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Unit -1 General Physics Paper-42

1. (a) (i) Speed is a scalar quantity and velocity is a vector quantity.

State how a scalar quantity differs from a vector quantity.

...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Underline the two scalar quantities in the list below. energy force impulse momentum
temperature [1]

(b) A boat is moving at constant speed. On Fig. 1.1, sketch a distance-time graph for the boat

Fig. 1.1 [1]

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(c) The boat in (b) is moving due west at a speed of 6.5m/ s relative to the water. The water is
moving due south at 3.5m/s.

In the space below, draw a scale diagram to determine the size and direction of the resultant of
these two velocities. State the scale used.

scale ...............................................................

size of resultant velocity = ...............................................................

direction of resultant ............................................................... [4] [Total: 7]

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2. Fig. 2.1 shows a vehicle designed to be used on the Moon

Fig. 2.1

The brakes of the vehicle are tested on Earth.

(a) The acceleration of free fall on the Moon is one sixth ( 1/6 ) of its value on Earth. Tick one box
in each column of the table to predict the value of that quantity when the vehicle is used on
the Moon, compared to the test on Earth.
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(b) Fig. 2.2 shows the brake pedal of the vehicle

The driver exerts a force on the pedal, which increases the pressure in the oil to operate the
brakes.
The area of the piston in the cylinder is 6.5 X 10-4 m2 (0.00065m2 ).
The pressure increase in the oil is 5.0 X105 Pa (500000Pa).

Calculate the force exerted by the driver on the brake pedal

force = ...........................................................[4] [Total: 7]

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3. (a) Underline the pair of quantities which must be multiplied together to calculate impulse.

force and mass force and velocity mass and time

time and velocity weight and velocity force and time [1]

b). Fig. 3.1 shows a collision between two blocks A and B on a smooth, horizontal surface.

Before the collision, block A, of mass 2.4kg, is moving at 3.0m/s. Block B, of mass 1.2kg, is at
rest.

After the collision, blocks A and B stick together and move with velocity v.

i. Calculate .
1. the momentum of block A before the collision,

momentum = ...........................................................[2]

2. the velocity v,

velocity = ...........................................................[2]
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3. the impulse experienced by block B during the collision.

impulse = ...........................................................[2]

ii. Suggest why the total kinetic energy of blocks A and B after the collision is less than the
kinetic energy of block A before the collision.

...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 8]
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4. (a) Fig. 4.1 shows the axes of a distance-time graph for an object moving in a straight line

Fig. 4.1
(i) 1. On Fig. 4.1, draw between time = 0 and time = 10s, the graph for an object moving with
a constant speed of 5.0m/s. Start your graph at distance = 0m.

2. State the property of the graph that represents speed.

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Between time = 10s and time = 20s the object accelerates. The speed at time = 20s is 9.0m/ s.

Calculate the average acceleration between time = 10s and time = 20s.

acceleration = ...........................................................[2
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(c) Fig. 4.2 shows the axes of a speed-time graph for a different object

Fig. 4.2
(i) The object has an initial speed of 50m/ s and decelerates uniformly at 0.35m/ s2 for
100s.
On Fig. 4.2, draw the graph to represent the motion of the object. [2]

(ii) Calculate the distance travelled by the object from time = 0 to time = 100s.

distance = ...........................................................[3] [Total: 9]

_____________________________________________________________________________
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5. Fig. 5.1 shows a hollow metal cylinder containing air, floating in the sea

Fig. 5.1

(a) The density of the metal used to make the cylinder is greater than the density of seawater.
Explain why the cylinder floats.

...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The cylinder has a length of 1.8m. It floats with 1.2m submerged in the sea. The bottom of the
cylinder has an area of cross-section of 0.80m2.
The density of seawater is 1020kg/m3. Calculate the force exerted on the bottom of the
cylinder due to the depth of the seawater

force = ...........................................................[4]
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(c) Deduce the weight of the cylinder.

Explain your answer.

weight = ...............................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 7]
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6. Fig. 6.1 shows an aircraft on the deck of an aircraft carrier.

Fig. 6.1

The aircraft accelerates from rest along the deck. At take-off, the aircraft has a speed of 75m/ s.
The mass of the aircraft is 9500kg.

