ii) Electric field due to a long straight charged wire of linear charged
density λ
 ½
E=
2 0 r

Net electric field at the mid-point

Enet = E1 + E2
1 2
= +
2 0 r 2 0 r ½
1
Enet = 1  2 
2 0 r
2  9 109
= 10  20 106
0.5
= 1.08  106 NC-1 ½
Enet is directed towards CD. ½ 5

32 (a)
(i) To identify the circuit element X, Y & Z 1½
(ii) To establish relation for impedance 2
Showing variation in current with frequency ½
(iii) To obtain condition for-
(i) Minimum impedance ½
(ii) Wattless current ½

(i) X : Resistor ½
Y : real inductor (such that its reactance is equal to its resistance) /
Inductor ½
Z : real capacitor (such that its reactance is equal to its resistance)/
Capacitor ½
(ii)

55/5/1 Page 12 of 16
From the fig.
Vm2  VRm
2
 (VCm  VLm )2 ½
Vm2  (im R)2  (im X C  im X L ) 2 ½
V
Impedance ( Ƶ )  m  R 2  ( X C  X L ) 2
Im ½

(iii) Ƶ  R2  ( X C  X L )2
For the minimum value of impedance
(i) XC = XL ½
(ii) Average power consumed in A.C. circuit over a cycle
P = VI cos φ
For wattless current P = 0
Since V  0 , I  0
cos φ = 0
i.e. φ = ½

OR

(b)

(i) Description of Construction and working 1+1

Obtaining relation ( ) 1

(ii) Causes of energy losses 2

(i) Construction: A transformer consists of two sets of coils, insulated

from each other. They are wound on a soft- iron core, either one on top of
other or on separate limbs of the core.

55/5/1 Page 13 of 16
 Alternatively

Working: When an alternating voltage is applied to the primary, the

resulting current produces an alternating magnetic flux which links with
the secondary and induces an emf. in it. 1
For an ideal transformer the induced emf (  p ) in primary coil for applied
alternating voltage (VP)
d
 p  VP   N P ------------------(1) ½
dt
e.m.f. induced  S in the secondary coil
d
 S  VS   N S -------------------(2)
dt
From eq. (1) and (2)
VS N S
 ½
VP N P

(ii) Any four energy losses

1. Flux leakage.
2. Resistance of windings/ copper loss.
3. Eddy currents/iron loss.
4. Hysteresis.
4 5
5. Magnetostriction.

33 (a)
(i) Drawing refracted wavefront and Verification of Snell‟s law 3
(ii) Calculation of distance 2

(i)

55/5/1 Page 14 of 16
Considering triangles ABC and AEC
BC v1τ
sin i= = and ------(1)
AC AC
AE v 2 τ ½
sin r= = ------(2)
AC AC
From equation (1) and equation (2)
sin i v1
= ------(3)
sin r v 2 ½
If c represents the speed of light in vacuum, then
c c
n1 = and n 2 =
v1 v2 ½
In terms of refractive indices
n1 sin i= n 2sin r
which is Snell‟s law of refraction. ½

(ii)
(2n  1) D
X4  ½
2d
(2  4  1)  600 109 1.5 1
X4 
2  0.3 103
1.05 102 m ½
OR
(b)
(i) Brief discussion of Diffraction of light and drawing the shape
of diffraction pattern 2+1

(ii) Proof using mirror formula 2

(i) A beam of light falls normally on a single slit and bends around its
1
corners. This phenomenon is called diffraction.

When a beam of light falls normally on a narrow single slit, then

diffracted light goes on to meet on a screen. It is observed that at the
center of the screen intensity is maximum and goes on decreasing as one
1
move away from the center on either side of screen.

55/5/1 Page 15 of 16
(ii)
1 1 1
= +
f v u
uf
v=
u-f
Following new cartesian sign conversion
(-u)(-f)
v=
-u-(-f)
uf
v= as f > u
f-u 1

v is +ve, So image is virtual.

v f
m=- = >1 i.e. Enlarged image
u f-u 1 5

55/5/1 Page 16 of 16
 CBSE 12 Physics (55/4/1) Question Paper with Solutions
Time Allowed :3 hours Maximum Marks :70 Total questions :33

General Instructions
Read the following instructions very carefully and strictly follow them:

1. This question paper contains 33 questions. All questions are compulsory.

2. The question paper is divided into five sections: Sections A, B, C, D, and E.

3. Section A – questions number 1 to 16 are multiple-choice type questions. Each

question carries 1 mark.

4. Section B – questions number 17 to 21 are very short answer type questions.

Each question carries 2 marks.

5. Section C – questions number 22 to 28 are short answer type questions. Each

question carries 3 marks.

6. Section D – questions number 29 and 30 are case-based questions. Each

question carries 4 marks. Each question has subparts with internal choice in one
of the subparts.

7. Section E – questions number 31 to 33 are long answer type questions. Each

question carries 5 marks.

8. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in

Sections B, C, and D of the question paper. A candidate has to write the answer
for only one of the alternatives in such questions.

9. Kindly note that there is a separate question paper for Visually Impaired
candidates.

10. Wherever necessary, neat and properly labelled diagrams should be drawn.

1
 1 SECTION A

1. Two charges +q each are kept 2a distance apart. A third charge −2q is placed
midway between them. The potential energy of the system is:
q2
(A) 8πϵ0 a
6q 2
(B) 8πϵ0 a
7q 2
(C) 8πϵ0 a
9q 2
(D) 8πϵ0 a
7q 2
Correct Answer: (C) 8πϵ0 a

Solution: Calculation of Potential Energy:

1. Potential energy between the two +q charges:

1 q·q q2
U1 = =
4πϵ0 2a 8πϵ0 a
2. Potential energy between the first +q charge and the −2q charge:
1 q · (−2q) 2q 2 4q 2
U2 = =− =−
4πϵ0 a 4πϵ0 a 8πϵ0 a
3. Potential energy between the second +q charge and the −2q charge:
1 q · (−2q) 2q 2 4q 2
U3 = =− =−
4πϵ0 a 4πϵ0 a 8πϵ0 a
The total potential energy U is the sum of U1 , U2 , and U3 :

U = U1 + U2 + U3
q2 4q 2 4q 2
U= − −
8πϵ0 a 8πϵ0 a 8πϵ0 a
(1 − 4 − 4)q 2
U=
8πϵ0 a
7q 2
U =−
8πϵ0 a
2
7q
Therefore, the potential energy of the system is − 8πϵ 0a
.

Quick Tip
Potential energy in an electrostatic system depends on charge magnitudes and their sep-
arations. Attractive interactions result in negative energy, while repulsive interactions
contribute positively.

2
2. Two identical small conducting balls B1 and B2 are given −7 µC and +4 µC charges
respectively. They are brought in contact with a third identical ball B3 and then
separated. If the final charge on each ball is −2 µC , the initial charge on B3 was:
(A) −2 pC
(B) −3 pC
(C) −5 pC
(D) −15 pC
Correct Answer: (B) −3 pC
Solution: Charge Redistribution Calculation:
- The total charge on the three balls before contact is:

Qtotal = Q1 + Q2 + Q3

- After bringing them in contact, the charge distributes equally among them:

Qtotal
Qfinal = = −2pC
3
- Given, Q1 = −7pC , Q2 = +4pC , and Q3 is unknown:

−7 + 4 + Q3
= −2
3

−3 + Q3 = −6

Q3 = −3pC

Thus, the initial charge on B3 was −3 pC.

Quick Tip
In charge redistribution problems, when identical conductors are connected, the final
charge on each is the arithmetic mean of the total charge.

3
3. The quantum nature of light explains the observations on the photoelectric effect as:
(A) There is a minimum frequency of incident radiation below which no electrons are
emitted.
(B) The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons depends only on the frequency of
incident radiation.
(C) When the metal surface is illuminated, electrons are ejected from the surface after some
time.
(D) The photoelectric current is independent of the intensity of incident radiation.
Correct Answer: (A) There is a minimum frequency of incident radiation below which no
electrons are emitted.
Solution: Explanation of the Photoelectric Effect:
- According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation:

Kmax = hf − ϕ

where h is Planck’s constant, f is the frequency of incident light, and ϕ is the work function
of the material.
- The photoelectric effect demonstrates that:
- If the frequency f of the incident light is less than a threshold frequency f0 , no electrons are
emitted.
- Increasing the frequency above f0 increases the kinetic energy of emitted electrons.
- The intensity of light affects the number of electrons emitted, but not their kinetic energy.
Thus, the correct explanation for the quantum nature of light in the photoelectric effect is that
there exists a minimum threshold frequency below which no electrons are emitted.

Quick Tip
The photoelectric effect provided crucial evidence for the particle nature of light, lead-
ing to the development of quantum mechanics.

4. The radius rn of the nth orbit in the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom varies with n
as:

4
(A) rn ∝ n
1
(B) rn ∝ n2

(C) rn ∝ n2
1
(D) rn ∝ n

Correct Answer: (C) rn ∝ n2

Solution: Bohr’s Model and Orbital Radius:
- According to Bohr’s atomic model, the radius of the nth orbit is given by:

n2 h2 ϵ0
rn =
πme2
- From the above equation, we observe that rn ∝ n2 , meaning the orbital radius increases as
the square of the principal quantum number n.
- This is a fundamental result derived from the quantization of angular momentum in the
Bohr model.
Thus, the radius of the nth orbit varies as n2 , making the correct answer rn ∝ n2 .

Quick Tip
In hydrogen-like atoms, the energy levels and orbital radii are quantized, following
rn ∝ n2 and En ∝ − n12 .

5. A straight wire is kept horizontally along the east-west direction. If a steady current
flows in the wire from east to west, the magnetic field at a point above the wire will
point towards:
(A) East
(B) West
(C) North
(D) South
Correct Answer: (C) North
Solution: Application of Right-Hand Thumb Rule:
- The magnetic field due to a current-carrying wire follows the right-hand thumb rule:
- Point the thumb in the direction of current (east to west).

5
- The curled fingers indicate the direction of the magnetic field around the wire.
- At a point above the wire, the magnetic field is directed towards the north.
Thus, the correct answer is North.

Quick Tip
Use the right-hand thumb rule to determine the direction of the magnetic field around a
current-carrying wire.

6. The magnetic susceptibility for a diamagnetic material is:

(A) Small and negative
(B) Small and positive
(C) Large and negative
(D) Large and positive
Correct Answer: (A) Small and negative
Solution: Explanation of Diamagnetism:
- Diamagnetic materials exhibit a weak repulsion to external magnetic fields.
- Magnetic susceptibility (χ) for diamagnetic substances is small and negative (χ < 0).
- This means they develop an induced magnetic field in the opposite direction of the applied
field.
Thus, the correct answer is Small and negative.

Quick Tip
Diamagnetic materials like copper and bismuth are repelled by magnetic fields due to
negative susceptibility.

7. A galvanometer of resistance 100 Ω is converted into an ammeter of range (0 – 1 A)

using a resistance of 0.1 Ω. The ammeter will show full-scale deflection for a current of
about:
(A) 0.1 mA
(B) 1 mA

6
(C) 10 mA
(D) 0.1 A
Correct Answer: (B) 1 mA
Solution: Conversion of a Galvanometer to an Ammeter:
- The full-scale deflection current of the galvanometer (Ig ) is given by:

I
Ig = Rg
1+ Rs
where I is the total current, Rg = 100Ω is the galvanometer resistance, and Rs = 0.1Ω is the
shunt resistance.
- Given that the ammeter range is 1 A, we solve for Ig :

1 1 1
Ig = 100
= =
1 + 0.1 1 + 1000 1001

Ig ≈ 1mA

Thus, the correct answer is 1 mA.

Quick Tip
A shunt resistance is used to convert a galvanometer into an ammeter, ensuring that
most of the current bypasses the sensitive galvanometer coil.

8. A circular loop A of radius R carries a current I . Another circular loop B of radius

R
r= 20 is placed concentrically in the plane of A. The magnetic flux linked with loop B is
proportional to:
(A) R
√
(B) R
3
(C) R 2
(D) R2
√
Correct Answer: (B) R
Solution: Magnetic Flux Linked with Loop B
Step 1: Magnetic Field Due to Loop A

7
- The magnetic field B at the center of a circular loop carrying a current I is given by the
formula:

µ0 I
B=
2R
where:
- R = radius of loop A,
- µ0 = permeability of free space.
Step 2: Magnetic Flux Linked with Loop B
- The magnetic flux ΦB linked with loop B is given by:

ΦB = B × AB

where:
- AB = πr2 is the area of loop B,
R
-r= 20 is the radius of loop B.
Thus,

   2
µ0 I R
ΦB = ×π
2R 20
Simplifying:

µ0 IπR2 µ0 IπR
ΦB = =
2R × 400 800
Thus, the magnetic flux linked with loop B is directly proportional to R.
Step 3: Conclusion
The magnetic flux linked with loop B is proportional to R, so the correct answer is:

(A) R

Quick Tip
In the case of two concentric loops, the magnetic flux linked with the smaller loop is
proportional to the radius of the larger loop.

8
9. Figure shows the variation of inductive reactance XL of two ideal inductors of
L1
inductance L1 and L2 with angular frequency ω . The value of L2 is:

√
(A) 3
(B) √1
3
(C) 3
1
(D) 3
1
Correct Answer: (D) 3

Solution: Relationship Between Inductance and Reactance:

- The inductive reactance is given by the formula:

XL = ωL

- The given graph shows the variation of XL with ω for two inductors L1 and L2 . The angles
in the graph indicate that:

XL1
tan 30◦ =
XL2
- From trigonometry,

1
tan 30◦ = √
3
- Since XL is proportional to L, we write:

L1 XL1 1
= =
L2 XL2 3
Thus, the correct answer is 13 .

9
 Quick Tip
Inductive reactance XL = ωL increases linearly with angular frequency ω . The slope of
the graph provides a direct ratio of the inductances.

⃗ and magnetic field B

10. The phase difference between electric field E ⃗ in an

electromagnetic wave propagating along the z-axis is:

(A) Zero
(B) π
π
(C) 2
π
(D) 4

Correct Answer: (A) Zero

Solution: Electromagnetic Wave Propagation:
⃗ and the magnetic field B
- In an electromagnetic wave, the electric field E ⃗ oscillate

perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave propagation.

- The wave equation for the electric and magnetic fields can be written as:

E = E0 cos(kz − ωt)

B = B0 cos(kz − ωt)

- Both fields oscillate in phase, meaning they reach their maximum and minimum values
simultaneously.
- Since their equations contain the same phase term (kz − ωt), the phase difference between
⃗ and B
E ⃗ is zero.

Thus, the correct answer is Zero.

Quick Tip
In an electromagnetic wave, the electric and magnetic fields are in phase, meaning they
reach their peaks and troughs at the same time.

10
 ⃗ such that B
11. A coil of N turns is placed in a magnetic field B ⃗ is perpendicular to the
⃗ changes with time as B = B0 cos 2πt , where T is the time period.


plane of the coil. B T

The magnitude of emf induced in the coil will be maximum at:

Options:
nT
(A) t = 8
nT
(B) t = 4
nT
(C) t = 2

(D) t = nT
Here, n = 1, 2, 3, 4, . . ..
nT
Correct Answer: (B) t = 4 .

Solution:
The emf induced in the coil is given by Faraday’s law:
dΦ
E = −N ,
dt
2πt


where Φ = BA is the magnetic flux. Substituting B = B0 cos T :
d h  2πt i
E = −N A B0 cos .
dt T
The time derivative is:
2π 2πt
 
E = N AB0 · sin .
T T
The emf is maximum when:
 2πt 
sin = ±1.
T
This occurs at:
2πt π 3π nT
= , ,... ⇒ t= , where n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
T 2 2 4
Thus, the emf is maximum at:
nT
t= (Option B).
4

Quick Tip
The induced emf is maximum when the rate of change of magnetic flux is maximum,
nT
which occurs at t = 4 .

11
12. In the Balmer series of the hydrogen atom, as the wavelength of spectral lines
decreases, they appear:
(A) Equally spaced and equally intense.
(B) Further apart and stronger in intensity.
(C) Closer together and stronger in intensity.
(D) Closer together and weaker in intensity.
Correct Answer: (D) Closer together and weaker in intensity.
Solution: Hydrogen Spectrum and Balmer Series:
- The spectral lines in the Balmer series correspond to electronic transitions from higher
energy levels to n = 2.
- As the wavelength decreases (moving towards the ultraviolet region), the lines become
more closely spaced due to decreasing energy gaps.
- The intensity of the lines also decreases due to lower transition probabilities.
Thus, the correct answer is Closer together and weaker in intensity.

Quick Tip
In spectral series, the spacing between successive lines decreases as they approach the
series limit.

13. Assertion (A): Electrons are ejected from the surface of zinc when it is irradiated by
yellow light.
Reason (R): Energy associated with a photon of yellow light is more than the work
function of zinc.
(A) If both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(B) If both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) If Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false.
(D) If both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are false.
Correct Answer: (D) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are false.
Solution: Explanation of the Photoelectric Effect:

12
- The work function of zinc is greater than the energy of yellow light photons, meaning
yellow light cannot eject electrons.
- Since the energy of yellow light is insufficient, Reason (R) is also false.
Thus, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are incorrect.

Quick Tip
The photoelectric effect occurs only if the incident light frequency is above the threshold
frequency of the metal.

14. Assertion (A): The temperature coefficient of resistance is positive for metals and
negative for p-type semiconductors.
Reason (R): The charge carriers in metals are negatively charged, whereas the majority
charge carriers in p-type semiconductors are positively charged.
(A) If both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(B) If both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) If Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false.
(D) If both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are false.
Correct Answer: (B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of Assertion (A).
Solution: Temperature Dependence of Resistance:
- Metals have a positive temperature coefficient because resistance increases with
temperature due to more frequent electron collisions.
- Semiconductors have a negative temperature coefficient as increasing temperature
generates more charge carriers, reducing resistance.
- The nature of charge carriers does not explain this behavior.
Thus, both statements are true, but Reason (R) does not correctly explain Assertion (A).

