Week 2

FUNCTIONAL WORDS
1. PRONOUNS
A pronoun acts in the place of a noun, phrase, or clause called its antecedent.
Types of pronouns
a. Personal pronouns [đại từ nhân xưng] refer to specific persons or things.
They change form to show number and person. Ex: I, me, we, us…
b. Relative pronouns [đại từ quan hệ] introduce dependent clauses called
relative or adjective clauses. Ex: who, which , that, whom, when, where,
why, whose …
They are very similar to other words. The difference is that relative pronouns
must have an antecedent (the noun replaced by the relative pro.).
Ex: I don’t remember the town where I was born. (relative pro)
I don’t remember where I was born. (Adv)
I’ll follow you where you go. (Adv)
Some special relative pronouns:
 As
When the antecedent is modified by same and such, the adjective clause is
usually introduced by as.
Ex: She wore the same dress as she wore at Mary’s wedding.
I’ve never heard such stories as he’s telling.
 But
In a negative sentence, but is used instead of who / which to form a double
negation for emphasis.
Ex: There’s not a single man here but loves you. (= who doesn’t)
(Dang Thi Huong, 1998:217)
c. Interrogative pronouns [đại từ nghi vấn] introduce a question: who, what,
which whom… Ex: Who are you? What do you want?
d. Reflexive pronouns [đại từ phản thân] name a receiver of an action that is
identical to the one doing the acting: myself, yourself, himself, herself … A
reflexive pronoun can have the functions of a noun.
Ex: John is looking at himself in the mirror. ( at John)
Pro/OP (object of preposition)
e. Intensive / Emphasizing pronouns [đại từ nhấn mạnh ] also name a receiver
of an action that is identical to the one doing the acting as reflexive pronouns
but with the function for emphasis.
Ex: The President himself visited me last night.
f. Reciprocal pronouns [đại từ đối xứng]: each other [2ng]; one another. [3ng
trở lên]
Ex: They are fighting each other.
g. Demonstrative pronouns [đại từ biểu thị/ chỉ định] show which nouns
perform or receive the action: This, That, These, Those.
 Ex: The new computers are now in the library. Those on the far wall have
hard disks. These have color monitors.
h. Possessive pronouns [đại từ sở hữu]: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours,
yours, theirs
Ex: That car over there is mine.
i. Indefinite pronouns [đại từ bất định] stand for a vague or unspecified number
of people or things: all, both, some, many …
All both many one
Note: Demonstrative pronouns and Indefinite pronouns become Adjectives when they
precede a noun. Ex: Many books; these boys;

2. AUXILIARIES (See p. 74) [trợ động từ]

3. PREPOSITIONS [giới từ]

Prepositions are words used with a noun or pronoun (and their modifiers, if any)
to form a phrase that shows place, position, time, or means. In this phrase, the
preposition is the head and the following word is its object (OP: Object of
Preposition).
Ex: The boy is sitting near the window.
NP/OP
Types of preposition
a. Simple prepositions [giới từ đơn giản] consist of one word e.g. about, above, across,
after…
b. Compound prepositions [giới từ kết hợp]consist of two or more words e.g. according
to, ahead of, as well as, because of, by reason of, in addition to, in case of, in front of, in
place of, in spite of, inside of, instead of, rather than, with respect to, with the exception
of, on behalf of, on account of, with regard to, in advance of, by way of, in comparison
with, by means of, together with, contrary to, due to, apart from, up to, out of, up at, as
for, owing to …
c. -ing prepositions [giới từ -ing]have a verb as stem e.g. assuming, beginning, barring,
concerning, considering, during, following, including, involving, pending, regarding,
succeeding, …
(Stageberg, 1981: 169-172)
4. CONJUNCTIONS [từ nối]
Conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses to show order and to relate two or
more ideas.
Types of conjunctions
a. Coordinating conjunctions [liên từ kết hợp - từ nối đi với 2 mệnh đề giống nhau,
thành phần giống nhau/ sử dụng để nối các từ, cụm từ và mệnh đề có chức năng
tương đương trong câu] join equal items: and, or, but, so, nor, for, yet.
Ex: Paul and Peter went to school by bicycle. (and joins 2 nouns).
We left the party early, but everyone else stayed there. (but joins 2
clauses).
 We will live in a dorm or on an off-campus apartment. (or joins 2
prepositional phrases)
b. Correlative conjunctions [liên từ tương liên - dùng để nối các từ, cụm từ hoặc
mệnh đề có vị trí hoặc vai trò tương xứng trong câu] also join items of equal
grammatical rank, but they always function as a pair: both …and; either … or;
neither … nor; not only … but also …
Ex: You look attractive in either the pink dress or the yellow.
c. Subordinating conjunctions [liên từ phụ thuộc – nối mệnh đề phụ với mệnh đề
chính, thể hiện mối quan hệ về thời gian, nguyên nhân, điều kiện, đối lập hoặc
mục đích giữa 2 mệnh đề] introduce dependent clauses. Subordinating
conjunctions show relationships of cause, time, location, degree, manner,…
Ex: Unless you take the car, I won’t go.
I’ll buy a car if I win the lottery
When the subordinate clause precedes the main one, it is usually separated by a
comma. (Lester, p. 255)