(a) Calculate the kinetic energy of the aircraft at take-off.

kinetic energy = ...........................................................[3]

(b) On an aircraft carrier, a catapult provides an accelerating force on the aircraft. The catapult
provides a constant force for a distance of 150m along the deck.

(c) Calculate the resultant force on the aircraft as it accelerates. Assume that all of the kinetic
energy at take-off is from the work done on the aircraft by the catapult.

force = ......................................................[2][Total: 5]

_____________________________________________________________________________
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7. A bus is travelling between points A and D. There are bus stops at A, B, C and D but the bus
does not stop at B and C. Fig. 7.1 is a speed-time graph for the bus.

Fig. 7.1

(a) Describe the motion of the bus between each of the bus stops. Select the appropriate
description from the list below.

constant acceleration decreasing acceleration increasing acceleration

moving backwards at constant speed moving forwards at constant speed

stationary

1. between A and B ..............................................................................

2. between B and C ..............................................................................

3. between C and D ............................................................................. [3]

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(b) The average speed of the bus between A and D is 23km/h.

Calculate the distance between A and D.

distance = ........................................................ [3]

(d) The bus stops at D for 1 min and then travels at a constant acceleration for 30 seconds.
On Fig. 7.1, sketch a possible graph for this additional motion.

Label X when the bus starts to accelerate and label Y for 30 seconds later. [3]
[Total: 9]
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8. Fig. 8.1 shows a model fire engine. Its brakes are applied.

Fig. 8.1

0.80kg of water is emitted in the jet every 6.0s at a velocity of 0.72m/s relative to the model.

(a) Calculate the change in momentum of the water that is ejected in 6.0s.

momentum = ........................................................ [2]

(b) Calculate the magnitude of the force acting on the model because of the jet of water.

force = ........................................................ [2]

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c. The brakes of the model are released. State and explain the direction of the acceleration of the
model.

Statement .................................................................................................................................

Explanation ...............................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................... [2]

D. In (c) the model contains a water tank, which is initially full. State and explain any change in
the magnitude of the initial acceleration if the brakes are first released when the tank is
nearly empty.

Statement .................................................................................................................................

Explanation ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 9]
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9. Fig. 9.1 shows solar cells used to generate electrical energy

Fig. 9.1
(a) State the main form of energy transferred from the Sun to the solar cells for the generation of
electrical energy.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Consider the generation of electrical energy by a large number of solar cells, as shown in Fig.
9.1.

(i) State one environmental advantage and one environmental disadvantage.

advantage .........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................

disadvantage .....................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii)State and explain whether this source of electrical energy is renewable.

...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(c) Each group of solar cells is arranged in a rectangle 1.2m × 2.8 m. The solar cells are situated
in a region where 260W of solar energy is received per square metre of the cells. The electrical
output of each group of solar cells is a current of 2.5 A with a potential difference of 86V.
Calculate the efficiency of the solar cells.

efficiency = .................................................... % [4]

[Total: 8]
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10. Fig. 10.1 shows the speed–time graph of a person on a journey. On the journey, he walks
and then waits for a bus. He then travels by bus. He gets off the bus and waits for two minutes.
He then walks again. His journey takes 74 minutes.

Fig. 10.1
(a) For the whole journey calculate:

(i) the distance travelled

distance = ......................................................... [3]

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(ii) the average speed.

average speed = ......................................................... [2]

(b) State and explain which feature of a speed–time graph shows acceleration.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) State and explain the acceleration of the person at time = 40 minutes.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

[2] [Total: 9]
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11. Fig. 11.1 shows a train.

Fig. 11.1
The total mass of the train and its passengers is 750000kg. The train is travelling at a speed of
84m/s. The driver applies the brakes and the train takes 80s to slow down to a speed of 42m/s.

(a) Calculate the impulse applied to the train as it slows down.

impulse = ......................................................... [3]

(b) Calculate the average resultant force applied to the train as it slows down.

force = ......................................................... [2]

(c) Suggest how the shape of the train helps it to travel at high speeds.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
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(d) The train took 80s to reduce its speed from 84m/s to 42m/ s. Explain why, with the same
braking force, the train takes more than 80s to reduce its speed from 42m/ s to zero.