13
 Quick Tip
For metals, resistance increases with temperature, whereas for semiconductors, resis-
tance decreases with temperature.

15. Assertion (A): When electrons drift in a conductor, it does not mean that all free
electrons in the conductor are moving in the same direction.
Reason (R): The drift velocity is superposed over large random velocities of electrons.
(A) If both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(B) If both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) If Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false.
(D) If both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are false.
Correct Answer: (A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the
correct explanation of Assertion (A).
Solution: Explanation of Electron Drift in Conductors:
- Electrons in a conductor exhibit random motion due to thermal agitation.
- When an electric field is applied, electrons acquire a small net drift velocity, which is
superposed on their random motion.
- This explains why not all electrons move in the same direction.
Thus, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) correctly explains
Assertion (A).

Quick Tip
Drift velocity is the small net velocity acquired by electrons in a conductor due to an
applied electric field.

16. Assertion (A): In interference and diffraction of light, light energy reduces in one
region producing a dark fringe. It increases in another region and produces a bright

14
fringe.
Reason (R): This happens because energy is not conserved in the phenomena of
interference and diffraction.
(A) If both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(B) If both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) If Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false.
(D) If both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are false.
Correct Answer: (C) Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false.
Solution: Explanation of Interference and Diffraction:
- Energy is redistributed, not lost, in interference and diffraction, meaning Reason (R) is
false.
- Bright and dark fringes are created due to constructive and destructive interference,
respectively.
Thus, Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

Quick Tip
In interference and diffraction, energy is redistributed without being lost, preserving
conservation of energy.

2 SECTION B

17. Draw the circuit diagram of a p-n junction diode in (i) forward biasing and (ii)
reverse biasing. Also, draw its I-V characteristics in the two cases.
Solution: Understanding p-n Junction Diode Biasing
- A p-n junction diode allows current flow in one direction (forward bias) and blocks current
in the opposite direction (reverse bias).
(i) Forward Biasing:
- The p-side (anode) is connected to the positive terminal of the battery, and the n-side

15
(cathode) is connected to the negative terminal.
- This reduces the depletion region width, allowing current to flow.
Circuit Diagram for Forward Biasing:
I-V Characteristics in Forward Bias:
- The current increases exponentially after the threshold voltage (0.7V for silicon, 0.3V for
germanium).
(ii) Reverse Biasing:
- The p-side is connected to the negative terminal, and the n-side is connected to the positive
terminal.
- This increases the depletion region width, preventing current flow (except for a small
leakage current).
Circuit Diagram for Reverse Biasing:
I-V Characteristics in Reverse Bias:
- A small leakage current flows until the breakdown voltage is reached.

Quick Tip
In forward bias, current flows easily after the threshold voltage. In reverse bias, only a
small leakage current exists until breakdown.

18. A proton and an α-particle are accelerated through different potentials V1 and V2

16
 V1
respectively so that they have the same de Broglie wavelengths. Find V2 .

Solution: De Broglie Wavelength Relation:

The de Broglie wavelength is given by:
λ = hp , where h is Planck’s constant and p is the momentum.
The kinetic energy (KE) is given by:

p2 √
KE = =⇒ p = 2mKE
2m
The kinetic energy gained by a charge q accelerated through a potential V is:

KE = qV

Since the de Broglie wavelengths are equal:

h h
λp = λα . Therefore, pp = pα , which implies pp = pα .
p p
2mp KEp = 2mα KEα

Squaring both sides gives:

2mp KEp = 2mα KEα

mp KEp = mα KEα

Substituting KE = qV :
mp qp V1 = mα qα V2

We know that the mass of the alpha particle is approximately four times the mass of the
proton, and the charge of the alpha particle is twice the charge of the proton:
mα ≈ 4mp and qα = 2qp . Substituting these values:

mp qp V1 = (4mp )(2qp )V2

mp qp V1 = 8mp qp V2

Dividing both sides by mp qp :

V1 = 8V2

17
Therefore:
V1
=8
V2
Quick Tip
For particles with the same de Broglie wavelength, the accelerating voltage is propor-
tional to the mass of the particle.

19. A ray of light is incident normally on one face of an equilateral glass prism of
refractive index P . When the prism is completely immersed in a transparent medium,
it is observed that the emergent ray just grazes the adjacent face. Find the refractive
index of the medium.
Solution: Applying Snell’s Law:
- The angle of refraction at the second face of the prism is the critical angle C , so:

nmedium
sin C =
nprism
- For an equilateral prism, the angle of incidence inside the prism is:

A 60◦
r= = = 30◦
2 2
- The critical angle C is given by:

1
sin C =
n
Since C = 60◦ :

nmedium
sin 60◦ =
nprism

√
3 nmedium
=
2 nprism

√
3
nmedium = nprism
2
√
3
Thus, the refractive index of the medium is 2 nprism .

18
 Quick Tip
The critical angle condition is used to determine the refractive index of the medium
when total internal reflection occurs.

20. Two electric heaters have power ratings P1 and P2 , at voltage V . They are connected
in series to a DC source of voltage V . Find the power consumed by the combination.
Will they consume the same power if connected in parallel across the same source?
Solution: Power Consumption in Series and Parallel Connections:
(i) Power Consumption in Series:
- The resistance of each heater is:

V2 V2
R1 = , R2 =
P1 P2
- The total resistance in series is:

V2 V2
Req = R1 + R2 = +
P1 P2
- The total current in the circuit is:

V
I=
Req
- The power consumed in series is:

Pseries = I 2 Req

V2 V2
Pseries = = V2 V2
Req P1 + P2

P1 P2
Pseries =
P1 + P2
(ii) Power Consumption in Parallel:
- In parallel, the power consumed by each heater remains the same as their original ratings:

Pparallel = P1 + P2

19
Thus, the heaters consume different power in series and the same power in parallel.
Quick Tip
In a series connection, the total power is given by the harmonic mean of the two power
ratings. In a parallel connection, the total power is simply the sum of the individual
powers.

21. (a) An air bubble is trapped at point B (CB = 20 cm) in a glass sphere of radius 40
cm and refractive index 1.5 as shown in the figure. Find the nature and position of the
image of the bubble as seen by an observer at point P.

Solution: Applying Refraction at Spherical Surface:

Given Information:
Radius of the glass sphere, R = 40 cm.
Refractive index of the glass, µ = 1.5.
Distance of the bubble from the center of the sphere, CB = 20 cm.
Therefore, the distance of the bubble from the refracting surface (point B), u = −20 cm.
(Negative because it’s opposite the direction of incident light).
Refraction at a Spherical Surface:
The formula for refraction at a spherical surface is:

µ2 µ1 µ2 − µ1
− =
v u R
where:
µ1 is the refractive index of the medium where the object is located (glass = 1.5)
µ2 is the refractive index of the medium where the image is formed (air = 1)
u is the object distance
v is the image distance

20
R is the radius of curvature of the surface
Applying the Formula:
µ1 = 1.5
µ2 = 1
u = −20 cm
R = −40 cm (Negative because the center of curvature is on the same side as the incident
light).
Substituting these values into the formula:

1 1.5 1 − 1.5
− =
v −20 −40

1 1.5 −0.5
+ =
v 20 −40

1 0.5 1.5
= −
v 40 20

1 0.5 − 3
=
v 40

1 −2.5
=
v 40

40
v= = −16 cm
−2.5
Interpretation:
The image distance v = −16 cm. The negative sign indicates that the image is formed on the
same side of the refracting surface as the object (the air bubble). Therefore:
Position: The image is located 16 cm from point B. Nature: Since the image is formed on the
same side as the object, it is a virtual image.
The image of the air bubble is virtual and is located 16 cm from point B on the same side as
the bubble.
Quick Tip
n2 n2 −n1
For refraction at a spherical surface, use the formula v − nu1 = R to locate the image
position.

21
OR
21(b). In normal adjustment, for a refracting telescope, the distance between the
objective and eyepiece lens is 1.00 m. If the magnifying power of the telescope is 19, find
the focal length of the objective and the eyepiece lens.
Solution: Applying the Telescope Magnification Formula:
- In a refracting telescope in normal adjustment, the total length of the telescope is given by:

L = fo + fe

where, fo = focal length of the objective lens, fe = focal length of the eyepiece lens, L = 1.00
m = total length of the telescope.
- The magnifying power M of the telescope is given by:

fo
M=
fe
- Given M = 19, we get:

fo
19 =
fe

fo = 19fe

- Substituting this into the equation L = fo + fe :

1.00 = 19fe + fe

1.00 = 20fe

1.00
fe = = 0.05 m = 5 cm
20

fo = 19 × 0.05 = 0.95 m = 95 cm

22
Thus, the focal length of the objective lens is 95 cm, and the focal length of the eyepiece lens
is 5 cm.
Quick Tip
In a refracting telescope, the focal length of the objective lens is much greater than that
of the eyepiece, and their sum gives the total length of the telescope.

3 SECTION C

22. (a) Differentiate between nuclear fission and fusion.

Solution: Nuclear Fission vs. Nuclear Fusion

Property Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion

Definition A nucleus splits into smaller nuclei. Two nuclei combine to a heavier nucleus.
Energy Large amt per fission event. Extremely large energy release.
Example 235 U + n →92 Kr +141 Ba + 3n + Energy 2H +3 H →4 He + n + Energy
Occurrence In nuclear reactors and atomic bombs. In stars like the Sun.
Requirement Critical mass of fuel and a neutron. Extremely high temperature and pressure.
Thus, nuclear fission and fusion differ in process, energy release, and applications.

Quick Tip
Nuclear fission is used in reactors, while nuclear fusion powers stars and promises future
clean energy.

(b) The fission properties of 239 P u are very similar to those of 235 U . How much energy
(in MeV) is released if all the atoms in 1 g of pure 239 P u undergo fission? The average
energy released per fission is 180 MeV.
Solution: Calculation of Energy Released
- The number of atoms in 1 g of 239 P u is given by:

Mass of sample
N= × Avogadro’s number
Atomic mass
23
 1
N= × 6.022 × 1023
239

N ≈ 2.52 × 1021

- Since each fission releases 180 MeV, the total energy released is:

E = N × Energy per fission

E = (2.52 × 1021 ) × (180)

E ≈ 4.54 × 1023 MeV

Thus, the total energy released is 4.54 × 1023 MeV.

Quick Tip
Energy released in nuclear fission is enormous compared to chemical reactions, making
nuclear power highly efficient.

23. The electric field in a region is given by:

⃗ = (10x + 4)î
E

⃗ is in N/C. Calculate the amount of work done in taking a unit

where x is in meters and E
charge from:
(i) (5m, 0) to (10m, 0) (ii) (5m, 0) to (5m, 10m)
Solution: Work Done in Moving a Unit Charge
The work done in moving a charge q in an electric field is given by:

Z x2
W = qE dx
x1
For a unit charge (q = 1), this simplifies to:

24
 Z x2
W = E dx
x1
(i) Work Done from (5m, 0) to (10m, 0)
Since the electric field is along the x-axis, we compute:

Z 10
W = (10x + 4) dx
5

10
x2

W = 10 + 4x
2 5

W = (5 × 100 + 4 × 10) − (5 × 25 + 4 × 5)

W = (500 + 40) − (125 + 20)

W = 540 − 145 = 395 J

Thus, the work done is 395 J.

(ii) Work Done from (5m, 0) to (5m, 10m)
- Since the electric field is only along the x-direction (Ex ), there is no electric field
component in the y -direction.
- Work is only done when moving in the direction of the field.
Since displacement in the x-direction is zero, the work done is:

W =0

Thus, the work done is 0 J.

Quick Tip
Work done in an electric field depends on displacement along the field direction. No
work is done if the movement is perpendicular to the field.

25
24. Draw the graph showing the variation of scattered particles detected (N ) with the
scattering angle (θ) in the Geiger-Marsden experiment. Write two conclusions that you
can draw from this graph. Obtain the expression for the distance of closest approach in
this experiment.
Solution: Geiger-Marsden Experiment (Rutherford Scattering)
- The experiment measured the number of alpha particles (N ) scattered at different angles (θ).
- The observed scattering pattern led to significant conclusions about atomic structure.
Graph: Variation of N with θ

Conclusions from the Graph

1. Most alpha particles pass undeflected, meaning the atom is mostly empty space.
2. Few particles are scattered at large angles, implying a small, dense, positively charged
nucleus.
Expression for Distance of Closest Approach
The distance of closest approach (r0 ) is the minimum separation between the alpha particle
and the nucleus before it stops and reverses.
- At the point of closest approach, the initial kinetic energy of the alpha particle is converted
into electrostatic potential energy:

1 2 1 Ze · 2e
mv =
2 4πϵ0 r0
Solving for r0 :

26
 1 2Ze2
r0 =
4πϵ0 12 mv 2

4πϵ0 · 2Ze2
r0 =
mv 2
Thus, the distance of closest approach is:

2Ze2
r0 =
4πϵ0 · 12 mv 2
This represents the minimum distance between the alpha particle and the nucleus before
repulsion stops its motion.

Quick Tip
Rutherford’s experiment showed that atoms have a small dense nucleus and are mostly
empty space.

25. Find the current in branch BM in the network shown:

Solution: Applying Kirchhoff’s Laws

Given that the equivalent resistance across CH is:

RCH = 2R

Equivalent Circuit Diagram

The given circuit is analyzed using Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL). We apply KVL to two
loops in the circuit.
Applying Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
In closed loop ABMNA:

27
Using KVL in loop ABMNA, we sum the voltage drops:

−3IR − 4I1 R + 16E = 0

This forms our first equation:

−3IR − 4I1 R + 16E = 0 (1)

In closed loop BCHMB:

Similarly, applying KVL in loop BCHMB:

−2R(I − I1 ) − 6E + 4I1 R = 0

This forms our second equation:

−2R(I − I1 ) − 6E + 4I1 R = 0 (2)

Solving the Equations

Now, solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously, we obtain:
25E
I1 =
13R
Thus, the current I1 in the circuit is determined.

Quick Tip
Use Kirchhoff’s laws to analyze complex circuits: KCL for junctions and KVL for
loops.

26. A circular loop of radius 10 cm carrying current of 1.0 A lies in the x-y plane. A
long straight wire lies in the same plane parallel to the x-axis at a distance of 20 cm as
shown in the figure.

28
Find the direction and value of current that has to be maintained in the wire so that the
net magnetic field at O is zero.
Solution: Applying Biot-Savart Law and Ampere’s Law
- The magnetic field at the center O of the circular loop is given by:

µ0 Iloop
Bloop =
2R
where Iloop = 1.0A, R = 10 cm = 0.1 m.

(4π × 10−7 )(1)

Bloop =
2 × 0.1

Bloop = 2 × 10−6 T

- The magnetic field due to the long straight wire at distance d = 20 cm is:

µ0 Iwire
Bwire =
2πd

(4π × 10−7 )Iwire

Bwire =
2π × 0.2

2 × 10−7 Iwire
Bwire =
0.2

Bwire = 10−6 Iwire

- For net magnetic field at O to be zero:

Bloop = Bwire

2 × 10−6 = 10−6 Iwire

Iwire = 2A

Direction of Current in the Wire:

29
- Using the Right-Hand Rule, the circular loop produces a magnetic field into the plane at O.
- To cancel it, the wire must produce a magnetic field out of the plane at O.
- This happens when current in the wire flows in the negative x-direction.
Thus, the required current in the wire is 2 A, flowing in the negative x-direction.

Quick Tip
For net zero magnetic field at a point, the contributions from different sources should
cancel each other.

27. Name the electromagnetic waves with their wavelength range which are used for:
(i) FM radio broadcast
(ii) Detection of fracture in bones
(iii) Treatment of muscular strain
Solution: Electromagnetic Waves and Their Applications

Application Electromagnetic Wave Wavelength Range

FM radio broadcast Radio waves 10 m − 1 m
Detection of fracture in bones X-rays 10−11 m − 10−8 m
Treatment of muscular strain Infrared rays 7.5 × 10−7 m − 10−3 m
Explanation:
- FM Radio Broadcast: Uses radio waves in the meter range, allowing transmission over long
distances.
- Detection of Bone Fractures: Uses X-rays as they can penetrate soft tissues but are
absorbed by bones, creating images.
- Treatment of Muscular Strain: Uses infrared rays to provide deep tissue heating and pain
relief.

Quick Tip
Different electromagnetic waves have unique properties and applications based on their
wavelength and energy.

30
28(a). (i) Define mutual inductance. Write its SI unit.
Solution: Definition of Mutual Inductance
- Mutual inductance (M ) is the property of two coils in which a change in current in one coil
induces an electromotive force (emf) in the other due to electromagnetic induction.
- The induced emf in the secondary coil is given by:

dI1
E2 = −M
dt
where I1 is the current in the primary coil.
- The SI unit of mutual inductance is Henry (H), where 1 Henry = 1 Weber per Ampere (1 H
= 1 Wb/A).

Quick Tip
Mutual inductance quantifies the ability of one coil to induce emf in another due to
changing magnetic flux.

(ii) Derive an expression for the mutual inductance of a system of two long coaxial
solenoids of the same length l, having turns N1 and N2 , and radii r1 and r2 (where
r2 > r1 ).
Solution: Derivation of Mutual Inductance
- Consider two long coaxial solenoids, one inside the other.
- The primary solenoid (inner solenoid) has:
- N1 turns
- Radius r1
- Length l
- Current I1 flowing through it.
- The magnetic field inside the primary solenoid is given by:

µ0 N1 I1
B1 =
l
- The magnetic flux linked with the secondary solenoid (outer solenoid) is:

31
 Φ2 = B1 A1 N2

 
µ0 N1 I1
Φ2 = (πr12 )N2
l

µ0 N1 N2 πr12
Φ2 = I1
l
- By definition, the mutual inductance M is:

N2 Φ2
M=
I1

µ0 N1 N2 πr12
M=
l
Thus, the mutual inductance of the two coaxial solenoids is:

µ0 N1 N2 πr12
M=
l
Key Observations:
- Mutual inductance depends on the inner solenoid’s area (r12 ), because the outer solenoid
encloses all the flux produced by the inner one.
- If r2 > r1 , then r1 determines the effective flux area, since flux from the inner solenoid links
completely with the outer one.

