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SQL Basics

SQL (Structured Query Language) is essential for managing data in relational databases, with commands categorized into DDL, DML, DQL, DCL, and TCL. Key operations include creating tables, inserting, updating, deleting data, and querying with filters and joins. Understanding these basics enables efficient writing of complex SQL queries.

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2 views

SQL Basics

SQL (Structured Query Language) is essential for managing data in relational databases, with commands categorized into DDL, DML, DQL, DCL, and TCL. Key operations include creating tables, inserting, updating, deleting data, and querying with filters and joins. Understanding these basics enables efficient writing of complex SQL queries.

Uploaded by

Ganesh Wable
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL Basics: A Beginner’s Guide

SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to store, retrieve, update, and manage data in
relational databases. It is the standard language for interacting with databases like MySQL,
PostgreSQL, SQL Server, and Oracle.

1️⃣SQL Commands Categories


SQL commands are divided into five major categories:

🔹 DDL (Data Definition Language) – Defines database structures.

 CREATE – Create a new table, database, or index.


 ALTER – Modify an existing table structure.
 DROP – Delete a table or database.
 TRUNCATE – Delete all records but keep the table structure.

🔹 DML (Data Manipulation Language) – Manipulates table data.

 INSERT – Add new records to a table.


 UPDATE – Modify existing records.
 DELETE – Remove records from a table.

🔹 DQL (Data Query Language) – Retrieves data.

 SELECT – Fetch data from a database.

🔹 DCL (Data Control Language) – Manages permissions.

 GRANT – Give access to users.


 REVOKE – Remove access.

🔹 TCL (Transaction Control Language) – Manages transactions.

 COMMIT – Save changes permanently.


 ROLLBACK – Undo changes.

2️⃣Basic SQL Queries


1. Creating a Table (DDL)
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CREATE TABLE Employees (
ID INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name VARCHAR(50),
Age INT,
Department VARCHAR(50)
);

2. Inserting Data (DML)


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INSERT INTO Employees (ID, Name, Age, Department)
VALUES (1, 'John Doe', 30, 'IT');

3. Fetching Data (DQL)


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SELECT * FROM Employees;

4. Updating Data (DML)


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UPDATE Employees
SET Age = 31
WHERE ID = 1;

5. Deleting Data (DML)


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DELETE FROM Employees WHERE ID = 1;

3️⃣Filtering Data with WHERE Clause


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SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE Age > 25;

4️⃣Sorting Data with ORDER BY


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SELECT * FROM Employees ORDER BY Age DESC;

5️⃣Aggregate Functions (SUM, COUNT, AVG, MAX, MIN)


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SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employees;
SELECT AVG(Age) FROM Employees;
6️⃣Grouping Data with GROUP BY
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SELECT Department, COUNT(*)
FROM Employees
GROUP BY Department;

7️⃣Joining Tables
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SELECT Employees.Name, Departments.DepartmentName
FROM Employees
JOIN Departments ON Employees.Department = Departments.ID;

🚀 SQL is a powerful language for managing data in databases. Mastering


these basics will help you write complex queries efficiently!

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