5. DETERMINERS
Determiners identify the noun and always precede the noun. [những từ luôn đứng trước
danh từ]
Determiners consist of:
a. Articles [mạo từ]: a, an, the. Ex: A book; An apple; The boy near the window.
b. Possessive adjectives or possessive case of proper names [tính từ sở hữu]
Ex: My car; his father; Paul’s hat
c. Demonstrative adjectives [tính từ chỉ định]: this, that, these, those
Ex: This car is mine; That one is his.
d. Numbers [từ chỉ số lượng]: cardinal and ordinal numbers
e. Indefinite words [từ ko xác định]: one, another, some, several, many, a lot of, a
great deal of, such, enough, much …
Note
 The first three types (articles, possessive, and demonstrative) are always named
determiner.
 The last two types (number and indefinite) are named by their position:
+ determiner: when they are followed directly by a noun.
Ex: Three students came to visit me last weekend.
Some students offered me some fruit.
Have you got any children?
+ pre-determiner: When they are before a determiner.
Ex: All the students must be here on time.
+ post-determiner: When they are after a determiner.
Ex: All the three students received a gift.
I always remember her many acts of kindness to me.
The government’s decision to control interest rate is prompt.
EXERCISE 2
Identify the pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and determiners in the following
sentences.
1. Although bloomers were named after Amelia Bloomer, she did not invent them.

2. Elizabeth Smith Miller designed them to have something modest to wear while

gardening.

3. At first, they consisted of a short dress worn over “Turkish trousers”, full pants

gathered at the ankles.

4. Suffragists, who liked the freedom of ‘pantalettes’, as they were called, led the trend

to wear them.

5. Finally, even Amelia Bloomer herself stopped wearing the “Bloomer costume”

because it diverted attention from more important women’s issues, which were her

main concern.

6. Each new generation of women starts a fashion trend.

7. You might ask, “Who has shocked the nation in recent years?”

8. Gussie Moran shocked officials but not herself by wearing lace-panty undergarments

at the staid Wimbledon tennis tournament.

9. “Those are pioneers of the women’s movement”, said one unnamed source.