Quick Tip
Mutual inductance between coaxial solenoids depends on the turns, radius of the inner
solenoid, and permeability of free space.

OR
28(b). What are ferromagnetic materials? Explain ferromagnetism with the help of
suitable diagrams, using the concept of magnetic domains.
Solution: Understanding Ferromagnetic Materials and Ferromagnetism
Definition of Ferromagnetic Materials:

32
- Ferromagnetic materials are substances that exhibit strong magnetization when placed in an
external magnetic field.
- These materials retain their magnetization even after the external field is removed.
- Common examples include iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), and nickel (Ni).
Explanation of Ferromagnetism:
- The phenomenon of ferromagnetism arises due to the presence of magnetic domains.
- Each domain consists of a group of atomic dipoles aligned in the same direction.
- In an unmagnetized ferromagnetic material, these domains are randomly oriented, resulting
in zero net magnetization.

Magnetic Domains and Alignment:

- When an external magnetic field is applied, the domains align in the direction of the field.
- The material becomes magnetized, and the alignment of the domains increases the overall
magnetic moment.

B = µ0 (H + M )

where:
- B = Magnetic field in the material
- H = Applied external field
- M = Magnetization of the material
- µ0 = Permeability of free space
- In fully magnetized ferromagnetic materials, most domains align in the same direction,
producing a strong magnetic effect.
Key Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials:

33
1. High Permeability: These materials have a high ability to concentrate magnetic flux.
2. Hysteresis Effect: The magnetization does not return to zero immediately after removing
the field, leading to a hysteresis loop.
3. Curie Temperature (TC ): Above this temperature, the material loses its ferromagnetic
properties and behaves as a paramagnet.
Conclusion:
- Ferromagnetic materials are widely used in applications like transformers, electromagnets,
hard disks, and electric motors due to their ability to retain strong magnetization.

Quick Tip
Ferromagnetism arises due to domain alignment. Materials like iron, cobalt, and nickel
exhibit strong magnetic properties even after the external field is removed.

4 SECTION D

29. A pure semiconductor like Ge or Si, when doped with a small amount of suitable
impurity, becomes an extrinsic semiconductor. In thermal equilibrium, the electron
and hole concentration in it are related to the concentration of intrinsic charge carriers.
A p-type or n-type semiconductor can be converted into a p-n junction by doping it
with suitable impurity. Two processes, diffusion and drift take place during formation
of a p-n junction. A semiconductor diode is basically a p-n junction with metallic
contacts provided at the ends for the application of an external voltage. A p-n junction
diode allows currents to pass only in one direction when it is forward biased. Due to
this property, a diode is widely used to rectify alternating voltages, in half-wave or full
wave configuration.
(i) When Ge is doped with a pentavalent impurity, the energy required to free the
weakly bound electron from the dopant is about:
(A) 0.001 eV
(B) 0.01 eV
(C) 0.72 eV

34
(D) 1.1 eV
Correct Answer: (B) 0.01 eV
Solution: Doping and Energy Levels in Ge
- Germanium (Ge) is a group IV element, and when doped with a pentavalent impurity
(donor), extra free electrons are introduced into the conduction band.
- The energy required to free these donor electrons is very small compared to the band gap of
Ge.
- In Ge, this ionization energy is approximately 0.01 eV.
Thus, the correct answer is 0.01 eV.
Quick Tip
In n-type semiconductors, donor electrons require a small energy ( 0.01 eV in Ge) to
jump into the conduction band.

(ii) At a given temperature, the number of intrinsic charge carriers in a semiconductor

is 2.0 × 1010 cm−3 . It is doped with pentavalent impurity atoms. As a result, the number
of holes in it becomes 8 × 103 cm−3 . The number of electrons in the semiconductor is:
(A) 2 × 1024 m−3
(B) 4 × 1023 m−3
(C) 1 × 1022 m−3
(D) 5 × 1022 m−3
Correct Answer: (D) 5 × 1022 m−3
Solution: Carrier Concentration Calculation
- The relation between electron and hole concentrations in a semiconductor is given by:

ne · nh = n2i

where: ni = 2.0 × 1010 cm−3 (intrinsic carrier concentration), nh = 8 × 103 cm−3 (hole
concentration after doping), ne = electron concentration after doping.
Solving for ne :

n2i (2.0 × 1010 )2

ne = =
nh 8 × 103

35
 4.0 × 1020
ne = = 5 × 1016 cm−3
8 × 103
Converting to m−3 :

ne = 5 × 1022 m−3
Quick Tip
In a doped semiconductor, the product of electron and hole concentrations remains equal
to n2i .

(iii) During the formation of a p-n junction:

(A) Electrons diffuse from p-region into n-region and holes diffuse from n-region into
p-region.
(B) Both electrons and holes diffuse from n-region into p-region.
(C) Electrons diffuse from n-region into p-region and holes diffuse from p-region into
n-region.
(D) Both electrons and holes diffuse from p-region into n-region.
Correct Answer: (C) Electrons diffuse from n-region into p-region and holes diffuse from
p-region into n-region.
Solution: Formation of Depletion Region
- In a p-n junction, the n-region has excess electrons, and the p-region has excess holes.
- Due to the concentration difference, electrons diffuse from the n-region to the p-region.
- Similarly, holes diffuse from the p-region to the n-region. - This diffusion leads to the
formation of a depletion region, preventing further diffusion.
Thus, the correct answer is Electrons diffuse from n-region into p-region and holes diffuse
from p-region into n-region.
Quick Tip
A p-n junction forms due to the diffusion of electrons from the n-side and holes from
the p-side, leading to a depletion region.

36
OR
(iii)(b) Initially, during the formation of a p-n junction:
(A) Diffusion current is large and drift current is small.
(B) Diffusion current is small and drift current is large.
(C) Both the diffusion and the drift currents are large.
(D) Both the diffusion and the drift currents are small.
Correct Answer: (A) Diffusion current is large and drift current is small.
Solution: Understanding Current Flow in p-n Junction Formation
- In a newly formed p-n junction, a concentration gradient exists between the p-region and
n-region.
- This causes majority charge carriers (electrons from n-region and holes from p-region) to
diffuse across the junction, leading to a large diffusion current.
- As electrons and holes diffuse, a depletion region forms, creating an internal electric field.
- This electric field generates a small drift current by moving minority carriers in the
opposite direction.
- Over time, the diffusion current and drift current balance each other at equilibrium.
Thus, during the initial formation of the p-n junction, the diffusion current is large, and the
drift current is small.
Quick Tip
In a p-n junction, diffusion current dominates initially, but as the depletion region builds
up, drift current increases to balance it.

(iv) An AC voltage V = 0.5 sin(100πt) volt is applied, in turn, across a half-wave rectifier
and a full-wave rectifier. The frequency of the output voltage across them respectively
will be:
(A) 25 Hz, 50 Hz
(B) 25 Hz, 100 Hz
(C) 50 Hz, 50 Hz
(D) 50 Hz, 100 Hz
Correct Answer: (D) 50 Hz, 100 Hz

37
Solution: Understanding Rectifier Frequency Response
- The given AC voltage is:

V = 0.5 sin(100πt)

- The general form of an AC signal is:

V = V0 sin(2πf t)

Comparing, we get:

2πf = 100π

100π
f= = 50 Hz
2π
Half-Wave Rectifier Output Frequency: - A half-wave rectifier allows only one half-cycle of
the input AC voltage. - The output voltage still follows the same fundamental frequency as
the input, i.e., 50 Hz.
Full-Wave Rectifier Output Frequency: - A full-wave rectifier inverts the negative
half-cycles, making the output frequency twice the input frequency. - Thus, the frequency of
the output becomes:

2 × 50 = 100 Hz

Thus, the correct answer is 50 Hz for the half-wave rectifier and 100 Hz for the full-wave
rectifier.
Quick Tip
A half-wave rectifier retains the same frequency as the input AC, whereas a full-wave
rectifier doubles the frequency.

30. A lens is a transparent optical medium bounded by two surfaces; at least one of
which should be spherical. Applying the formula of image formation by a single
spherical surface successively at the two surfaces of a thin lens, a formula known as lens

38
maker’s formula and hence the basic lens formula can be obtained. The focal length (or
power) of a lens depends on the radii of its surfaces and the refractive index of its
material with respect to the surrounding medium. The refractive index of a material
depends on the wavelength of light used. Combination of lenses helps us to obtain
diverging or converging lenses of desired power and magnification.
30. (i) A thin converging lens of focal length 20 cm and a thin diverging lens of focal
length 15 cm are placed coaxially in contact. The power of the combination is:
(A) − 56 D
(B) − 35 D
4
(C) 3 D
3
(D) 2 D
Correct Answer: (B) − 35 D
Solution: Power of a Combination of Lenses
Step 1: Understanding Power of Lenses
- The power P of a lens is given by:

100
P = (in diopters, D)
f
where: - f = Focal length in cm.
Step 2: Calculating the Power of Each Lens
- Converging lens (convex):

100
P1 = = 5D
20
- Diverging lens (concave):

100 100 20
P2 = =− =− D
−15 15 3
Step 3: Total Power of the Combination
Since the lenses are in contact, the net power is:

Pnet = P1 + P2

39
 20
Pnet = 5 −
3

15 20 5
Pnet = − =− D
3 3 3
Step 4: Conclusion
Thus, the power of the combination is:

5
− D
3
which matches option (B).
Quick Tip
The total power of lenses in contact is the algebraic sum of their individual powers:
Ptotal = P1 + P2 .

(ii) The radii of curvature of two surfaces of a convex lens are R and 2R. If the focal
length of this lens is 43 R, the refractive index of the material of the lens is:
5
(A) 3
4
(B) 3
3
(C) 2
7
(D) 5
3
Correct Answer: (C) 2

Solution: Using Lens Maker’s Formula to Find Refractive Index

Step 1: Lens Maker’s Formula
For a thin convex lens, the lens maker’s equation is:

 
1 1 1
= (µ − 1) −
f R1 R2
where:
- f = 43 R (given focal length),
- R1 = R and R2 = −2R (sign convention: convex surface is positive, concave is negative),
- µ = Refractive index of the lens material.

40
Step 2: Substituting Given Values
3 1 1
 
= (µ − 1) −
4R R −2R

3 1 1
 
= (µ − 1) +
4R R 2R

3 3
= (µ − 1) ×
4R 2R
Step 3: Solving for µ
3 2
µ−1= ×
4 3

2 1
µ−1= =
4 2

1 3
µ=1+ =
2 2
Step 4: Conclusion
Thus, the refractive index of the material of the lens is:

3
2
which matches option (C).
Quick Tip
The lens maker’s formula helps determine the focal length and refractive index of a lens
using its curvature.

(iii) The focal length of an equiconvex lens:

(A) Increases when the lens is dipped in water.
(B) Increases when the wavelength of incident light decreases.
(C) Increases with decrease in the radius of curvature of its surface.
(D) Decreases when the lens is cut into two identical parts along its principal axis.
Correct Answer: (A) Increases when the lens is dipped in water.
Solution: Effect of Surrounding Medium on Focal Length

41
- The focal length of a lens is given by the lens maker’s formula:

 
1 1 1
= (nlens − nmedium ) −
f R1 R2
where:
- nlens = Refractive index of the lens material.
- nmedium = Refractive index of the surrounding medium.
- R1 , R2 = Radii of curvature of the lens.
Effect of Dipping the Lens in Water
- When the lens is in air, nmedium = 1.
- When dipped in water, nmedium ≈ 1.33.
- Since the focal length is inversely proportional to (nlens − nmedium ), as nmedium increases, the
focal length also increases.
Thus, the correct answer is (A) The focal length increases when the lens is dipped in water.
Quick Tip
The focal length of a lens increases when placed in a medium with a refractive index
closer to that of the lens material.

(iv)(a) A thin convex lens L of focal length 10 cm and a concave mirror M of focal
length 15 cm are placed coaxially 40 cm apart as shown in the figure. A beam of light
coming parallel to the principal axis is incident on the lens. The final image will be
formed at a distance of:

(A) 10 cm, left of lens

(B) 10 cm, right of lens
(C) 20 cm, left of lens
(D) 20 cm, right of lens

42
Correct Answer: (B) 10 cm, right of lens
Solution: Image Formation by a Convex Lens and Concave Mirror
Step 1: Image Formation by the Convex Lens
- A parallel beam of light incident on a convex lens converges at the focus of the lens.
- Given focal length of the convex lens:

fL = 10 cm

- Since parallel rays converge at the focal point, the image formed by the convex lens is:

I1 = 10 cm (to the right of the lens)

- This image acts as the object for the concave mirror.

Step 2: Object Distance for the Concave Mirror
- Distance between the lens and the mirror:

d = 40 cm

- Distance of the image formed by the lens from the mirror:

uM = 40 − 10 = 30 cm

- Focal length of the concave mirror:

fM = −15 cm (negative for concave mirror)

Using the mirror formula:

1 1 1
+ =
v u f

1 1 1
+ =
v 30 −15

1 1 1
= −
v −15 30

43
 1 2 1 3 1
=− − =− =−
v 30 30 30 10

v = −10 cm

Step 3: Final Image Position

- The negative sign indicates that the final image is on the same side as the mirror.
- Distance from the mirror: 10 cm.
- Since the mirror is 40 cm from the lens, the final image is:

40 − 10 = 30 cm from the lens, on the right.

- Since the image distance from the lens is greater than the focal length, the final image is
real and inverted.
Step 4: Conclusion
- Final image is formed at 10 cm to the right of the lens.
- Thus, the correct answer is:

(B) 10 cm, right of lens

Quick Tip
A concave mirror inverts the image from a convex lens, forming the final image on the
same side as the mirror.

(iv)(b) A beam of light coming parallel to the principal axis of a convex lens L1 of focal
length 16 cm is incident on it. Another convex lens L2 of focal length 12 cm is placed
coaxially at a distance 40 cm from L1 . The nature and distance of the final image from
L2 will be:
(A) Real, 24 cm
(B) Virtual, 12 cm
(C) Real, 32 cm
(D) Virtual, 18 cm

44
Correct Answer: (A) Real, 24 cm
Solution: Image Formation Using Two Convex Lenses
- The first lens L1 forms an image of an object at infinity at its focal point:

u1 = ∞, f1 = 16 cm

v1 = f1 = 16 cm

- This image acts as the object for the second convex lens L2 , placed 40 cm away:

u2 = 40 − 16 = 24 cm, f2 = 12 cm

Using the lens formula:

1 1 1
− =
v2 u2 f2

1 1 1
− =
v2 24 12

1 1 1 2 1 3
= + = + =
v2 12 24 24 24 24

v2 = 24 cm

- The positive value indicates a real image formed 24 cm from L2 .

Thus, the correct answer is (A) Real, 24 cm.
Quick Tip
When a convex lens forms an image at its focal point, it acts as an object for the next
lens, and the final image position is determined using the lens equation.

5 SECTION E

31(a). (i) Draw a ray diagram for the formation of the image of an object by a convex
mirror. Hence, obtain the mirror equation.

45
Solution: Image Formation by a Convex Mirror
- A convex mirror always forms a virtual, erect, and diminished image behind the mirror.
- The image is always located between the pole and focus of the mirror.

Derivation of the Mirror Equation

Using the sign convention:
- The mirror formula is given by:

1 1 1
= +
f v u
where:
- f = Focal length of the mirror
- u = Object distance
- v = Image distance
For a convex mirror, f and v are positive, while u is negative.
Thus, the mirror equation holds for both concave and convex mirrors.

Quick Tip
A convex mirror always forms a virtual, erect, and diminished image, making it ideal
for rearview mirrors.

(ii) Why are multi-component lenses used for both the objective and the eyepiece in
optical instruments?
Solution: Importance of Multi-Component Lenses
- Multi-component lenses are used in optical instruments to correct optical aberrations such
as:
1. Chromatic aberration: Different wavelengths focus at different points.

46
2. Spherical aberration: Light rays at different distances from the optical axis do not
converge at the same point.
3. Astigmatism and distortion: Deformation of the image shape.
- These lenses consist of convex and concave elements made of materials with different
refractive indices.
- In objectives: Multi-component lenses enhance image clarity and reduce distortion.
- In eyepieces: They improve magnification and reduce eye strain.

Quick Tip
Multi-component lenses reduce optical aberrations and enhance image clarity, making
them essential for high-precision optical instruments.

(iii) The magnification of a small object produced by a compound microscope is 200.

The focal length of the eyepiece is 2 cm and the final image is formed at infinity. Find
the magnification produced by the objective.
Solution: Calculation of Objective Magnification
- The total magnification of a compound microscope is given by:

M = Mo × Me

where:
- M = Total magnification = 200
- Mo = Magnification by the objective (to be found)
- Me = Magnification by the eyepiece
- The magnification of the eyepiece is:

D
Me =
fe
where: - D = 25 cm (Near point of the human eye) - fe = 2 cm

25
Me = = 12.5
2
- Using the total magnification equation:

47
 200 = Mo × 12.5

200
Mo = = 16
12.5
Thus, the magnification produced by the objective is 16.

Quick Tip
In a compound microscope, the objective provides initial magnification, which is further
magnified by the eyepiece.

OR
31(b). (i) Differentiate between a wavefront and a ray.
Solution: Difference Between Wavefront and Ray
A wavefront is the locus of all points that are in the same phase of vibration.
A ray is an imaginary line that represents the direction of wave propagation.
It is always perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.
It is always perpendicular to the wavefront.
Examples: Plane wavefront, spherical wavefront.
Used to represent light beams in geometrical optics.

Quick Tip
A wavefront shows the shape of the propagating wave, while a ray shows its direction.

