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com

SOLUTIONS TO CONCEPTS
CHAPTER 15

com
1. v = 40 cm/sec
As velocity of a wave is constant location of maximum after 5 sec x
= 40  5 = 200 cm along negative x-axis. y
[( x / a) (t / T)]2
2. Given y = Ae

t.
0 1 0 0 0 1
a) [A] = [M L T ], [T] = [M L T ]
0 1 0
[a] = [M L T ]

spo
b) Wave speed, v = /T = a/T [Wave length  = a]
c) If y = f(t – x/v)  wave is traveling in positive direction
and if y = f( t + x/v)  wave is traveling in negative direction
2
 x 
(1/ T)  t
[( x / a) (t / T)]2  a / T 

log
So, y = Ae = Ae
2
x 
(1/ T)  t 
v 
= Ae
i.e. y = f{t + (x / v)}

s .b
d) Wave speed, v = a/T
 Max. of pulse at t = T is (a/T)  T = a (negative x-axis)
Max. of pulse at t = 2T = (a/T)  2T = 2a (along negative x-axis)
So, the wave travels in negative x-direction. c es
3. At t = 1 sec, s1 = vt = 10  1 = 10 cm
t = 2 sec, s2 = vt = 10  2 = 20 cm
t = 3 sec, s3 = vt = 10  3 = 30 cm
3 2 2
4. The pulse is given by, y = [(a ) / {(x – vt) + a }]
a = 5 mm = 0.5 cm, v = 20 cm/s
c
3 2 2
At t = 0s, y = a / (x + a )
osu

The graph between y and x can be plotted by taking different values of x.

(left as exercise for the student)
3 2 2
similarly, at t = 1 s, y = a / {(x – v) + a }
3 2 2
and at t = 2 s, y = a / {(x – 2v) + a }
5. At x = 0, f(t) = a sin (t/T)
ret

Wave speed = v
  = wavelength = vT (T = Time period)
So, general equation of wave
Y = A sin [(t/T) – (x/vT)] [because y = f((t/T) – (x/))
sda

6. At t = 0, g(x) = A sin (x/a)

0 1 0
a) [M L T ] = [L]
0 1 0
a = [M L T ] = [L]
b) Wave speed = v
 Time period, T = a/v (a = wave length = )
im

 General equation of wave

y = A sin {(x/a) – t/(a/v)}
= A sin {(x – vt) / a}
w.a

7. At t = t0, g(x, t0) = A sin (x/a) …(1)

For a wave traveling in the positive x-direction, the general equation is given by
x t 
y = f  
a T
ww

Putting t = –t0 and comparing with equation (1), we get

 g(x, 0) = A sin {(x/a) + (t0/T)}
 g(x, t) = A sin {(x/a) + (t0/T) – (t/T)}

15.1
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Chapter 15
As T = a/v (a = wave length, v = speed of the wave)
x t t 
 y = A sin   0 

com

 a (a / v) (a / v) 
 x  v(t0  t) 
= A sin  
 a 
 x  v(t  t 0 ) 
 y = A sin  
 a

t.
8. The equation of the wave is given by
–1 –1
y = r sin {(2x / )} + t)

spo
y = (0.1 mm) sin [(31.4 m )x +(314 s )t]
a) Negative x-direction
–1
b) k = 31.4 m
 2/ = 31.4   = 2/31.4 = 0.2 mt = 20 cm
–1
Again,  = 314 s

log
–1
 2f = 314  f = 314 / 2 = 314 / (2  (3/14)} = 50 sec
 wave speed, v = f = 20  50 = 1000 cm/s
c) Max. displacement = 0.10 mm
–1
 Max. velocity = a = 0.1  10  314 = 3.14 cm/sec.

s .b
9. Wave speed, v = 20 m/s
A = 0.20 cm
  = 2 cm
a) Equation of wave along the x-axis
y = A sin (kx – wt)
 k = 2/ = 2/2 =  cm
–1
c es
–3
T = /v = 2/2000 = 1/1000 sec = 10 sec
–3 –1
  = 2/T = 2  10 sec
So, the wave equation is,
c
–1 3 –1
 y = (0.2 cm)sin[( cm )x – (2  10 sec )t]
osu

b) At x = 2 cm, and t = 0,
 y = (0.2 cm) sin (/2) = 0
 v = r cos x = 0.2  2000   cos 2 = 400 
= 400  (3.14) = 1256 cm/s
= 400  cm/s = 4 m/s
ret

 x t 
10. Y = (1 mm) sin   
 2cm 0.01sec 
a) T = 2  0.01 = 0.02 sec = 20 ms
 = 2  2 = 4 cm
sda

b) v = dy/dt = d/dt [sin 2 (x/4 – t/0.02)] = –cos2 {x/4) – (t/0.02)}  1/(0.02)

 v = –50 cos 2 {(x/4) – (t/0.02)}
at x = 1 and t = 0.01 sec, v = –50 cos 2* [(1/4) – (1/2)] = 0
c) i) at x = 3 cm, t = 0.01 sec
im

v = –50 cos 2 (3/4 – ½) = 0

ii) at x = 5 cm, t = 0.01 sec, v = 0 (putting the values)
iii) at x = 7 cm, t = 0.01 sec, v = 0
at x = 1 cm and t = 0.011 sec
w.a

v = –50 cos 2 {(1/4) – (0.011/0.02)} = –50 cos (3/5) = –9.7 cm/sec

(similarly the other two can be calculated)
–3 –2
11. Time period, T = 4  5 ms = 20  10 = 2  10 s
 = 2  2 cm = 4 cm
ww