...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(e) On a wet day, the train travels a greater distance before it stops along the same track. The
train has the same speed of 84m/s before the brakes are applied. Suggest a reason for this.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 8]
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12. A solar panel receives energy from the Sun at a rate of 5.0kW. Thermal energy is
transferred from the solar panel to water with an efficiency of 20%. Cold water of mass 15kg
enters the solar panel every hour. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200J /(kg°C).
Calculate the temperature increase of the water.

temperature increase = .....................................................°C [4]

b. State and explain one advantage and one disadvantage of heating the water in a solar
panel compared with heating the water in a coal-burning boiler.

advantage
.................................................................................................................................

explanation
...............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
.

disadvantage
............................................................................................................................
explanation
...............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 8]
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13. (a) Fig. 13.1 shows a sealed weather balloon which is stationary in still air

Fig. 13.1

State whether the overall density of the balloon and its instruments is greater than, less than, or
the same as the density of the surrounding air.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) At night, the gas inside the balloon cools. The pressure of the air outside the balloon remains
the same.

(i) State whether the balloon rises, falls or remains stationary.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................[2]
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(c) An object is released from the balloon. It starts at rest and eventually reaches a constant
speed.

(i) On the axes of Fig. 13.2, sketch a speed–time graph to show this motion

Fig. 13.2 [3]

(ii) State the values of the initial acceleration and the final acceleration of the object.

initial acceleration ..............................................................................................................

final acceleration ............................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]
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14. (a) Define the moment of a force.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

b. Fig. 14.1 shows an object of negligible weight. The object is in equilibrium

Fig. 14.1

The object is free to rotate about its pivot P.

Calculate the value of force F.

F = ......................................................... [2]
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(e) Describe an experiment involving vertical forces to show that there is no net moment on an
object in equilibrium. You may draw a diagram in the space provided.

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................[3] [Total: 6]
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15. Fig. 15.1 shows water flowing at very slow speed over a cliff edge.

Fig. 15.1
The water falls 15m onto the rocks below.
(a) Show that the velocity of the water when it strikes the rocks is 17m/ s.

[4]
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(b) 30kg of water flows over the cliff edge every second.

Calculate the force exerted by the rocks on the falling water.

Ignore any splashing.

force = ......................................................... [3] [Total: 7]

________________________________________________________________________
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16. Fig. 15.1 shows an electrically powered bicycle.

Fig. 15.1
When fully charged, the battery can deliver a power of 600W for 60min.

(a) (i) Calculate the energy, in joules, stored in the battery when fully charged.

energy = ...................................................... J [3]

(iii) State the form of energy stored by the battery. ......................................................... [1]
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(b) The bicycle has a motor with an electrical input power of 250W.

Calculate the time for which the battery can power the bicycle.

time = ......................................................... [2]

(c) Consider this bicycle compared to a small motorcycle.

State two environmental benefits of the electrically powered bicycle.

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

2. .............................................................................................................................[2] [Total: 8]
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17. Fig. 17.1 shows an object of mass 2.0kg on a bench. This object is connected by a cord,
passing over a pulley, to an object of mass 3.0kg.

Fig. 17.1

The 2.0kg object is released from rest and accelerates at 4.0m/s2 .

(a) Calculate the resultant force acting on the 2.0kg object.

force = ......................................................... [2]

(b) Calculate the upward force F exerted by the cord on the 3.0kg object.

force F = ......................................................... [3]

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(c) The objects have a constant acceleration.

(i) Show that the speed of the objects 0.80s after release is 3.2m/s.

[2]

(ii) A card, of width 2.0cm, is fixed to the 2.0kg object. As the 2.0kg object moves to the left, the
card passes through a beam of light that is perpendicular to the card.

Using the speed given in

(c)(i), calculate the time taken for the card to pass through the beam of light.

time = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]
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18. (a) Fig. 18.1 shows water in a river moving parallel to the river bank at 4.0m/s and a canoe
travelling in the river

Fig. 18.1

The canoe travels at 2.5m/ s relative to the water and heads at an angle of 38° to the river bank.