(ii) State Huygen’s principle and verify laws of reflection using a suitable diagram.
Solution: Huygen’s Principle
- Huygen’s Principle states that: 1. Every point on a wavefront acts as a source of secondary
wavelets. 2. The envelope of these secondary wavelets forms the new wavefront.
Verification of Laws of Reflection Using Huygen’s Principle - Consider a plane wavefront
incident on a reflecting surface. - Each point on the wavefront acts as a secondary source,
and the reflected wavefront follows the law of reflection.

48
Verification of Reflection Law Using Huygen’s Principle: - Angle of incidence (θi ) = Angle
of reflection (θr ). - This verifies the Law of Reflection.

Quick Tip
Huygen’s principle explains how reflection occurs by treating each wavefront as a sec-
ondary source of new waves.

(iii) In Young’s double slit experiment, the slits S1 and S2 are 3 mm apart, and the
screen is placed 1.0 m away from the slits. The fourth bright fringe is at a distance of 5
mm from the second dark fringe. Find the wavelength of light used.
Solution: Wavelength Calculation
Solution: Finding the Wavelength of Light in Young’s Double Slit Experiment
Step 1: Understanding the Double Slit Experiment
In Young’s double slit experiment, the fringe separation y is given by the formula:

λD
y=
d
where:
- λ = wavelength of light,
- D = distance between the screen and the slits,
- d = distance between the two slits.
Step 2: Understanding the Fringe Spacing
In the problem, the distance between the second dark fringe and the fourth bright fringe is
given as 5 mm.
For Young’s double slit experiment, the distance between consecutive dark fringes or bright
fringes is the same, and the distance between the second dark fringe and the fourth bright

49
fringe is:

Distance = 4y − 2y = 2y

Thus, 2y = 5 mm, so the fringe separation y is:

5
y= = 2.5 mm = 2.5 × 10−3 m
2
Step 3: Using the Fringe Separation Formula
Now, using the fringe separation formula:

λD
y=
d
Substitute the known values:
- y = 2.5 × 10−3 m,
- D = 1.0 m,
- d = 3 × 10−3 m.

λ × 1.0
2.5 × 10−3 =
3 × 10−3

2.5 × 10−3 × 3 × 10−3

λ=
1.0

λ = 8.33 × 10−7 m

λ = 833 nm

Thus, the wavelength of the light used is:

833 nm

Quick Tip
Young’s double-slit experiment determines the wavelength of light using the fringe
λD
width equation β = d .

50
32(a). (i) A dielectric slab of dielectric constant K and thickness t is inserted between
plates of a parallel plate capacitor of plate separation d and plate area A. Obtain an
expression for its capacitance.
Solution: Capacitance with a Dielectric Slab
- The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor in vacuum is:

ϵ0 A
C0 =
d
where:
- ϵ0 = Permittivity of free space,
- A = Plate area,
- d = Plate separation.
- When a dielectric slab of thickness t and dielectric constant K is inserted:
- The remaining air gap in the capacitor is (d − t).
- The system now behaves as two capacitors in series:
Kϵ0 A
1. Capacitor with dielectric: C1 = t .
ϵ0 A
2. Capacitor with air gap: C2 = d−t .

- The effective capacitance is:

1 1 1
= +
C C1 C2

1 t (d − t)
= +
C Kϵ0 A ϵ0 A

ϵ0 A
C= t
K + (d − t)
Thus, the capacitance of the capacitor with a dielectric slab is:

ϵ0 A
C= t
d−t+ K

51
 Quick Tip
A dielectric increases the capacitance of a capacitor, but if it doesn’t fully fill the gap,
the system behaves as capacitors in series.

(ii) Two capacitors of different capacitances are connected first (1) in series and then (2)
in parallel across a dc source of 100 V. If the total energy stored in the combination in
the two cases is 40 mJ and 250 mJ respectively, find the capacitance of the capacitors.
Solution: Finding Capacitance of the Capacitors
Step 1: Energy in a Capacitor The energy stored in a capacitor is:

1
U = CV 2
2
where: - C = Capacitance, - V = Voltage applied.
Given:
- Series combination energy: Us = 40 mJ = 40 × 10−3 J,
- Parallel combination energy: Up = 250 mJ = 250 × 10−3 J,
- Applied voltage: V = 100 V.
Step 2: Parallel Combination For parallel capacitors:

Cp = C1 + C2

1
Up = Cp V 2
2

1
250 × 10−3 = (C1 + C2 )(100)2
2

250 × 10−3 = 5000(C1 + C2 )

250 × 10−3
C1 + C2 = = 50 × 10−6 = 50µF
5000
Step 3: Series Combination

52
For series capacitors:

1 1 1
= +
Cs C1 C2

1
Us = Cs V 2
2

1
40 × 10−3 = Cs (100)2
2

40 × 10−3 = 5000Cs

40 × 10−3
Cs = = 8 × 10−6 = 8µF
5000
Step 4: Solving for C1 and C2 Using:

C1 C2
Cs =
C1 + C2

C1 C2
8=
50

C1 C2 = 8 × 50 = 400

Solving the quadratic equation:

x2 − 50x + 400 = 0

Using the quadratic formula:

√
50 ± 2500 − 1600
x=
2

50 ± 30
x=
2

80 20
x= = 40 or x = = 10
2 2

53
Thus, the capacitances are C1 = 40 and C2 = 10 .

Quick Tip
1 1 1
For capacitors in parallel: Cp = C1 + C2 . For capacitors in series: Cs = C1 + C2 .

32(b). (i) Using Gauss’s law, show that the electric field E at a point due to a uniformly
σ
charged infinite plane sheet is given by E = 2ϵ0 , where symbols have their usual
meanings.
Solution: Derivation of Electric Field Due to an Infinite Plane Sheet

Step 1: Gauss’s Law Statement

According to Gauss’s Law:

I
Qenc
E · dA =
ϵ0
H
where: - E · dA = Total electric flux, - Qenc = Enclosed charge,
- ϵ0 = Permittivity of free space.
Step 2: Choosing a Gaussian Surface
- Consider an infinite charged plane with surface charge density σ .
- The charge is uniformly distributed over the plane.
- We use a Gaussian cylinder (pillbox) that extends equally on both sides of the plane.
Step 3: Applying Gauss’s Law
- The flux is perpendicular to the surface.
- The total flux through the two flat surfaces of the pillbox is:

54
 I
E · dA = EA + EA = 2EA

- The enclosed charge is:

Qenc = σA

- Applying Gauss’s Law:

σA
2EA =
ϵ0

σ
E=
2ϵ0
Thus, the electric field due to an infinite plane sheet is:

σ
E=
2ϵ0

Quick Tip
The electric field due to an infinite sheet does not depend on the distance from the sheet,
unlike a point charge or a line charge.

(ii) Electric field E in a region is given by E = (5x2 + 2)î, where E is in N/C and x is in
meters. A cube of side 10 cm is placed in the region as shown in the figure. Calculate:
(1) The electric flux through the cube, and
(2) The net charge enclosed by the cube.
Solution: Flux and Enclosed Charge Calculation
Step 1: Understanding the Given Field The electric field is:

E = (5x2 + 2)î

- The electric field varies with x but is uniform along the y and z -directions.
- The cube has a side length of 10 cm = 0.1 m.
Step 2: Flux Calculation

55
Electric flux is given by:

I
ΦE = E · dA

Since the field is in the x-direction, it only contributes to the flux through the two faces
perpendicular to x-axis.
- At x = 0 (left face), the field is:

Eleft = (5(0)2 + 2) = 2 N/C

- At x = 0.1 m (right face), the field is:

Eright = (5(0.1)2 + 2) = 2 + 5(0.01) = 2.05 N/C

Flux through the cube:

ΦE = Eright A − Eleft A

= (2.05 − 2)(0.1 × 0.1)

= (0.05)(0.01)

= 5 × 10−4 Nm2 /C

Step 3: Charge Enclosed Using Gauss’s Law From Gauss’s Law:

Qenc
ΦE =
ϵ0

Qenc = ϵ0 ΦE

= (8.85 × 10−12 )(5 × 10−4 )

= 4.43 × 10−15 C

56
Thus, the net charge enclosed by the cube is 4.43 × 10−15 C.

Quick Tip
For a non-uniform field, calculate the flux difference through opposite faces to deter-
mine the net charge enclosed.

33(a). (i) Mention the factors on which the resonant frequency of a series LCR circuit
depends. Plot a graph showing variation of impedance of a series LCR circuit with the
frequency of the applied AC source.
Solution: Factors Affecting Resonant Frequency
- The resonant frequency fr of a series LCR circuit is given by:

1
fr = √
2π LC
It depends on:
1. Inductance (L): Increasing L decreases the resonant frequency.
2. Capacitance (C): Increasing C decreases the resonant frequency.
Graph: Variation of Impedance with Frequency - The impedance Z of a series LCR circuit is:

p
Z= R2 + (XL − XC )2

where:
- XL = ωL (Inductive reactance),
1
- XC = ωC (Capacitive reactance).

At resonance (f = fr ):
- XL = XC → Minimum impedance (Only R remains).

57
- High current flows through the circuit.

Quick Tip
√
The resonant frequency fr is inversely proportional to LC . At resonance, impedance
is minimum, and current is maximum.

(ii) With the help of a suitable diagram, explain the working of a step-up transformer.
Solution: Step-Up Transformer
Working of a Step-Up Transformer
- A step-up transformer increases the voltage while reducing the current.
- It consists of two coils: Primary (Np ) and Secondary (Ns ).
- The number of turns in the secondary coil is greater than in the primary.

Transformer Equation
The voltage transformation ratio is:

Vs Ns
=
Vp Np
where:
- Vp , Vs = Voltages in primary and secondary coils.
- Np , Ns = Number of turns in primary and secondary coils.
Since Ns > Np , Vs > Vp (Step-Up Transformer).

58
 Quick Tip
Step-up transformers are used in power transmission to reduce current and minimize
energy loss in transmission lines.

(iii) Write two causes of energy loss in a real transformer.

Solution: Energy Losses in Transformers
1. Eddy Current Loss:
- Induced currents in the iron core cause energy dissipation as heat.
- Minimized using laminated cores.
2. Hysteresis Loss:
- Energy loss due to repeated magnetization and demagnetization of the core.
- Reduced by using soft iron cores.

Quick Tip
Using laminated cores and soft iron reduces transformer losses and improves efficiency.

OR
33(b). (i) With the help of a diagram, briefly explain the construction and working of an
AC generator.
Solution: Construction and Working of an AC Generator
Construction of an AC Generator
An AC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy based on electromagnetic
induction. It consists of:
1. Armature Coil (ABCD): A rectangular coil rotates inside a magnetic field.
2. Magnetic Field: Created using permanent magnets or electromagnets.
3. Slip Rings (S1 , S2 ): Connected to the coil, providing continuous contact.
4. Brushes: Connect the slip rings to the external circuit.

59
Working of an AC Generator
- The coil rotates in the magnetic field due to external mechanical energy.
- According to Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, an EMF is induced:

E = BLv sin θ

- The induced current alternates because the coil changes orientation every half cycle.
- The output AC voltage follows:

E = E0 sin ωt

Quick Tip
An AC generator produces an alternating voltage, which is converted to DC using a
commutator in a DC generator.

(ii) An electron is revolving around a proton in an orbit of radius r with a speed v .

Obtain an expression for the magnetic moment associated with the electron.
Solution: Magnetic Moment of an Orbiting Electron
Step 1: Current Due to Electron Motion
- The electron moves in a circular orbit around the nucleus, creating a loop current.
- The current I is:

Charge per revolution

I=
Time for one revolution
60
- The charge of an electron is e and time period T is:

2πr
T =
v

e e ev
I= = =
T 2πr/v 2πr
Step 2: Magnetic Moment Calculation
- The magnetic moment (µ) is:

µ=I ×A

- Since the electron follows a circular path, the area is:

A = πr2

 ev 
µ= × πr2
2πr

evr
µ=
2
Step 3: Expressing in Terms of Angular Momentum - The angular momentum of the electron
is:

L = mvr

where m is the mass of the electron.

- Since:

evr
µ=
2
Replacing vr using L:

e
µ= L
2m
Thus, the magnetic moment associated with the electron is:

61
 e
µ= L
2m

Quick Tip
e
The ratio 2m is called the gyromagnetic ratio and is crucial in quantum mechanics and
nuclear magnetism.

62
 MARKING SCHEME : PHYSICS (042)
CODE :55/3/1
Q.NO. VALUE POINTS/ EXPECTED ANSWERS MARKS TOTAL
MARKS
SECTION-A
1. (B) Spherical surface 1 1
2. (B) 1.6 ×10-18 J 1 1
3.  1 1
(C) –(0.24 nT) k
4. (D) remain stationary 1 1
5. (B) 0.3 MB 1 1
6. (C) 15.0 V 1 1
7. (B) l is decreased and A is increased 1 1
8. (B) Gamma rays 1 1
9. (B) 2 1 1
10. (C)

1 1

11. (B) decreased by 87.5% 1 1

12. (B) 0.05 eV 1 1
13. (D) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also false. 1 1
14. (C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. 1 1
15. (A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the 1 1
correct explanation of the Assertion(A).
16. (A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the 1 1
correct explanation of the Assertion(A).
SECTION- B
17.
(a) Meaning of relaxation time ½
Derivation of R 1½
Average time between two successive collisions of electron in presence
of electric field ½
Drift velocity of an electron
eE
d      (i) ½
m
Current flowing through a conductor of length l and area of cross section
A
I  neAd    (ii)
ne2 AE ne2 A V
I 
m ml ½
V ml
R  2
I ne  A ½ 2
OR
(b) Circuit diagram of Wheatstone bridge ½
Obtaining the condition when no current flows through
galvanometer 1½

55/3/1 Page 3 of 15
 ½

By applying Kirchoff‟s loop rule to closed loops ADBA and CBDC

-I1R1 + 0 + I2R2 = 0 -----(i) [Ig =0]
I2R4 + 0 – I1R3 = 0 -----(ii) ½
From eq (i)-
I1 R2
 ½
I 2 R1
From eq (ii)-
I1 R4

I 2 R3
Hence,
R2 R4 ½

R1 R3 2
18.
Finding the focal length of objective lens 2

Magnifying power = 24 , Distance between lenses =150 cm

fo
 24 ½
fe
fo  fe 150cm ½
fe  6cm ½
fo  144cm ½ 2
19.
(a) Explanation of magnification 1
(b) Explanation 1

(a) Yes, it offers magnification. ½

We can keep the small object much closer to the eye than 25 cm and
hence have it subtend a large angle. ½
(b) Yes, ½
Rays converging to a point behind a plane or convex mirror are reflected
to a point in front of the mirror on a screen ½ 2
20.
Calculation of number of photons per second 2

Total Energy gained per second from photon= IA

E  N h ½

55/3/1 Page 4 of 15
 hc
IA  N 

[ IA]
N
hc
[0.1109  0.4 104 ]  500 109
N 1
6.6 1034  3 108
N  1.01104 ½ 2
21.
Calculation of concentration of holes & electrons 2

ne n h  ni2 ½
nh  51022 / m3
ni2
ne 
nh
(1.5 1016 ) 2
ne  ½
5 1022
ne  4.5 109 / m3 ½
nh > ne , it is a p- type crystal ½ 2
SECTION- C
22.
Determination of current in branches AB, AC, BC 1+1+1

For closed loop ADCA ,

10  4(I1  I 2 )  2(I2  I3  I1 )  I1  0
7 I1  6I 2  2I3  10      (i)
½
For closed loop ABCA ,
10  4I 2  2(I2  I3 )  I1  0
I1  6I 2  2I3  10      (ii) ½
For closed loop BCDED ,
5  2(I2  I3 )  2(I2  I3  I1 )  0
½
2 I1  4I 2  4I3  5      (iii)
5
Current in branch AB = I 2  A
8 ½
Current in branch AC = I1  2.5 A ½
½ 3
Current in branch BC = I 2  I3  2.5 A

55/3/1 Page 5 of 15
23.
Reason for exerting force on straight parallel conductors ½
Derivation for force per unit length 2
Explanation of nature of Force ½

One conductor experiences a force due to magnetic field of the other ½

conductor

Magnetic field produced by conductor „a‟ at all points along the length
of conductor „b‟
I
Ba  0 a
2 d ½
Force on conductor „b‟ due to this magnetic field
Fba  Ib LBa
½
I IL
Fba  0 a b
2 d
Fba 0 I a Ib
fba   directed awayfroma
L 2 d ½
F I I
f ab  ab  0 a b directed awayfrom b
L 2 d
Repulsive, the forces acting on them are away from each other. ½ 3
24.
(a) Identifying the element X ½
(b) Writing the formula for reactance ½
(c) Showing variation of reactance with frequency 1
(d) Explanation of behavior of element with
(i) an ac circuit ½
(ii) a dc circuit ½
½
(a) Capacitor ½
1
(b)  c 
c ½

55/3/1 Page 6 of 15
 (c)

(d) (i) For ac Xc is finite and therefore allows the ac to pass. ½

(ii) For dc Xc is infinite and therefore does not allow the dc to pass. ½ 3
25.
(a) Finding the wavelength and frequency 1+1
(b) Finding the amplitude of magnetic field ½
(c) Writing expression for magnetic field ½

2
(a) k 
 ½
2 4
  m  4.18m ½
K 3
  2
 4.5 108
  Hz
2 2 ½
9
 108 Hz
4 ½
  7.16 101 Hz
E
(b) B0  0
c
6.3 ½
B0   2.1108 T
3 108

(c) B  2.1108[(cos1.5rad/ m) y (4.5 108 rad/ s) t]kˆ T ½ 3

26.
Statements of Bohr‟s first and second Postulates ½+½
Derivation of expression for radius of nth orbit 2

 Bohr’s first postulate

An electron in an atom revolves in certain stable orbits without ½
the emission of radiant energy.
 Bohr’s second postulate
Electron revolves around the nucleus only in those orbits for
h ½
which the angular momentum is integral multiple of .
2

Electrostatic force between revolving electron and nucleus provides

requisite centripetal force
mvn2 1 e2
 ½
rn 4 0 rn2

55/3/1 Page 7 of 15
 e
vn       (i)
4 0 mrn ½

nh ½
mvn rn       (ii)
2

using equations (i) and (ii)

 n 2   h  4 0
2

rn     ½ 3
 m   2  e
2

27.
(a) Definition of atomic mass unit (u) 1
(b) Calculation of energy required 2

(a) atomic mass unit (u) is defined as 1/12th of the mass of the carbon 1
( 12C ) atom.
(b) m  1 H 2   m  1 H 1   m  0 n1 
½
Q  (mR  mP )  931.5 MeV
 (2.014102 1.007825 1.008665)  931.5 MeV ½
  0.002388  931.5 MeV ½
  2.224 MeV
½ 3
Hence energy required is 2.224 MeV
28.
(a) (a) Drawing the circuit diagram for V-I characteristics 1
Salient features of V-I characteristics in
(i) Forward biasing 1
(ii) Reverse biasing 1

[any one circuit diagram]

Salient features
(i) Forward biasing- After threshold voltage or cut in voltage diode 1
current increases significantly (exponentially), even for a small increase
in the diode bias voltage.
(ii) Reverse biasing- Current is very small (⁓μA) and almost remains 1
constant and it increases rapidly after breakdown voltage.

