VIDEO AMPLIFIER:

It amplifies the detected video signalto the levcl required.

SCANNING AND SYNCHRONIZING CIRCUITS:

Scanning is the process where picture elements are convcrted into corresponding varying
electrical signals.

SOUND IF AMPLIFIER:

Detected audio signal separated and selected for its IF range and amplified.
FM SOUND DEMODULATOR:

FM Sound signal is demodulated in this stage.

AUDIO AMPLIFIER:

FM demodulated audio signal is amplified to the required level to feed into the loud speaker.
LOUD SPEAKER:

Loud Speaker converts FM demodulated amplifier signal associated with picture being
televised into proportionate sound signal.

PICTURE TUBE:

In picture tube the amplified video signal is converted back into picture elements.
SCANNING:

Scanning is the process used to convert the optical into electricalsignal. Fastest movement of
electron bcam on the image is called scanning.
1.2 SCANNING PROCESS:

Scanning process is atechnique similar to reading of written infornation on apage starting at

the top left and processing line by line downwards to the end at the bottom right.
Scanning is done frame by frame. Each frame consists of 625 horizontal lines. Each frame is
scanned at a rate of 25 frames / sec.
0 Scanning types,

L.Horizontal Scanning
2.Vertical Scanning
3.Sequential (or) Progressive Scanning
4.Interlaced Scanning.

1.3HORIZONTAL SCANNING (H-SCANNING)

Movement of electron beam from left to right on the screen is known as trace period. When
the beam returns quickly from right to left is called retrace or fly back.

Trace and retrace period together in horizontal direction is known as Horizontal Scanning.

Horizontal frequency = Number of lines in a Frame * Number of frames/sec

=625 * 25 = 15,625 Hz

mYx Trace Retrace

1st line 2 ng line3rd line

Let

Fig.1.3 Waveform of horizontal

deflection coils.

1.4 VERTICAL SCANNING (V-SCANNING)

Movement of electron beam in vertical direction. Movement of electron beam from top to
bottom is called trace. Movement of beam from bottom to top of the frame is called retrace.

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done two times.Here the vertical rate of scanning is increascd twice. So it will reduce flicker.

Interlaccd scanning is shown. Now the vertical frequency is 50 Hz. But there is no change in
horizontal frequcncy.

Horizontal frequency - Number of lines in a Frame * Nurmber of frames/sec

=312.5 * 50 =15.625 Hz

1.7.1SCANNING PERIODS:

Useful vi:teo signals are obtained during the trace period only. So the trace time is larger than
the retrace time.

HORIZONTAL:

Tracing = 52 11s

Retracing= 12

Totaltime period= Gi us.

VERTICAL:

Tracing 18,722ns

Retracin! 127N

Total time period =20ms.

Horizontal frequeney =1$.628 H?
Horizontaltine = !.T=11S,625 = 64s.

Vertiea! Freuenv $0 Hz etiat Tme

I/50 = 20 ms

Number ofllorizontal !ns lost during Vertical retrace = Vertical retrace time
One horizonta! time

1.28 rns= 20 lines

64s

So 20lines are lost per field and in total 40 horizontal lines are lost during the scanning of cach Frame.
Active number of lincs (Na) = 625 -40 = 58S lines.

Detailed structurc of interlaced scanning is shown. This is also called as 2: 1interlaced scanning.

C C

Odd lines Inactive lines Even lines

in 1st vetical trace in 1st vertical retrace in 2nd vrtical trace in 2ndInaclive lines
ivertica relrace

18:Fisd= 3125 ines 2nd Field= 312.5 lines

Frame = 625 lines

1.8 NEED FOR SYNCIIRONIZATION:

At any time the sme co-ordinate will be scanned by the electron beam in both the camera
tube and picture tube. .wise distorted picture will be seen on the sereen. So synchronization
between the transnmitter dreceiver is needed. For that we are using Sync pulses.

At the receiver side these pulses are identified, separated and used for triggering the
oscillator
circuit.

Horizontal Sync pu!se tine period = 4.7 uSec.

Horizonta! Svn pu!se! =15,625 Hz.
Vertical Sync p:lse time eriod -160 uSec.
Vertical Syne plse frey = 50 Hz.

1.9 BLANKINGPLS:
The viceo si. 2ined during the horizontal and vertical retrace are not useful one. So
there is no nced to trm ..

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So to make the retrace signal invisible we are using blanking pulses.During horizontal blanking,
horizontal rctracc is blarked. This is 19% of horizontal timc period.
Horizont:al blanking = 64 *. 19 = 12 uSec.

Remaining 52 v Sec contains picture information and this is called as active linc period. For a single
line one blanking pulsc is ncedcd. So for Isec, 15,625 blanking pulses arc ncede.

In vertical retrace, for ore fine wo vertical blanking pulse is necded. So in 1sec, 25 frames
are scanncd ad so 30\n:ing pulses are needed.

Vertical blankin = 0 |
29x 64 u Sec. =1280u Sec.

1.10 ASPCT!?AO:

The ratio betweun width to height of rcctangle picture frane adopted in TV systcm is known
as aspect ratio.

Aspect ratio = / i h
w4 or 4: 3
3

Reasons for having thisratio is,

1. Most ofthe ohiects ar: moving only in horizontal plane.

comfortably only in horizontal plane than in vertical
2. Our eye can se he Ovement of object
plane.
the aspect ratio of4 :3
3. The frame size noion picture already existing is having

1.11 HORIZON:)VRTICAL RESOLUTION

fine details of the picture

Theabi'ity o:'t3 ine reproducing system to resolve the
"resolution".
distinctly inboth loriz: :"dvertical direction is called as

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