Draw a scale diagram to determine the canoe’s resultant velocity and state the scale you used

scale ...............................................................

magnitude of resultant velocity ...............................................................

direction of resultant velocity (angle from the river bank) ...............................................................[4]

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(d) The mass of the canoeist is 65kg. Calculate her kinetic energy when travelling on still water at
2.5m/ s.

energy = ......................................................... [2] [Total: 6]

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19. (a) Fig. 19.1 shows a helicopter which is stationary at a height of 1500 m above the ground.

Fig. 19.1 (not to scale)

(i) State the two conditions necessary for the helicopter to remain in equilibrium.
condition 1 .........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................

condition 2 .........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) The mass of the helicopter is 3200 kg.

Calculate the change in the gravitational potential energy of the helicopter as it rises
from the ground to 1500 m.

change in gravitational potential energy = ......................................................... [2]

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(b) Fig. 1092 shows a vertical speed–time graph for a parachutist who jumps from a stationary hot-
air balloon

Fig. 19.2

The parachutist jumps from the balloon at time = 0 and reaches the ground at B. The point
A indicates when the parachute opens.

(i) On Fig. 19.2, label a point on the graph where the acceleration is:
• zero with ‘1’
• negative with ‘2’
• decreasing with ‘3’. [3]

(ii) Explain, in terms of forces, the changes in motion which occur from when the parachutist
leaves the hot-air balloon until point A.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4] [Total: 11]

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20. A student catches a cricket ball. The speed of the ball immediately before it is caught is
18m/s. The mass of the cricket ball is 160g. (a) Calculate the kinetic energy stored in the
cricket ball immediately before it is caught.

kinetic energy = ......................................................... [3]

(b) It takes 0.12s to catch the ball and bring it to rest.

Calculate the average force exerted on the ball.

average force = ......................................................... [2]

As the student catches the ball, she moves her hands backwards. Explain the effect of this
action on the student’s hands.
...................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................... [1] Total: 6]
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21. (a) Fig. 21.1 shows a person moving across an ice-covered pond to reach a ball on the ice.

Fig. 21.1
Explain why this way of moving across the ice is safer than walking. Use your understanding of
pressure in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) Fig. 21.2 shows a side view of the pond with a layer of ice floating freely on the water

Fig. 21.2
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The surface area of the pond is 5.0m2.

The mass of the ice is 690kg.
The density of water is 1000kg/m3 .
Point X is 0.45m below the ice.
Calculate the pressure at point X due to the ice and the water.

pressure = ......................................................... [4] [Total: 7]

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22. A load is suspended from a thread. The vertical force on the thread due to the load is
0.75N. (a) Calculate the mass of the load

mass = .......................................................... [2]

(b) Fig. 22.1 shows the load suspended from the thread.

Fig. 22.1
A wire is attached to the load at point X and pulled horizontally to the right.
The tension in the horizontal wire is 1.2N.
By drawing a scale diagram or by calculation, determine:

• the magnitude of the resultant of the force at X due to the load and due to the tension in the wire

• the direction of the resultant relative to the vertical direction.

Show your working.

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magnitude of resultant force = .............................................................

N direction of resultant relative to vertical = .............................................................. ° [4]

(d) Forces may produce changes in the size and the shape of an object. State two other changes
that forces may produce.

1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 8]

.
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23. (a) Define acceleration.

...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A train has a total mass of 520000kg. The train accelerates at 1.1m/ s2
. (i) Calculate the time taken for the train to increase its speed from 15m/ s to 28m/ s.

time = ......................................................... [2]

(ii)Calculate the force required to produce an acceleration of 1.1m/ s2 for this train.

force = ......................................................... [2]

(iii) The train uses electric motors.

Explain why the force on the train due to the motors is greater than the value calculated in
(ii). ...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]
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24. A student drops a heavy ball from a vertical height of 1.8m above the ground. The ball then
falls to the ground. It does not bounce after hitting the ground.

(a) Describe the transfers of energy of the ball between stores from when the ball begins to fall
to when it reaches the ground.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) Calculate the maximum speed of the ball. Ignore air resistance.
Show your working.

maximum speed = .......................................................... [3] [Total: 6]