OR

55/3/1 Page 8 of 15
 (b) Energy band diagrams
Difference between
(i) an insulator
(ii) a semiconductor
(iii) a metal 1+1+1

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

1
3

SECTION- D
29. (i) (D) IV 1

(ii) (D) accelerate along  i
1
(iii) (A) V= V0 + αx
1
(iv) (a) (C) E4> E3 > E2 > E1
OR 1 4
(b) (B) 2.6× 106 m/s
30. (i) (D) 6 1
(ii) (C) 3 1
(iii) (a) (C) 6
OR 1
(b) sin-1(0.225)
(iv) (D) 10 1 4
SECTION-E
31.
(a) (i) Obtaining expression for the capacitance 3
(ii) Finding the electric potential 2
(i) at the surface
(ii) at the centre

(i) When a dielectric slab is inserted between the plates of capacitor, there
is induced charge density σP which opposes the original charge density

55/3/1 Page 9 of 15
(σ) on the plate of capacitance. ½
Electric field with dielectric medium is

V E d ½

½
σd Qd
V ½

K ½
C

(ii) Electric potential due to a point charge

V ½

(i) At the surface

V ½

(ii) Since electric field inside the hollow sphere is zero, hence V is same
as that of the surface and remains constant throughout the volume. ½
V
OR
(b) (i) Expression for electric field at a point lying
(i) inside 1
(ii) outside 2
(ii) Explanation 2

(i) Field inside the shell

The Flux through the Gaussian surface is

½
E R
In this case Gaussian surface encloses no charge.
Hence R
½
E =0

(Note: Award full credit of this part if a student writes directly E=0,
mentioning as there is no charge enclosed by Gaussian surface)

55/3/1 Page 10 of 15
 (ii) Field outside the shell-

Electric flux through Gaussian surface

𝜎 4𝜋𝑅 2 ½
𝐸 4πr 𝜀

Charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface

4 2

Using Gauss‟s law: ½

∫ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
4 2

σ 𝑅2 𝑞
𝐸 ½
𝜀 𝑟2 4πε 𝑟 2

(ii) For conducting sheet,

Electric field due to a conducting sheet
σ
𝐸𝑐 𝜀 ½

For non-conducting sheet ½

σ
𝐸𝑛𝑐 𝜀
Since surface charge density is same. ½
2E𝑛𝑐 𝐸𝑐 ½ 5
32.
(a) (i)(1) Meaning of current sensitivity, mentioning factors 2
(2) Finding the required resistance 1½
(ii) Finding the induced current 1½
(i) (1). Current sensitivity of galvanometer is defined as the deflection per
unit current. 1
Alternatively,

Factors
Number of turns in coil, Magnetic field intensity, Area of coil, Torsional
½+½
Constant (Any two)

55/3/1 Page 11 of 15
(2) for -V Range ½
for - Rang ½

( )
½
(ii) mWb
| | V ½
| | ½

m ½
OR
(b)
(i) Obtaining the expression of emf induced 3
(ii) Calculation of mutual inductance 2

((i) The flux at any instant t is

𝜙 𝑁𝐵𝐴 cos𝜃 NB cos𝜔𝑡 ½

From Faraday‟s law
½

½
cos

sin ½
2 4 2
(ii) ½+½
2 2

2 2
( )
½

H ½
5

55/3/1 Page 12 of 15
33.
(a) (i) Tracing the path of ray ½
Obtaining an expression for angle of deviation 1½
Drawing Graph 1
(ii) Finding the refractive index 2

(i)

For quadrilateral AQNR,

∠A + ∠QNR = 180º --- (i) ½
For triangle QNR
r1 + r2 + ∠QNR = 180º ---- (ii)
comparing equation (i) and (ii)
r1 + r2 = A ------ (iii) ½
The angle of deviation
δ (i – r1 ) + (e – r2 ) ------ (iv)
from equation (iii) and (iv)
𝛿 𝑖 𝑒 𝐴 ½

Graph

(ii)

𝑠𝑖𝑛 4
𝜇
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

𝜇 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ½
For second surface,
sin(900   ) 1

sin 900  ½

55/3/1 Page 13 of 15
 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 ½
From the triangle GEF
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
½
𝜇
OR
(b) (i) Expression for resultant intensity 3
(ii) Ratio of intensities 2

(i) 𝑦 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔 𝑡
𝑦 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔 𝑡 𝜙
According to the principle of superposition
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 ½
𝑦 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔 𝑡 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔 𝑡 𝜙
𝑦 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔 𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙
𝑦 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔 𝑡 ½
Let,
𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ------- (i)
𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 --------(ii) ½
Squaring and adding equation (i) and (ii)
A2  a2 (1  cos ) 2 a 2 sin2
𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙
½
𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙
𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 /
½
𝐼𝛼𝐴
𝐼 𝑘𝐴
where k is constant
½
𝐼 𝑘𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 /
[Award full credit for this part for any other alternative methods]
𝜋 𝜆
(ii) 𝜙 𝜆
𝜋/3 ½

𝐼 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 /

𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋/
𝐼 3𝐼 ½

𝜋 𝜆
𝜙 𝜋/
𝜆

𝐼 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋/ ½

𝐼 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝐼
½ 5
𝐼2 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠2

55/3/1 Page 14 of 15
CBSE Class 12 Physics 55/2/1 2024 Question Paper with Solutions

Time Allowed :3 Hours Maximum Marks :70 Total Questions :33

General Instructions
Read the following instructions very carefully and strictly follow them::

1. This question paper contains 33 questions. All questions are compulsory.

2. This question paper is divided into five sections Sections A, B, C, D and E.

3. In Section A Questions no. 1 to 16 are Multiple Choice type questions. Each

question carries 1 mark.

4. In Section B Questions no. 17 to 21 are Very Short Answer type questions.Each

question carries 2 marks.

5. In Section C Questions no. 22 to 28 are Short Answer type questions. Each

question carries 3 marks.

6. In Section D Questions no. 29 and 30 are case study-based questions. Each

question carries 4 marks.

7. In Section E Questions no. 31 to 33 are Long Answer type questions. Each

question carries 5 marks.

8. There is no overall choice given in the question paper. However, an internal

choice has been provided in few questions in all the Sections except Section A.

9. Kindly note that there is a separate question paper for Visually Impaired
candidates.

10. Use of calculators is not allowed.

1
 SECTION-A

1. Two charged particles P and Q, having the same charge but different masses mp and
⃗ in time tp
mQ , start from rest and travel equal distances in a uniform electric field E
tp
and tQ respectively. Neglecting the effect of gravity, the ratio tQ is:
mp
(1) mQ
mQ
(2) mp
q
mp
(3) mQ
q
mQ
(4) mp
q
mp
Correct Answer: (3) mQ

Solution: The acceleration a of each particle is given by Newton’s second law:

qE
F = ma and F = qE ⇒ a= .
m

Thus, the time taken for each particle to travel the same distance is given by the kinematic
equation: r r
1 2d 2dm
d = at2 ⇒ t= = .
2 a qE
The ratio of times tp and tq for particles P and Q is:
r
tp mp
= .
tQ mQ

Quick Tip
For this problem, remember that the time for a particle to travel a distance depends on
the mass and charge, and use the kinematic equations effectively.

2. Electrons drift with speed vd in a conductor with potential difference V across its
V
ends. If V is reduced to 2, their drift speed will become:
vd
(1) 2

(2) vd
(3) 2vd
(4) 4vd
vd
Correct Answer: (1) 2

2
Solution: The drift velocity vd is related to the potential difference V by the equation:

vd ∝ V.

Thus, when the potential difference is halved, the drift velocity will also be halved:
vd
vd → .
2

Quick Tip
Drift velocity is directly proportional to the potential difference. Halving the potential
difference will halve the drift velocity.

3. A wire of length 4.4 m is bent round in the shape of a circular loop and carries a
current of 1.0 A. The magnetic moment of the loop will be:
(1) 0.7 Am2
(2) 1.54 Am2
(3) 2.10 Am2
(4) 3.5 Am2
Correct Answer: (2) 1.54 Am2
Solution: The magnetic moment M of a current-carrying loop is given by:

M = IA,

where I is the current and A is the area of the loop. The area of a circular loop is:

A = πr2 .

The circumference of the loop is 2πr = 4.4 m, so:

4.4
r= = 0.7 m.
2π

Now, calculating the area:

A = π(0.7)2 = 1.54 m2 .

Thus, the magnetic moment is:

M = 1.0 × 1.54 = 1.54 Am2 .

3
 Quick Tip
The magnetic moment of a circular loop is the product of the current and the area. Use
the circumference to find the radius of the loop.

⃗ = (1.0î + 0.5ĵ) mT such

4. A circular coil of radius 10 cm is placed in a magnetic field B
that the outward unit vector normal to the surface of the coil is (0.6î + 0.8ĵ). The
magnetic flux linked with the coil is:
(1) 0.314 µWb
(2) 3.14 µWb
(3) 31.4 µWb
(4) 1.256 µWb
Correct Answer: (3) 31.4 µWb
Solution: The magnetic flux ΦB linked with the coil is given by:

ΦB = BA cos θ.

Where:
B is the magnetic field,
A is the area of the coil,
θ is the angle between the normal to the surface of the coil and the magnetic field.
The area of the coil is:
A = πr2 = π(0.1)2 = 0.0314 m2 .

⃗ and the unit vector normal to the

The magnetic field B is the dot product of the vector B
surface of the coil:

⃗ · n̂ = (1.0î + 0.5ĵ) · (0.6î + 0.8ĵ) = 1.0 × 0.6 + 0.5 × 0.8 = 0.6 + 0.4 = 1.0 mT.
B

Thus, the magnetic flux is:

ΦB = 1.0 × 0.0314 = 0.0314 Wb = 31.4 µWb.

4
 Quick Tip
For calculating magnetic flux, remember to use the dot product to find the effective
magnetic field component normal to the coil’s surface.

5. Which of the following quantity/quantities remains same in primary and secondary

coils of an ideal transformer? Current, Voltage, Power, Magnetic flux
(1) Current only
(2) Voltage only
(3) Power only
(4) Magnetic flux and Power both
Correct Answer: (4) Magnetic flux and Power both
Solution: In an ideal transformer: The magnetic flux remains the same in both the primary
and secondary coils because the transformer operates based on mutual induction, where the
same magnetic flux links both coils.
The power is conserved in an ideal transformer, meaning the input power (in the primary
coil) is equal to the output power (in the secondary coil), ignoring losses.
Thus, the quantities that remain the same are:

Magnetic flux and Power both .

Quick Tip
In an ideal transformer, the power is conserved, and the magnetic flux linking the pri-
mary and secondary coils remains unchanged.

√
6. A resistor and an ideal inductor are connected in series to a 100 2 V, 50 Hz AC
source. When a voltmeter is connected across the resistor or the inductor, it shows the
same reading. The reading of the voltmeter is:
√
(1) 100 2 V
(2) 100 V
√
(3) 50 2 V

5
(4) 50 V
Correct Answer: (2) 100 V
Solution: When a resistor and an ideal inductor are connected in series, the total voltage
√
across both components is the supply voltage 100 2 V, which is the RMS value.
The voltmeter reading across the resistor and the inductor is the same because the voltage
drop across each component will be equal. This happens because the total impedance of the
circuit is such that both the resistor and the inductor have the same voltage drop. Step by
Step Solution:
Step 1: Let the voltage across the resistor be VR and the voltage across the inductor be VL .
Given that VR = VL .
Step 2: The total voltage Vtotal is given by the vector sum of VR and VL . Since they are in
quadrature, we use the Pythagorean theorem:
q
Vtotal = VR2 + VL2

Step 3: Substitute VR = VL into the equation:

q q √
Vtotal = VR2 + VR2 = 2VR2 = VR 2
√
Step 4: Given that Vtotal = 100 2 V, we can solve for VR :
√ √
100 2 = VR 2 ⇒ VR = 100 V

Thus, the reading of the voltmeter is:

100 V .

Quick Tip
In a series L-R circuit, the voltage across each component is the same if they share the
total supply voltage.

7. Electromagnetic waves with wavelength 10 nm are called:

(1) Infrared waves
(2) Ultraviolet rays
(3) Gamma rays

6
(4) X-rays
Correct Answer: (2) Ultraviolet rays
Solution: Electromagnetic waves are classified according to their wavelengths. A
wavelength of 10 nm corresponds to gamma rays, which are the highest frequency and
shortest wavelength electromagnetic waves. This is much shorter than the wavelength for
ultraviolet rays or X-rays.

Quick Tip
Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths smaller than 100 nm are typically considered
gamma rays.

8. The work function for a photosensitive surface is 3.315 eV. The cut-off wavelength
for photoemission of electrons from this surface is:
(1) 150 nm
(2) 200 nm
(3) 375 nm
(4) 500 nm
Correct Answer: (3) 375 nm
Solution: The cut-off wavelength λcut can be found using the photoelectric equation:
hc
Ephoton = ϕ = ,
λcut

where h is Planck’s constant, c is the speed of light, and ϕ is the work function. Rearranging
to solve for λcut :
hc
λcut = .
ϕ
Substitute h = 6.626 × 10−34 J · s, c = 3 × 108 m/s, and ϕ = 3.315 eV = 3.315 × 1.602 × 10−19 J:
(6.626 × 10−34 )(3 × 108 )
λcut = ≈ 375 nm.
3.315 × 1.602 × 10−19

Quick Tip
The cut-off wavelength is inversely proportional to the work function. Higher work
functions result in shorter cut-off wavelengths.

7
9. Energy levels A, B, and C of an atom correspond to increasing values of energy i.e.,
EA < EB < EC . Let λ1 , λ2 , and λ3 be the wavelengths of radiation corresponding to the
transitions C to B, B to A, and C to A, respectively. The correct relation between λ1 , λ2 ,
and λ3 is:
(1) λ21 + λ22 = λ23
1 1 1
(2) λ1 + λ2 = λ3

(3) λ1 + λ2 + λ3 = 0
(4) λ1 + λ2 = λ3
1 1 1
Correct Answer: (2) λ1 + λ2 = λ3

Solution: The wavelengths of radiation corresponding to atomic transitions are related by

the energy difference between the levels. According to the Rydberg formula for transitions:
 
1 1 1
=R 2
− 2 ,
λ n1 n2
where R is the Rydberg constant and n1 and n2 are the principal quantum numbers of the
initial and final states, respectively. For the transitions described, the relation between the
wavelengths is:
1 1 1
+ = .
λ1 λ2 λ3

Quick Tip
For transitions between energy levels, use the Rydberg formula to relate wavelengths to
energy differences.

10. An alpha particle approaches a gold nucleus in Geiger-Marsden experiment with

kinetic energy K . It momentarily stops at a distance d from the nucleus and reverses its
direction. Then d is proportional to:
(1) √1
K
√
(2) K
1
(3) k

(4) K
1
Correct Answer: (1) K

8
Solution: To determine the relationship between the distance d at which the alpha particle
stops and its initial kinetic energy K , we can use the principles of energy conservation and
the Coulomb force.
1. Initial Kinetic Energy: The alpha particle has an initial kinetic energy K .
2. Potential Energy at Distance d: When the alpha particle stops, all its kinetic energy is
converted into electrostatic potential energy. The potential energy U between the alpha
particle (charge +2e) and the gold nucleus (charge +79e) at a distance d is given by:
1 (2e)(79e)
U= ·
4πϵ0 d

where ϵ0 is the permittivity of free space.

3. Energy Conservation: At the point where the alpha particle stops, its kinetic energy is
zero, and its potential energy equals the initial kinetic energy:
1 158e2
K= ·
4πϵ0 d

4. Solving for d: Rearrange the equation to solve for d:

1 158e2
d= ·
4πϵ0 K

This shows that d is inversely proportional to K :

1
d∝
K

Therefore, the correct answer is:

Quick Tip
The distance at which a charged particle stops due to Coulomb’s interaction is inversely
proportional to the square root of its kinetic energy.

11. An n-type semiconducting Si is obtained by doping intrinsic Si with:

(1) Al
(2) B

9
(3) P
(4) In
Correct Answer: (3) P
Solution: An n-type semiconductor is formed by doping an intrinsic semiconductor with a
group V element (such as phosphorus), which has five valence electrons. These extra
electrons contribute to conductivity. In this case, phosphorus (P) is used for doping silicon to
form an n-type semiconductor.

Quick Tip
For n-type semiconductors, use elements from group V (like phosphorus) to provide
extra electrons.