10. A woman who wishes to be free must sometimes appear bold to everybody else.

TEST 1: Form classes: Words

1. Lexical words are the words with a ……….. meaning.
a. dictionary b. functional c. grammatical d. noun
2. Functional words are the words with a ……….. meaning.
a. dictionary b. lexical c. grammatical d. noun
3. Lexical words belong to:
a. closed class b. open class c. functional class d. positional class
4. Grammatical words belong to:
 a. closed class b. open class c. functional class d. positional class
5. By form the underlined word in ‘in the late morning’ is a:
a. adjective b. noun c. adverb d. verb
6. By form the underlined word in ‘I usually sleep late mornings’ is a:
a. adjective b. adverb c. noun d. verb
7. By form the underlined word in ‘he’s always late to school’ is a :
a. adjective b. noun c. adverb d. verb
8. By form the underlined word in ‘the tent flap blew open during the night’ is a:
a. adjective b. noun c. adverb d. verb
9. By form the underlined word in ‘the detective looked hard’ is a:
a. adjective b. adjective/ adverb c. adverb d. verb
10. A linking verb is a verb that describes:
a. a state or feeling b. an action c. a feeling d. a circumstance
11. By form the underlined word in ‘the detective looked hard’ is a(n) …… verb :
a. action b. linking /action c. auxiliary d. non-finite
12. By form the underlined word in ‘the screw worked loose’ is a(n) …… verb :
a. linking b. action / linking c. auxiliary d. non-finite
13. By form the underlined word in ‘the detective worked hard’ is a(n) …… verb :
a. linking b. action c. auxiliary d. non-finite
14. By form the underlined word in ‘if anything goes wrong, tell me’ is a(n) …… verb :
a. linking / action b. linking c. auxiliary d. action
15. By form the underlined word in ‘you are not to tell anyone what I told you’ is a(n) …
verb :
a. action b. linking c. auxiliary d. non-finite
16. By form the underlined part in ‘you have got to take a bath’ is a(n) …… verb :
a. auxiliary b. linking c. action d. non-finite
17. The underlined word in ‘he turned the car around’ is a(n) :
a. adverb b. adjective c. preposition d.
conjunction
18. The underlined word in ‘he is sitting nearest the window’ is a(n) :
a. adverb b. adjective c. preposition d.
conjunction
19. The underlined word in ‘he is sitting by the nearest window’ is a(n) :
a. adjective b. adverb c. preposition d.
conjunction
20. The underlined word in ‘the winter is coming nearer and nearer’ is a(n) :
a. preposition phrase b. adjective phrase c. adverb phrase d. compound
preposition
21. The underlined word in ‘the television is still on’ is a(n) :
a. adverb b. adjective c. preposition d.
conjunction
22. The underlined word in ‘he was caught last night in connection with the recent crime’
is a(n)
 a. compound preposition b. adverb
phrase
c. preposition phrase d. compound conjunction
23. The underlined word in ‘in case of danger, call me immediately’ is a(n) :
a. compound preposition b. adverb
phrase
c. preposition phrase d. compound conjunction
24. The underlined word in ‘in case you are in danger, call me immediately’ is a(n) :
a. coordinate conjunction b. preposition phrase
c. compound preposition d. subordinate conjunction
25. The underlined word in ‘concerning the weather, the trip should be cancelled’ is a(n) :
a. preposition b. adverb c. present participle d.
conjunction
26. The underlined word in ‘concerning the weather, we decided to cancel the trip’ is a(n)
:
a. adverb b. present participle c. preposition d.
conjunction
27. The underlined word in ‘he is as intelligent as me’ is a(n) :
a. adverb b. pronoun c. preposition d.
conjunction
28. The underlined word in ‘he is as intelligent as me’ is a(n) :
a. adverb b. pronoun c. preposition d.
conjunction
29. The underlined word in ‘he is eating the same food as he offered me yesterday’ is a(n)
:
a. pronoun b. adverb c. preposition d. adjective
30. The underlined word in ‘she said nothing but cry’ is a(n) :
a. preposition b. pronoun c. adverb d.
conjunction
31. The underlined word in ‘there is no one here but wants to be in your position’ is a(n) :
a. preposition b. adverb c. pronoun d. noun
32. The underlined word in ‘she is but a child’ is a(n) :
a. adverb b. pronoun c. preposition d. noun
33. The underlined word in ‘she is fairly beautiful but rather short’ is a(n) :
a. pronoun b. pronoun c. conjunction d. adverb
34. The underlined word in ‘after coming home, I went straight to bed’ is a(n) :
a. conjunction b. pronoun c. adverb d. preposition
35. The underlined word in ‘after he graduated from university, he got married’ is a(n) :
a. conjunction b. pronoun c. preposition d. adverb
36. The underlined word in ‘have you got any children?’ is a(n) :
a. determiner b. pronoun c. preposition d. adjective
37. The underlined word in ‘have you got any children? – Yes, I’ve got some’ is a(n) :
a. preposition b. adjective c. pronoun d. determiner
38. The underlined word in ‘some of your children passed’ is a(n) :
a. pronoun b. adjective c. preposition d. determiner
39. The underlined word in ‘have you got any children? – Yes, I’ve got three’ is a(n) :
a. pronoun b. adjective c. adverb d. determiner
40. The underlined word in ‘I’ll never forget her many acts of kindness to me’ is a(n) :
a. pronoun b. pre-determiner c. determiner d. post-determiner