12. When a p-n junction diode is subjected to reverse biasing:

(1) The barrier height decreases and the depletion region widens.
(2) The barrier height increases and the depletion region widens.
(3) The barrier height decreases and the depletion region shrinks.
(4) The barrier height increases and the depletion region shrinks.
Correct Answer: (2) The barrier height increases and the depletion region widens.
Solution: In reverse biasing, the external voltage opposes the potential barrier of the p-n
junction, which causes the depletion region to widen. This happens because the external
voltage increases the barrier height, preventing current from flowing (except for a very small
leakage current).

Quick Tip
In reverse bias, the barrier height increases and the depletion region widens, leading to
the prevention of current flow.

13. Assertion (A): Photoelectric current increases with an increase in intensity of incident
radiation, for a given frequency of incident radiation and the accelerating potential.
Reason (R): Increase in the intensity of incident radiation results in an increase in the

10
number of photoelectrons emitted per second and hence an increase in the photocurrent.
(1) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
the Assertion (A).
(2) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of the Assertion (A).
(3) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(4) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also false.
Correct Answer: (1) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the
correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
Solution: When the intensity of incident radiation increases (for a constant frequency), the
number of photons hitting the surface increases. This results in the emission of more
photoelectrons per second, thereby increasing the photocurrent. This explanation aligns
perfectly with the assertion.

Quick Tip
The intensity of radiation affects the number of photoelectrons emitted, which in turn
increases the photocurrent.

14. Assertion (A): Lenz’s law is a consequence of the law of conservation of energy.
Reason (R): There is no power loss in an ideal inductor.
(1) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
the Assertion (A).
(2) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of the Assertion (A).
(3) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(4) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also false.
Correct Answer: (2) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
Solution: Lenz’s law is a consequence of the conservation of energy, as it ensures that the
induced current always flows in a direction that opposes the change in magnetic flux. The

11
statement that there is no power loss in an ideal inductor is also true because an ideal
inductor does not dissipate energy; instead, it stores energy in the magnetic field. However,
this does not directly explain Lenz’s law, making option (2) the correct choice.

Quick Tip
Lenz’s law follows the principle of conservation of energy, while an ideal inductor stores
energy without dissipation, making both statements true but unrelated in explanation.

15. Assertion (A): An electron and a proton enter with the same momentum p⃗ in a magnetic
⃗ such that p⃗ ⊥ B
field B ⃗ . Then both describe a circular path of the same radius.

Reason (R): The radius of the circular path described by the charged particle (charge q , mass
⃗ is given by r =
m) moving in the magnetic field B mv
qB .

(1) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
the Assertion (A).
(2) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of the Assertion (A).
(3) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(4) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also false.
Correct Answer: (1) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the
correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
Solution: The assertion is correct because when an electron and a proton enter the magnetic
field with the same momentum, they experience the same force due to their charge and follow
a circular path with the same radius. The radius of the circular path is given by the formula:

p
r=
qB
Since both have the same momentum and the formula depends on p, the radii of their circular
paths will be the same. Thus, both the assertion and the reason are true, and the reason
correctly explains the assertion.

12
 Quick Tip
For a charged particle in a magnetic field, the radius of the circular motion depends on
its momentum, charge, and magnetic field strength.

16. Assertion (A): The magnifying power of a compound microscope is negative.

Reason (R): The final image formed is erect with respect to the object.
(1) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
the Assertion (A).
(2) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of the Assertion (A).
(3) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(4) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also false.
Correct Answer: (3) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
Solution: The assertion is correct because the magnifying power of a compound microscope
is considered negative, as the final image is inverted relative to the object. However, the
reason is incorrect because the final image formed is not erect but rather inverted with
respect to the object. Therefore, the assertion is true, but the reason is false.

Quick Tip
A compound microscope produces an inverted image, and its magnifying power is con-
ventionally taken as negative.

SECTION B

17. Define resistivity of a conductor. How does the resistivity of a conductor depend
upon the following:
(a) Number density of free electrons in the conductor (n)
(b) Their relaxation time (τ )
Solution: Resistivity ρ is the property of a material that quantifies how strongly it resists the

13
flow of electric current. It is given by the formula:
m
ρ= ,
ne2 τ
where: - m is the mass of the electron, - e is the charge of the electron, - n is the number
density of free electrons in the conductor, - τ is the relaxation time.
(a) Resistivity is inversely proportional to the number density of free electrons:
1
ρ∝ .
n
(b) Resistivity is directly proportional to the relaxation time τ :
1
ρ∝ .
τ

Quick Tip
Resistivity depends on the material properties such as the number of free electrons and
their ability to move (relaxation time).

18. (a) Two waves, each of amplitude a and frequency ω emanating from two coherent
sources of light superpose at a point. If the phase difference between the two waves is ϕ,
obtain an expression for the resultant intensity at that point.
Solution: Let the equations of the two waves be:

x1 = a cos(ωt),

x2 = a cos(ωt + ϕ),

where a is the amplitude, ω is the frequency, and ϕ is the phase difference.

The resultant displacement x is:

x = x1 + x2 = a cos(ωt) + a cos(ωt + ϕ) = a(cos(ωt) + cos(ωt + ϕ)).

Using the trigonometric identity:

   
A+B A−B
cos A + cos B = 2 cos cos ,
2 2
we get:    
ϕ ϕ
x = 2a cos cos ωt + .
2 2

14
The intensity I is proportional to the square of the amplitude:
  2  
ϕ ϕ
I = K(Amplitude)2 = K 2a cos = 4Ka2 cos2 .
2 2

Let I0 = Ka2 be the intensity of each incident wave. Thus, the resultant intensity is:
 
ϕ
I = 4I0 cos2 .
2

Quick Tip
The intensity of two superimposed waves depends on the square of the cosine of half
the phase difference.

18. (b) What is the effect on the interference pattern in Young’s double-slit experiment
when (i) the source slit is moved closer to the plane of the slits, and (ii) the separation
between the two slits is increased? Justify your answers.
Solution: (i) As the source slit is moved closer to the plane of the slits, the sharpness of the
interference pattern decreases. This happens because the light from different parts of the
source overlaps and the fringes begin to blur, eventually disappearing if the slit is moved too
close. The fringe sharpness is affected by the ratio ds , where s is the distance between the
source and the slits, and d is the separation between the slits. If s decreases, the sharpness of
the interference pattern decreases.
(ii) As the separation between the two slits increases, the fringe spacing β decreases. The
fringe spacing is given by:
λD
β= ,
d
where λ is the wavelength of light, D is the distance from the slits to the screen, and d is the
slit separation. As d increases, β decreases, and the fringes become closer together.

Quick Tip
The sharpness of interference fringes depends on the relative distances between the
source, slits, and screen. Adjusting these distances changes the fringe spacing.

15
19. A convex lens (n = 1.52) has a focal length of 15.0 cm in air. Find its focal length
when it is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.65. What will be the nature of the
lens?
Solution: The lens maker’s formula is:
  
1 ng 1 1
= −1 −
f nm R1 R2
For the convex lens in air:   
1 ng 1 1
= −1 −
fa na R1 R2
For the convex lens in liquid:
  
1 ng 1 1
= −1 −
fl nl R1 R2
Taking the ratio:
1
fl ng −1
= 1
fa ng −nl
Substituting values:
fl 1.52 − 1
=
fa 1.52 − 1.65

0.52
= = −6.6
−0.13
Thus:
fl = −6.6 × 15 = −99 cm.

Nature of the Lens: Since the focal length is negative, the lens behaves as a diverging
(concave) lens in the liquid.

Quick Tip
Immersing a lens in a liquid with a higher refractive index decreases the focal length
and may change the nature of the lens.

20. The carbon isotope 12

6 C has a nuclear mass of 12.000000 u. Calculate the binding

energy of its nucleus.

Solution: The binding energy of a nucleus is given by the formula:

B.E. = (Zmp + (A − Z)mn − MN ) × 931.5 MeV,

16
where: - Z is the atomic number, - A is the mass number, - mp is the mass of a proton, - mn is
the mass of a neutron, - MN is the nuclear mass.
For 12
6 C , Z = 6, A = 12, and the given masses are:

mp = 1.007825 u, mn = 1.008665 u, MN = 12.000000 u.

Thus, the binding energy is:

B.E. = (6 × 1.007825 + 6 × 1.008665 − 12.000000) × 931.5 MeV.

After calculation:
B.E. = 92.16 MeV.

Quick Tip
The binding energy is a measure of the energy required to disassemble the nucleus into
its constituent protons and neutrons.

21. How does the energy gap of an intrinsic semiconductor effectively change when
doped with a (a) trivalent impurity, and (b) pentavalent impurity? Justify your answer
in each case.
Solution: (i) When a semiconductor is doped with a trivalent impurity (like boron), an
acceptor level is created just above the valence band. This decreases the energy gap because
the electrons in the valence band can now easily jump to the acceptor level, making the
material more conductive.
(ii) When a semiconductor is doped with a pentavalent impurity (like phosphorus), a donor
level is created just below the conduction band. This also decreases the energy gap, as
electrons can easily be excited from the donor level into the conduction band, increasing
conductivity.

Quick Tip
Doping with trivalent impurities creates acceptor levels, while doping with pentavalent
impurities creates donor levels, both affecting the energy gap.

17
 SECTION C

22. The figure shows a circuit with three ideal batteries. Find the magnitude and
direction of currents in the branches AG, BF and CD.

Solution: By applying Kirchhoff’s laws to the circuit, we can determine the currents in the
different branches.
First, we use Kirchhoff’s current law at point B:

I1 + I2 = I3

Next, applying Kirchhoff’s loop rule for the closed loop AGFBA:

3 + 2I3 − 6 + 4I2 + 2I3 = 0

Simplifying:
3
I2 + I3 =
4
We substitute this in another equation based on another loop, BFDCB:

−4I2 + 6 + 2I1 − 6 + 2I1 = 0

Which simplifies to:

I2 = I1

By solving the equations, we find:

1 1 1
I1 = A, I 2 = A, I 3 = A.
4 4 2

Quick Tip
Kirchhoff’s laws are helpful for analyzing circuits with multiple batteries and resistors
to determine currents and voltages.

18
23. (a) On what factors does the speed of an electromagnetic wave in a medium depend?
(b) How is an electromagnetic wave produced?
(c) Sketch a schematic diagram depicting the electric and magnetic fields for an
electromagnetic wave propagating along the z-axis.
Solution: (a) The speed v of an electromagnetic wave in a medium depends on: The
permittivity ϵ of the medium. The magnetic permeability µ of the medium. The speed of EM
waves is given by:
1
v=√ .
µϵ
(b) Electromagnetic waves are produced by oscillating or accelerated charges, such as
electrons in an antenna. These oscillating charges generate both electric and magnetic fields
that propagate through space as an electromagnetic wave.
(c) The electric and magnetic fields for an electromagnetic wave propagating along the z-axis
are perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation. The electric field oscillates
along the x-axis and the magnetic field along the y-axis, as shown in the diagram:

Electric Field (E) and Magnetic Field (B) in the direction of propagation (z-axis).

Quick Tip
The speed of electromagnetic waves in a medium depends on the permittivity and per-
meability of the medium.

24. A 100-turn coil of radius 1.6 cm and resistance 5.0 Ω is co-axial with a solenoid of
250 turns/cm and radius 1.8 cm. The solenoid current drops from 1.5 A to zero in 25
ms. Calculate the current induced in the coil in this duration. (Take π 2 = 10)
Solution: The induced emf ε is given by Faraday’s law of induction:
dϕ
ε = −N .
dt

19
Here, N is the number of turns in the coil, and ϕ is the magnetic flux. The flux is related to
the magnetic field B and the area A of the coil.
The magnetic flux changes due to the change in current in the solenoid, causing an induced
emf. The induced emf is:
dI
ε = −N µ0 nπr2 .
dt
Given values: N = 100,
n = 250 turns/cm,
r = 1.6 cm,
dI = 1.5 A,
dt = 25 ms.
Substituting the values:
ε = 0.1536 V.

The current induced in the coil is:

ε 0.1536
I= = = 0.03 A.
R 5

Quick Tip
Induced current depends on the rate of change of magnetic flux and the resistance of the
coil.

25. (a) Two long, straight, parallel conductors carry steady currents in opposite
directions. Explain the nature of the force of interaction between them. Obtain an
expression for the magnitude of the force between the two conductors. Hence define one
ampere.
Solution: The force between two parallel conductors carrying currents is due to the
magnetic field produced by one conductor acting on the other. The force is repulsive if the
currents are in opposite directions and attractive if the currents are in the same direction.
The magnitude of the force per unit length between two conductors is given by Ampère’s
force law:
µ0 I1 I2
F = ,
2πd

20
where: - I1 and I2 are the currents in the two conductors, - d is the distance between them, -
µ0 is the permeability of free space.
One ampere is defined as the current that, when flowing through two parallel conductors one
meter apart, produces a force of 2 × 10−7 N/m on each conductor.

Quick Tip
The force between two conductors depends on the current in each conductor and the
distance between them.

25. (b) Obtain an expression for the torque τ acting on a current-carrying loop in a
⃗ . Draw the necessary diagram.
uniform magnetic field B
Solution: The torque on a current loop in a magnetic field is given by the expression:

τ = IAB sin θ,

where: - I is the current in the loop, - A is the area of the loop, - B is the magnetic field
strength, - θ is the angle between the normal to the loop and the magnetic field.
The forces on arms BC and DA are equal and opposite and cancel each other out, while the
forces on arms AB and CD form a couple, leading to a torque.

τ = IAB sin θ.

Quick Tip
The torque on a current loop in a magnetic field depends on the current, area of the loop,
and the angle between the magnetic field and the loop’s normal.

26. Using Bohr’s postulates, derive the expression for the radius of the n-th orbit of an
electron in a hydrogen atom. Also find the numerical value of Bohr’s radius a0 .
Solution: From Bohr’s second postulate, the angular momentum of the electron in the n-th
orbit is quantized:
nh
mvr = ,
2π

21
where m is the mass of the electron, v is its velocity, r is the radius of the orbit, and n is the
principal quantum number.
Also, from Coulomb’s law and centripetal force, we have:
mv 2 e2
= ,
r 4πϵ0 r2

where e is the charge of the electron and ϵ0 is the permittivity of free space.
By solving these equations, we get the expression for the radius of the n-th orbit:
n2 h2 ϵ0
r= .
πme2

For n = 1, this is the Bohr radius a0 :

6.63 × 10−34 × 8.854 × 10−12
a0 = = 5.29 × 10−11 m = 0.53 Å.
3.14 × 9.1 × 10−31 × (1.6 × 10−19 )2

Quick Tip
Bohr’s radius gives the size of the smallest orbit for an electron in a hydrogen atom.

27. de Broglie wavelength λ as a function of √1 , for two particles of masses m1 and m2 ,

K
is shown in the figure. Here, K is the energy of the moving particles.

(a) What does the slope of a line represent?

(b) Which of the two particles is heavier?
(c) Is this graph also valid for a photon? Justify your answer in each case.

Solution:
(a) The de Broglie wavelength is given by:

22
 h h 1
λ= √ =√ ×√
2mK 2m K
Comparing with the equation of a straight line (y = mx + c), the slope of the line is:

h
slope = √
2m
√
Thus, the slope of the line represents √h , which is inversely proportional to m.
2m

(b) From the equation:

1
slope ∝ √
m
Since the slope of m2 is greater than that of m1 , it implies that m2 is lighter, and m1 is heavier.

(c) No, this graph is not valid for a photon. The given equation for momentum:

√
p= 2mK

is not applicable to a photon, as a photon has zero rest mass and its momentum is given by:

h
p=
λ

Quick Tip

For massive particles, the de Broglie wavelength follows λ = √ h , while for photons,
2mK
momentum is given by p = λh , making the given relation inapplicable.

28. With the help of a circuit diagram, explain the working of a p-n junction diode as a
full-wave rectifier. Draw its input and output waveforms.
Solution: A full-wave rectifier uses two diodes arranged in a bridge configuration. The AC
input is applied to the transformer, and the diodes rectify the current to produce a pulsating
DC output.
Working: 1. During the positive half-cycle of the input AC voltage, the current flows through
the diode D1, and diode D2 is reverse biased and does not conduct. Therefore, current flows

23
through the load resistor RL in one direction. 2. During the negative half-cycle, diode D1 is
reverse biased and does not conduct, but diode D2 becomes forward biased and allows
current to flow through the load resistor in the same direction.
This results in a unidirectional output current.

Input waveform and Output waveform

The input AC voltage alternates in both positive and negative cycles, while the output
remains in one direction, providing a pulsating DC.

Quick Tip
A full-wave rectifier produces an output that is smoother and more consistent than half-
wave rectification by using both positive and negative cycles of the input signal.

SECTION D

29. When the terminals of a cell are connected to a conductor of resistance R, an

electric current flows through the circuit. The electrolyte of the cell also offers some
resistance in the path of the current, like the conductor. This resistance offered by the
electrolyte is called internal resistance of the cell r. It depends upon the nature of the
electrolyte, the area of the electrodes immersed in the electrolyte, and the temperature.
Due to internal resistance, a part of the energy supplied by the cell is wasted in the form
of heat.

24
When no current is drawn from the cell, the potential difference between the two
electrodes is known as emf of the cell ε. With a current drawn from the cell, the
potential difference between the two electrodes is termed as terminal potential
difference V .
(i) Choose the incorrect statement:
(A) The potential difference V between the two terminals of a cell in a closed circuit is
always less than its emf ε, during discharge of the cell.
(B) The internal resistance of a cell decreases with the decrease in temperature of the
electrolyte.
(C) When current is drawn from the cell then V = Ir.
(D) The graph between potential difference between the two terminals of the cell V and the
current I through it is a straight line with a negative slope.
Solution: The incorrect statement is:

(B) The internal resistance of a cell decreases with the decrease in temperature of the electrolyte.

The internal resistance actually increases as the temperature of the electrolyte decreases.
Lower temperatures hinder the movement of ions, which increases the resistance.
29(ii). Two cells of emf 2.0 V and 6.0 V and internal resistances 0.1 and 0.4
respectively, are connected in parallel. The equivalent emf of the combination will be:
(A) 2.0 V
(B) 2.8 V
(C) 6.0 V
(D) 8.0 V
Correct Answer: (B) 2.8 V
Solution: For cells connected in parallel, the equivalent emf εeq is given by the formula:
r 1 ε2 + r 2 ε1
εeq = ,
r1 + r2
where ε1 and ε2 are the emf values of the two cells, and r1 and r2 are their respective internal
resistances.
Substituting the given values:
0.1 × 6.0 + 0.4 × 2.0 0.6 + 0.8
εeq = = = 2.8 V.
0.1 + 0.4 0.5

25
Thus, the correct answer is:
(B) 2.8 V.

Quick Tip
When cells are connected in parallel, the equivalent emf depends on the internal resis-
tances and emfs of the cells.

29 (III). Dipped in the solution, the electrode exchanges charges with the electrolyte.
The positive electrode develops a potential V+ (V+ > 0), and the negative electrode
develops a potential −V− (V− ≥ 0), relative to the electrolyte adjacent to it. When no
current is drawn from the cell, then:
(1) ε = V+ + V− > 0
(2) ε = V+ − V− > 0
(3) ε = V+ + V− < 0
(4)ε = V+ + V− = 0

Correct Answer: (A) ε = V+ + V− > 0

Solution: The electromotive force (emf) of the cell is given by the sum of the potential
differences between the positive and negative electrodes relative to the electrolyte. Since
both V+ and V− are positive, their sum is also positive, making option (A) correct.

(iv) (a) Five identical cells, each of emf 2 V and internal resistance 0.1 Ω, are connected
in parallel. This combination in turn is connected to an external resistor of 9.98 Ω. The
current flowing through the resistor is:
(1) 0.05 A
(2) 0.1 A
(3) 0.15 A
(4) 0.2 A

Correct Answer: (D) 0.2 A

Solution: Since the five identical cells are connected in parallel, the total emf of the
combination remains 2V. The equivalent internal resistance of the parallel combination is:

26
 r 0.1
req = = = 0.02Ω
n 5
Total resistance in the circuit:

Rtotal = Rext + req = 9.98 + 0.02 = 10Ω

Current in the circuit:

E 2
I= = = 0.2A
Rtotal 10

(iv) (b) Potential difference across a cell in the open circuit is 6 V. It becomes 4 V when a
current of 2 A is drawn from it. The internal resistance of the cell is:
(1) 1.0Ω
(2) 1.5Ω
(3) 2.0Ω
(4) 2.5Ω

Correct Answer: (A) 1.0 Ω

Solution: The internal resistance r is given by:

V = E − Ir

Substituting the given values:

4 = 6 − (2 × r)

2r = 2

r = 1.0Ω

27
 Quick Tip
The internal resistance of a cell affects the terminal voltage when a current is drawn.
For parallel-connected identical cells, the total emf remains the same, but the internal
resistance is reduced.

30. When a ray of light propagates from a denser medium to a rarer medium, it bends
away from the normal. When the incident angle is increased, the refracted ray deviates
more from the normal. For a particular angle of incidence in the denser medium, the
refracted ray just grazes the interface of the two surfaces. This angle of incidence is
called the critical angle for the pair of media involved.
(i) For a ray incident at the critical angle, the angle of reflection is:
(1) 0◦
(2) < 90◦
(3) > 90◦
(4) 90◦
Correct Answer: (4) 90◦
Solution: The angle of incidence at the critical angle is the angle at which the refracted ray
grazes the interface, i.e., it refracts along the boundary. At this point, the angle of refraction
is 90◦ , so by the law of reflection, the angle of reflection must also be 90◦ .
Thus, the correct answer is:
(D) 90◦ .

30(ii). A ray of light of wavelength 600 nm is incident in water (n = 43 ) on the water-air

interface at an angle less than the critical angle. The wavelength associated with the
refracted ray is:
(1) 400 nm
(2) 450 nm
(3) 600 nm
(4) 800 nm
Correct Answer: (4) 800 nm

28
Solution: When light passes from one medium to another, the wavelength of the light
changes. The relationship between the wavelengths in the two media is given by:
v2 n1
λ2 = λ1 = λ1 ,
v1 n2

where λ1 is the wavelength in the first medium (water), and λ2 is the wavelength in the
second medium (air).
Given: λ1 = 600 nm,
4
n1 = 3 (water),
n2 = 1 (air).
Thus:
4
λ2 = 600 × = 800 nm.
3
Thus, the correct answer is:
(D) 800 nm .

30(III) (a). The interface AB between the two media A and B is shown in the figure. In
the denser medium A, the incident ray PQ makes an angle of 30◦ with the horizontal.
The refracted ray is parallel to the interface. The refractive index of medium B with
respect to medium A is:
√
3
(1) 2
√
(2) 25
(3) √4
3
2
(4) √
3 √
3
Correct Answer: (1) 2

Solution: given 1. Medium A is denser than medium B. 2. The incident ray PQ in medium
A makes an angle of 30◦ with the horizontal. 3. The refracted ray in medium B is parallel to
the interface AB. 4. We need to find the refractive index of medium B with respect to
medium A (µBA ).

29
Step 1: Understand the geometry and angles The incident ray PQ makes an angle of 30◦ with
the horizontal. This means the angle of incidence (i) with respect to the normal is:

i = 90◦ − 30◦ = 60◦

The refracted ray is parallel to the interface AB. This means the angle of refraction (r) is 90◦
(since the refracted ray is parallel to the interface).
—
Step 2: Apply Snell’s Law Snell’s Law states:

µA sin i = µB sin r

where: µA = refractive index of medium A,

µB = refractive index of medium B,
i = angle of incidence,
r = angle of refraction.
From the problem:
i = 60◦ ,
r = 90◦ .
Substitute these values into Snell’s Law:

µA sin 60◦ = µB sin 90◦

√
3
We know: sin 60◦ = 2 ,

sin 90◦ = 1.
So: √
3
µA · = µB · 1
2
Step 3: Find the refractive index of medium B with respect to medium A The refractive
index of medium B with respect to medium A is defined as:
µB
µBA =
µA
From the equation in Step 2: √
3
µB = µA ·
2
Divide both sides by µA : √
µB 3
µBA = =
µA 2

30
The refractive index of medium B with respect to medium A is:
√
3
2
Thus, the correct option is (1).

30(III) (b). Two media A and B are separated by a plane boundary. The speed of light
in medium A and B is 2 × 108 ms−1 and 2.5 × 108 ms−1 , respectively. The critical angle
for a ray of light going from medium A to medium B is:
(1) sin−1 12
(2) sin−1 45
(3) sin−1 35
(4) sin−1 25

Correct Answer: (2) sin−1 54

Solution: Using Snell’s law for the critical angle θc :

nA sin θc = nB sin 90◦ = 1.

Hence,
vA 2 × 108 4
sin θc = = 8
= .
vB 2.5 × 10 5
Thus, the critical angle is:
4
θc = sin−1 .
5
Thus, the correct answer is:
4
(B) sin−1 .
5

(iv) The figure shows the path of a light ray through a triangular prism. In this phenomenon,
the angle θ is given by:
√
(1) sin−1 n2 − 1
(2) sin−1 (n2 − 1)

31
(3) sin−1 √n12 −1
(4) sin−1 (n21−1)

√
Correct Answer: (1) sin−1 n2 − 1
Solution: For the given triangular prism, the angle θ is related to the refractive index of the
material of the prism. Using Snell’s law and geometrical principles, the relationship is given
by:
p
(A) sin−1 n2 − 1 .

Quick Tip
In cases involving refraction and critical angles, remember to use Snell’s Law,
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 , to calculate refractive indices or angles accurately.

SECTION E

31(a) (i). Obtain an expression for the electric potential due to a small dipole of dipole
moment p⃗, at a point ⃗r from its centre, for much larger distances compared to the size of
the dipole.

Solution:
(a) (i) Expression for electric potential: The electric potential due to a dipole is the sum of
potentials due to the charges +q and −q separated by distance 2a:

 
1 q q
V = −
4πϵ0 r1 r2
Using the geometry of the dipole, we have:

32
 r12 = r2 + a2 − 2ar cos θ, r22 = r2 + a2 + 2ar cos θ

For r ≫ a, using binomial expansion and retaining first-order terms:

   
1 1 a cos θ 1 1 a cos θ
≈ 1− , ≈ 1+
r1 r r r2 r r
Substituting these into the potential equation:

 
q 2a cos θ
V =
4πϵ0 r2
Since dipole moment p = 2qa, we get:

p cos θ
V =
4πϵ0 r2
31a(ii). Three point charges q , 2q and nq are placed at the vertices of an equilateral
triangle. If the potential energy of the system is zero, find the value of n. Solution:
Potential energy of the system:

kqq2 kq2 q3 kq3 q

U= + +
a a a
Substituting given values:

k(q)(2q) k(2q)(nq) k(q)(nq)

U= + + =0
a a a

2q 2 2nq 2 nq 2
+ + =0
a a a

2 + 2n + n = 0 ⇒ 3n = −2

2
n=−
3

31b(i). State Gauss’s law in electrostatics. Apply this to obtain the electric field E at a
point near a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet:
Solution: Gauss’s Law states:

33
 I
⃗= q
⃗ · dS
E
ϵ0
For a uniformly charged infinite sheet, the electric field is given by:

σ
E=
2ϵ0

31b(ii). Two long straight wires 1 and 2 are kept as shown in the figure. The linear
charge density of the two wires are λ 1 = 10 C/m and λ2 = -20 C/m. Find the net force F
experienced by an electron held at point P:
Solution: The electric field due to a long straight wire is given by:

λ
E=
2πϵ0 r
For the two wires:

λ1 λ2
E1 = , E2 =
2πϵ0 r1 2πϵ0 r2
Substituting the given values:

10 × 10−6
E1 = (−ĵ)
2πϵ0 (10 × 10−2 )

20 × 10−6
E2 = (−ĵ)
2πϵ0 (20 × 10−2 )
Net electric field:

10 × 10−6
 1 2

Enet = + (−ĵ)
2πϵ0 0.1 0.2

Enet = 3.6 × 106 (−ĵ) N/C

34
Force on the electron:

Fnet = qEnet

Fnet = (−1.6 × 10−19 ) × (3.6 × 106 ) N

Fnet = 5.76 × 10−13 N (ĵ)

Quick Tip
The electric potential due to a dipole follows an inverse square law, whereas for a
charged infinite plane, the electric field remains uniform and independent of distance.

32(a)(i). A particle of mass m and charge q is moving with a velocity ⃗v in a magnetic

⃗ as shown in the figure. Show that it follows a helical path. Hence, obtain its
field B
frequency of revolution.

Solution: The motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field can be analyzed into two
components of velocity: 1. A component v⊥ perpendicular to the magnetic field, causing
circular motion. 2. A component v∥ parallel to the magnetic field, causing linear motion
along the direction of the field.
The total velocity v is the vector sum of these two components:

v⊥ = v sin θ, v∥ = v cos θ.

35
The perpendicular component causes circular motion, and the parallel component causes
linear motion along the magnetic field direction, resulting in a helical path.
The magnetic force provides the centripetal force for the circular motion, which gives the
radius r of the circular path:
mv⊥2
= qv⊥ B.
r
Solving for r:
mv⊥
r= .
qB
The time period T for one complete revolution is the circumference of the circle divided by
the velocity:
2πr 2πm
T = = .
v⊥ qB
The frequency of revolution ν is the reciprocal of the time period:
1 qB
ν= = .
T 2πm
qB
Thus, the particle follows a helical path with a frequency of revolution ν = 2πm .

Quick Tip
A charged particle moving in a magnetic field will follow a helical path due to the
combination of circular motion caused by the perpendicular velocity component and
linear motion caused by the parallel velocity component.

32a(ii). In a hydrogen atom, the electron moves in an orbit of radius 2 Å making 8 × 1014
revolutions per second. Find the magnetic moment associated with the orbital motion
of the electron.
Solution: We are given the radius r = 2 Å = 2 × 10−10 m and the frequency of revolution
ν = 8 × 1014 rev/s.
The magnetic moment m of a moving charge is given by:

m = I · A,

where I is the current due to the motion of the electron, and A is the area of the circular orbit
traced by the electron.

36
The current I is related to the charge and the frequency of revolution:

I = q · ν.

Substituting the known values for charge of the electron q = 1.6 × 10−19 C and frequency
ν = 8 × 1014 rev/s:
I = 1.6 × 10−19 · 8 × 1014 = 1.28 × 10−4 A.

The area A of the circular orbit is:

A = πr2 = π(2 × 10−10 )2 = 1.26 × 10−19 m2 .

Thus, the magnetic moment is:

m = I · A = (1.28 × 10−4 ) · (1.26 × 10−19 ) = 1.61 × 10−23 Am2 .

The magnetic moment associated with the orbital motion of the electron is 1.61 × 10−23 Am2 .

Quick Tip
The magnetic moment of a particle moving in a circular path is proportional to the
current generated by the motion and the area enclosed by the path.

OR

32(b)(i). What is current sensitivity of a galvanometer? Show how the current

sensitivity of a galvanometer may be increased. Increasing the current sensitivity of a
galvanometer may not necessarily increase its voltage sensitivity. Explain.
Solution:
The current sensitivity of a galvanometer is defined as the deflection produced per unit
current passing through it. It is given by the formula:
θ N BA
Is = = ,
I K

where θ is the angular deflection, I is the current, N is the number of turns of the coil, B is
the magnetic field strength, A is the area of the coil, and K is the torsional constant.
The current sensitivity can be increased by:

37
 1. Increasing the number of turns in the coil.

2. Increasing the area of the coil in the magnetic field.

3. Decreasing the torsional constant K (which means making the suspension more
flexible).

Increasing the current sensitivity by changing the coil’s properties may also affect the
resistance of the galvanometer, which in turn can alter its voltage sensitivity. As the current
sensitivity increases, the voltage sensitivity may decrease because the resistance increases,
which can reduce the voltage required for full-scale deflection.
The current sensitivity is directly proportional to the number of turns and the area of the coil,
but increasing the current sensitivity does not necessarily lead to an increase in voltage
sensitivity. Voltage sensitivity is related to the resistance of the galvanometer, and increasing
the number of turns to increase current sensitivity will also increase the resistance, thereby
decreasing the voltage sensitivity.

Quick Tip
The current sensitivity can be increased by increasing the number of turns, the area of
the coil, or decreasing the torsional constant. However, increasing the current sensitivity
may not always increase voltage sensitivity.

32(b)(ii). A moving coil galvanometer has a resistance of 15 and takes 20 mA to

produce full-scale deflection. How can this galvanometer be converted into a voltmeter
of range 0 to 100 V?
Solution:
To convert the galvanometer into a voltmeter, we need to connect a series resistance Rs with
the galvanometer. The value of Rs can be calculated using the following relation:

V = IG (R + Rs ),

where V is the full-scale deflection voltage (100 V), IG is the current for full-scale deflection
(20 mA), and R is the resistance of the galvanometer (15 ).

38
Rearranging to solve for Rs :
V 100
Rs = −R= − 15 = 5000 − 15 = 4985 Ω.
IG 20 × 10−3

Thus, the required series resistance is 4985 .

By connecting a 4985 resistor in series with the galvanometer, it can be converted into a
voltmeter with a full-scale range of 0 to 100 V.

Quick Tip
To convert a galvanometer into a voltmeter, a high resistance is connected in series. The
value of the resistance is calculated to achieve the desired voltage range for full-scale
deflection.

33a(i). Give any two differences between the interference pattern obtained in Young’s
double-slit experiment and a diffraction pattern due to a single slit.
Solution: The interference pattern obtained in Young’s double-slit experiment has equally
spaced bright bands, with constant intensity. In contrast, the diffraction pattern from a single
slit shows maxima and minima, where the maxima become weaker on either side of the
central maximum.
Interference Diffraction

1. Bands are equally spaced. 1. Bands are not equally spaced.

2. Intensity of bright bands is the same. 2. Intensity of maxima decreases on either side of the central maxima.

3. First maxima is at an angle λ/a. 3. First minima is at an angle λ/a.

Table 1: Differences between Interference and Diffraction

Quick Tip
In Young’s double-slit experiment, the interference pattern shows equally spaced bright
bands, whereas the diffraction pattern shows varying intensity of maxima and minima.

33a(ii). Draw an intensity distribution graph in case of a double-slit interference

pattern.

39
Solution:
The graph depicts maxima and minima due to constructive and destructive interference, with
maxima at integer multiples of λ and minima at odd multiples of λ/2.

Quick Tip
The intensity distribution for a double-slit interference pattern follows a sinusoidal
curve, with alternating bright and dark bands representing constructive and destruc-
tive interference.

33a(iii). In Young’s double-slit experiment using monochromatic light of wavelength λ,

the intensity of light at a point on the screen, where path difference is λ, is K units. Find
the intensity of light at a point on the screen where the path difference is λ/6.
Solution: We know that the intensity at a point in Young’s double-slit experiment is given
by:  
π∆
I = I0 cos2 ,
λ
where I0 is the maximum intensity and ∆ is the path difference.
For path difference ∆ = λ, the intensity is K . Thus, we have:

K = I0 cos2 (π) = I0 .

Now, for the path difference ∆ = λ/6, we calculate the intensity:

 √ 2
π 3 3
 
I = I0 cos2 = I0 × = I0 .
6 2 4

40
Since K = I0 , the intensity at a point where the path difference is λ/6 is:
3
I = K.
4

Quick Tip
When the path difference is not an integer multiple of λ, use the formula for intensity
and calculate using the cosine squared function for accurate results.

OR

33b(i). Draw a labelled ray diagram of a compound microscope showing image

formation at least distance of distinct vision. Derive an expression for its magnifying
power.
Solution:
In a compound microscope, the objective lens forms a real, inverted, and diminished image
at the focal plane of the eyepiece. The eyepiece acts as a magnifier to form a virtual, erect,
and magnified image at the least distance of distinct vision.
The magnifying power M of the compound microscope is given by the product of the
magnifying powers of the objective lens Mo and the eyepiece lens Me :

M = Mo × Me .

The magnifying power of the objective lens is given by:

vo
Mo = ,
uo

where vo is the image distance and uo is the object distance for the objective lens. Since the
image is formed at the focal length of the objective lens fo , we have:

vo = fo .

For the eyepiece, the magnifying power is given by:

D
Me = ,
fe

where D is the least distance of distinct vision and fe is the focal length of the eyepiece.

41
Thus, the total magnifying power is:
fo D
M= × .
uo fe

Quick Tip
For a compound microscope, the magnifying power is the product of the magnifying
powers of the objective and the eyepiece. The objective magnifies the object, and the
eyepiece further magnifies the image formed.

33b(ii). A telescope consists of two lenses of focal length 100 cm and 5 cm. Find the
magnifying power when the final image is formed at infinity.
Solution: In a telescope, the magnifying power M is given by the ratio of the focal lengths
of the objective and the eyepiece:
fo
M= .
fe
Here, fo = 100 cm and fe = 5 cm, so the magnifying power is:
100
M= = 20.
5

Thus, the magnifying power of the telescope is 20.

Quick Tip
The magnifying power of a telescope is simply the ratio of the focal length of the objec-
tive lens to the focal length of the eyepiece when the final image is formed at infinity.

42
 MARKING SCHEME : PHYSICS (042)
CODE :55/1/1
Q.NO. VALUE POINT/EXPECTED ANSWERS MARKS TOTAL
MARKS
Section A
1. (B) Zero 1 1
2. (D) 5.0 ×10-2 J 1 1
3. (B) 8V 1 1
4. (C) Shrink 1 1
5. (B) ( - 0.8 mN) î 1 1
6. G 1 1
(B) 
1000
7. X 1 1
(A)
6
8. (A) I 1 1
9. (C) n f  2 and ni  4 1 1
10. (B) the number of conduction electrons increases 1 1
11. 1 1 1
( C)
3
12. (A) momentum 1 1
13. (D) Assertion (A) is false and reason (R) is also false. 1 1
14. (A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the 1 1
correct explanation of the Assertion (A)
15. (A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the 1 1
correct explanation of the Assertion (A)
16. (D) Assertion (A) is false and reason (R) is also false. 1 1

Section B

17.
Finding the temperature 2

R  R  1   T  T   ½
R = 2 R  [Given]
2 R   R  1   T  T   ½
On solving
T  T  250
T  270C or 543 K 1
2

55/1/1 Page 3 of 24
18. (a)

Finding the wavelength of

(i) Reflected Light 1
(ii) Refracted Light 1

(i)
v=υλ
3×108 = 5×1014 × λ 1
λ = 600 nm or 6 ×10-7m
(ii)
air
medium 

600 nm
medium 
1.5 1
= 400 nm or 4×10-7m
OR
(b)

Calculating the radius of the curved surface 2

1 1 1 
 (  1)   
f  R1 R2 
1
1 1 1
 (1.4  1)   
16 R 
1 1
 0.4 
16 R
R = 16 × 0.4
R = 6.4 cm 1 2
19.
Finding the
(i) position of the image formed 1
(ii) magnification of the image 1

½
(i) + =
+ =

On solving
v = - 60 cm ½

55/1/1 Page 4 of 24
 (ii) m = -
½
−60
=-( )
−30 ½
= -2
2

20.
Obtaining an expression for λn / λp 2

½
E= => λp =

½
λn = =
√( )
½
= ×
√( )

= √( ) ½

2
21.
Plotting the graph 1
Marking the region where:
(a) resistance is negative ½
(b) Ohm’s law is obeyed ½

1+ ½ + ½

55/1/1 Page 5 of 24
 SECTION C

22.
Calculating
(a) the flux passing through the cube 2
(b) the charge within the cube 1

a) φL = 𝐸⃗ . 𝐴⃗ = - [500 x 0.1] x [(0.1)2] = - 0.5 N m2 C -1 ½

φR = 𝐸 ⃗ . 𝐴⃗ = [500 x 0.2] x [(0.1)2] = 1 N m2 C -1 ½

Net flux = φL + φR = 0.5 N m2 C -1 1

½
b) flux, φ =

charge, q = φ x εo
= 0.5 εo ½
= 4.4 x 10-12 C
3
23.
a)

 Defining current density ½

 Whether scalar or vector ½
 Showing 𝚥⃗ = α 𝐸⃗ 2

Current density is the amount of charge flowing per second per unit area ½
normal to the flow.
Alternatively:
𝑗=

It is a vector quantity. ½

The amount of charge crossing the area A in time ∆t is I ∆t, where I is the
magnitude of the current. Hence, ½
I ∆ t = ne A |vd| ∆t

55/1/1 Page 6 of 24
 ½
I∆t= τ n ∆t |E|
½
I = |j|A

½
|j| = τ |E|

𝚥⃗ = α 𝐸⃗

OR

b)
Defining Wheatstone bridge 1
Obtaining balancing conditions 2

Alternatively:
If the figure is explained in words full credit to be given.

For loop ADBA:

–I1 R1 + I2 R2 + Ig G = 0 (1) ½

For loop CBDC:

I4R4 - I3 R3 - Ig G = 0 (2) ½

For balanced wheatstone bridge, Ig = 0 ½

And by applying Kirchoff’s junction rule to junction D and B,

I1 = I3 & I2 = I4

From eqn (1) and (2)

55/1/1 Page 7 of 24
 = and =

½
 =

24.
Calculating
a) the speed of the proton 1
b) the magnitude of the acceleration of the proton 1
c) the radius of the path traced by the proton 1

. . ½
a) v = √( )

= 4 x 106 m/s ½

b) acceleration = qvB / m ½
= 8 x 1011 m/s2 ½

c) r = mv / Bq ½
= 20 m ½
3
25.
Deriving an expression for the average power dissipated in series
LCR circuit 2

Obtaining expression for the resonant frequency 1

v = vm sinωt
i = im sin(ωt+φ)

Power, P = v i = ( vm sinωt ) x [ im sin(ωt+φ)] ½

= [ cos φ – cos(2ωt+φ)] (1) ½
The average power over a cycle is given by the average of the two terms in
RHS of eqn (1). It is only the 2nd term which is time dependent. It’s average
is zero. Therefore, ½
P= cos φ

55/1/1 Page 8 of 24
 P = V I cos φ
OR ½
P = I2 Z cos φ

At resonance, XC = XL
1
= 𝜔𝐿 ½
𝜔𝐶

ω=
√( )

=> υ= ½ 3
√( )

26.
a) Two examples 1
b) (i) Reason for use of short waves bands 1
(ii) Reason for x-ray astronomy from satellites 1

a) (Any Two)
 Gamma radiation having wavelength of 10–14 m to 10–15 m, typically
originate from an atomic nucleus.
 X-rays are emitted from heavy atoms.
 Radio waves are produced by accelerating electrons in a circuit. A
transmitting antenna can most efficiently radiate waves having a
wavelength of about the same size as the antenna. ½+½

b) (i) Ionosphere reflects waves in these bands 1

(ii) Atmosphere absorbs x-rays, while visible and radio waves can
penetrate it 1

Note: Full credit to be given for part (b) for mere attempt. 3

27.
 Drawbacks of Rutherford’s atomic model 1
 Bohr’s explanation 1
 Showing different orbits are not equally spaced 1

Drawbacks:
i) According to classical electromagnetic theory, an accelerating charged
particle emits radiation in the form of electromagnetic waves. The energy of
an accelerating electron should therefore, continuously decrease. The
electron would spiral inward and eventually fall into the nucleus. Thus, such

55/1/1 Page 9 of 24
 an atom cannot be stable.
ii) As the electrons spiral inwards, their angular velocities and hence their
frequencies would change continuously. Thus, they would emit a
continuous spectrum, in contradiction to the line spectrum actually
observed. 1

Bohr postulated stable orbits in which electrons do not radiate energy 1

Alternatively:
Bohr’s postulates (Any ONE of the three)
(i) An electron in an atom could revolve in certain stable orbits without the
emission of radiant energy.
(ii) The electron revolves around the nucleus only in those orbits for which
the angular momentum is some integral multiple of h/2π
(iii) An electron might make a transition from one of its specified non-
radiating orbits to another of lower energy. When it does so, a photon is
emitted having energy equal to the energy difference between the initial and
final states.

The radius of the nth orbit is found as

rn α n2

Alternatively:
Difference in radius of consecutive orbits is
rn+1 – rn = k [(n+1)2 – n2)]
= k (2n + 1) which depends on n, and is not a constant 3
28.
a) Stating two properties of a nucleus 1

b) Why density of a nucleus is much more than that of an atom 1

c) Showing that density of nuclear matter is same for all nuclei 1

a) (Any TWO)
(i) The nucleus is positively charged
(ii) The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons
(iii) The nuclear density is independent of mass number
(iv) The radius of the nucleus, R = Ro A1/3 ½+½

b) Atoms have large amount of empty spaces. Mass is concentrated in 1

nucleus.

55/1/1 Page 10 of 24
 c) Density = Mass / Volume

= =

=
1
So, density is independent of mass number
3

SECTION D

29. ( ) 1
(i) (A)

(ii) (D) P/2 1

(iii) (B) P 1

(iv) a) (C) 2P 1
OR
b) (A) 6.6 D
4

30.
1
(i) (A)
√

(ii) (B) half cycle of the input signal 1

(iii) (C) One is forward biased and the other is reverse biased at the 1
same time

(iv) a) (B) 50 Hz 1

OR

b) (D)
4

55/1/1 Page 11 of 24
 Section E

31. (a)
(i)
 Deriving the expression for potential energy 2
 Maximum & Minimum value of potential energy ( ½ + ½ )
(ii) Finding the torque. 2

(i)

The amount of work done in rotating the dipole from θ =  0 to θ = 1 by

the external torque
1
½
W=   dext
o

1 ½
=  pE sin  d
o

W = pE (cos  0  cos 1 )
½

For 0  and 1  
2

= pE (cos  cos  )
2
U( )   pE cos 
½
= - 𝑝⃗.𝐸⃗
(1) Potential energy is maximum when:
 
p is antiparallel to E ½
Alternatively:
 = 180° or π radians

55/1/1 Page 12 of 24
 (2) Potential energy is minimum when:
 
p is along to E ½
Alternatively:
 = 0°

(ii)

  pE sin  ½
½
 (2aq ) E sin 
4
 (5  10 3  1  10 12 )103 
5 ½
12
 4  10 Nm
Direction is along –ve Z direction. ½

OR
(b)
(i) Deriving expression for potential 2½
(ii) New charge on Sphere S1 2½

(i)
2a

-q O +q P 𝚤̂ ½

1 q
V
4 0 r ½

V  V  q  V q

55/1/1 Page 13 of 24
 1  q q  ½
V 
4 0  (x  a ) (x  a ) 


q x  a  x  a 

4 0  (x 2  a 2 ) 

q 2a p
V  
4 0 (x  a ) 4 0 (x 2  a 2 )
22

As p is along x-axis, so

1 p . iˆ ½
V 
4 0 (x 2  a 2 )

If x>>a
 ½
1 p . iˆ
V 
4 0 x 2

Alternatively:

1 q q 
V    ----- (i) ½
4 0  r1 r2 

55/1/1 Page 14 of 24
 By geometry

r12  r 2  a 2  2ar cos

r22  r 2  a 2  2ar cos

 2acos a 2 
r12  r 2 1   2
 r r 

 2a cos   ½
 r 2 1  
 r 

2a cos   ½

r22  r 2 1  
Similarly,  r 

a
Using binomial theorem & retaining terms upto the first order in ; we
r
obtain
1

1 1 2a cos   2 1 a 
 1    1  cos   ----- (ii)
r1 r  r  r r 

1

1 1 2a cos   2 1 a 
 1    1  cos   ----- (iii)
r2 r  r  r r 

Using equations (i) ,(ii) & (iii) & p = 2qa

q 2a cos  p cos 
V 
4 0 r2 4 0r 2
½

p cos   p . rˆ

As r is along the x – axis.
  ½
 p . rˆ  p . iˆ
 ˆ
 V  1 p .i
4 0 x 2

55/1/1 Page 15 of 24
 (ii)

Charge on sphere S1 :

Q1 = surface charge density  surface Area

2 
=  109   4 (1  10 2 )2
 

= 8  1013 C
½
Charge on sphere S2 :

Q2 = surface charge density  surface Area

2 
=  109   4 ( 3  102 )2
  

= 72  1013 C ½

When connected by a thin wire they acquire a common potential V and

the charge remains conserved.

Q1  Q 2  Q1  Q 2 ½

 C1V  C 2V

Q1  Q 2  (C1  C2 )V
Q1  Q 2
Common potential(V) 
C1  C 2
1 1
C1  4 0r1   10 2   10 11 F
9  10 9
9
1 1
C 2  4 0r2   3  10 2   10 11 F
9  10 9
3
13
80  10
V   1.8V
1 1 11
½
    10
9 3
1
𝑄  C1V   10 11  1.8
9 ½
𝑄  2  10 12 C

55/1/1 Page 16 of 24
 Alternatively:

Charge on sphere S1 :

Q1 = surface charge density  surface Area

2 
=  109   4 (1  10 2 )2
 

= 8  1013 C ½

Charge on sphere S2 :

Q2 = surface charge density  surface Area

2 
=  109   4 ( 3  102 )2
 

= 72  1013 C ½

When connected by a thin wire they acquire a common potential V and

the charge remains conserved.

Q1  Q 2  Q1  Q 2 ½

= ½

On solving, 𝑄  2  10 12 C ½
5

32.
(a)
(i) Deriving expression for impedance 2
(ii) Reason 1
(iii) Inductance of coil 2

55/1/1 Page 17 of 24
 (i)

VC + VR =V ½

v m2  v rm
2
 v cm
2

vr m  im R

vcm  im X c
½
v m2  (im R )2  (im Xc )2

i m2 R 2  X c2 
=
½
vm
 im 
R 2  X c2

 Impedance Z  R 2  X c2 ½

(ii) For direct current (dc), an inductor behaves as a conductor.

As XL = ωL = 2π ν L
1
For dc ν = 0  XL= 0

Alternatively: -

LdI
Induced emf (ε) = -
dt

For dc; dI = 0  ε=0

55/1/1 Page 18 of 24
 110 ½
(iii) R= = 10 Ω
11

v r ms 220
ir ms  
R 2  X L2 100  X L2

220 ½
11 
100  X L2

220
100  X L2   20
11

Squaring both sides:

 100  X L2  400
½
 X L2  300  X L  10 3 

X L  2 fL  10 3  2  50  L

½
3
L = H
10

OR

(b)

(i) Labelled diagram of step – up transformer 1

Describing working principle ½
Three causes 1½
(ii) Explanation 1
(iii) (1) Output voltage across secondary coil ½

(2) Current in primary coil ½

55/1/1 Page 19 of 24
 (i)

OR

The working principle of transformer is mutual induction.

When an alternating voltage is applied to the primary, the resulting current ½

produces an alternating magnetic flux which links the secondary and
induces an emf in it.

Causes of energy losses (Any three)

(a) Flux leakage

(b) Resistance of the windings

(c) Eddy currents

55/1/1 Page 20 of 24
 ½+½+½
(d) Hysteresis
½
(ii) No
½
Current changes correspondingly. So, the input power is equal to the
output power.

(iii)

(1)

Vs N s

VP N P

Ns 3000
Vs   VP   90
NP 200
½
Vs  1350 V

(2)

IP Ns

Is NP

½ 5
3000
IP   2  30 A
200

33.
(a)
(i) Graph showing variation of angle of deviation with angle of
incidence 1
Defining angle of minimum deviation 1
sin( A   )
n
(ii) Proof of refractive index sin A 1

(iii) (1) Finding angle of minimum deviation 1

(2) Angle of Incidence 1

55/1/1 Page 21 of 24
 (i)

Minimum deviation angle is defined as the angle at which angle of 1

incidence is equal to the angle of emergence.

Alternatively
At minimum deviation refracted ray inside the prism becomes parallel
to the base of the prism.

(ii)

At the face XZ :- ½
 sin i  1  sin r ----- (1)
r=i+δ [ from diagram] ----- (2)
In ΔXMN ; A+( 90 –i) + 90 =180

55/1/1 Page 22 of 24
  A=i ----- (3)
Putting eq. (3) & (2) in eq. (1)
 sin A  sin ( A   ) ½
sin ( A   )

sin A

(iii)
 A  m 
sin  
 2 
(1) 
A
sin
2
 60  m 
sin  
 2 
2 ½
sin 30
 60   m  1
 sin    sin 45
 2  2
60   m ½
 45   m  30
2
A  m ½
(2) i
2
60  30
i 
2
i  45 ½

OR

(b)
(i) Statement of Huygens’ Principle ½
Construction of reflected wave front ½
Proof of angle of reflection is equal to angle of incidence 1
(ii) Definition of coherent sources ½
Explanation 1
(iii) Finding the unknown wavelength 1½

(i) Each point of the wavefront is the source of a secondary disturbance and
the wavelets emanating from these points spread out in all directions with
the spread of the wave. Each point of the wavefront is the source of a

55/1/1 Page 23 of 24
 secondary disturbance and the wavelets emanating from these points
spread out in all directions with the speed of the wave. These wavelets
emanating from the wavefront are usually referred to as secondary ½
wavelets and if we draw a common tangent to all these spheres, we
obtain the new position of the wavefront at a later time.

ΔEAC is congruent to ΔBAC; so i  r 1

(ii) Two sources are said to be coherent if the phase difference between ½
them does not change with time.

No, two independent sodium lamps cannot be coherent. ½

Two independent sodium lamps cannot be coherent as the phase between

them does not remain constant with time. ½
(iii)
4 2  5 1
D  D
4  5  known ½
d d
5
    known
4
5
  520
4
= 650 nm 1 5

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