–2 –1
frequency, f = 1/T = 1/(2  10 ) = 50 s = 50 Hz
Wave speed = f = 4  50 m/s = 2000 m/s = 2 m/s

15.2
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Chapter 15
12. Given that, v = 200 m/s
a) Amplitude, A = 1 mm

com
b) Wave length,  = 4 cm
–1
c) wave number, n = 2/ = (2  3.14)/4 = 1.57 cm (wave number = k)
d) frequency, f = 1/T = (26/)/20 = 20/4 = 5 Hz
(where time period T = /v)
13. Wave speed = v = 10 m/sec
–3 –2
Time period = T = 20 ms = 20  10 = 2  10 sec

t.
–2
a) wave length,  = vT = 10  2  10 = 0.2 m = 20 cm

spo
b) wave length,  = 20 cm
n
 phase diff = (2/) x = (2 / 20)  10 =  rad
 y1 = a sin (t – kx)  1.5 = a sin (t – kx)
So, the displacement of the particle at a distance x = 10 cm.
2x 2  10
[ =    ] is given by

log
 20
y2 = a sin (t – kx + )  –a sin(t – kx) = –1.5 mm
 displacement = –1.5 mm
14. mass = 5 g, length l = 64 cm

s .b
 mass per unit length = m = 5/64 g/cm
5
 Tension, T = 8N = 8  10 dyne
V= (T / m)  (8  105  64) / 5  3200 cm/s = 32 m/s
c es
15.

a) Velocity of the wave, v = (T / m)  (16  105 ) / 0.4  2000 cm/sec

c
 Time taken to reach to the other end = 20/2000 = 0.01 sec
Time taken to see the pulse again in the original position = 0.01  2 = 0.02 sec
osu

b) At t = 0.01 s, there will be a ‘though’ at the right end as it is reflected.

16. The crest reflects as a crest here, as the wire is traveling from denser to rarer medium.
 phase change = 0
a) To again original shape distance travelled by the wave S = 20 + 20 = 40 cm.
Wave speed, v = 20 m/s  time = s/v = 40/20 = 2 sec 20 cm
ret

b) The wave regains its shape, after traveling a periodic distance = 230 = 60 cm
 Time period = 60/20 = 3 sec.
–1
c) Frequency, n = (1/3 sec )
sda

n = (1/2l) (T / m) m = mass per unit length = 0.5 g/cm 30 cm

 1/3 = 1/(2  30) (T / 0.5)

–3
 T = 400  0.5 = 200 dyne = 2  10 Newton.
st
17. Let v1 = velocity in the 1 string
im

 v1 = (T / m1 )
Because m1 = mass per unit length = (1a1l1 / l1) = 1a1 where a1 = Area of cross section
 v1 = (T / 1a1 ) …(1)
w.a

Let v2 = velocity in the second string

 v2 = (T / m2 )
 v2 = (T / 2a2 ) …(2)
ww

Given that, v1 = 2v2

 (T / 1a1 ) = 2 (T / 2a2 )  (T/a11) = 4(T/a22)
 1/2 = 1/4  1 : 2 = 1 : 4 (because a1 = a2)

15.3
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Chapter 15
–4
18. m = mass per unit length = 1.2  10 kg/mt
–1 –1
Y = (0.02m) sin [(1.0 m )x + (30 s )t]

com
–1
Here, k = 1 m = 2/
–1
 = 30 s = 2f
 velocity of the wave in the stretched string
v = f = /k = 30/I = 30 m/s
v= T / m  30 (T /1.2)  10 4 N)
–2 –1
 T = 10.8  10 N  T = 1.08  10 Newton.

t.
19. Amplitude, A = 1 cm, Tension T = 90 N

spo
Frequency, f = 200/2 = 100 Hz
Mass per unit length, m = 0.1 kg/mt
a)  V = T / m = 30 m/s
 = V/f = 30/100 = 0.3 m = 30 cm
b) The wave equation y = (1 cm) cos 2 (t/0.01 s) – (x/30 cm)

log
[because at x = 0, displacement is maximum]
c) y = 1 cos 2(x/30 – t/0.01)
 v = dy/dt = (1/0.01)2sin 2 {(x/30) – (t/0.01)}
2 2
a = dv/dt = – {4 / (0.01) } cos 2 {(x/30) – (t/0.01)}

s .b
–3
When, x = 50 cm, t = 10 ms = 10  10 s
x = (2 / 0.01) sin 2 {(5/3) – (0.01/0.01)}
= (p/0.01) sin (2  2 / 3) = (1/0.01) sin (4/3) = –200  sin (/3) = –200 x ( 3 / 2)
= 544 cm/s = 5.4 m/s
Similarly
2 2
a = {4 / (0.01) } cos 2 {(5/3) – 1}
c es
2 4 5 2 2
= 4  10  ½  2  10 cm/s  2 km/s
20. l = 40 cm, mass = 10 g
 mass per unit length, m = 10 / 40 = 1/4 (g/cm)
c
spring constant K = 160 N/m
osu

deflection = x = 1 cm = 0.01 m
4
 T = kx = 160  0.01 = 1.6 N = 16  10 dyne
2
Again v = (T / m) = (16  10 4 /(1/ 4) = 8  10 cm/s = 800 cm/s
 Time taken by the pulse to reach the spring
t = 40/800 = 1/20 = 0/05 sec.
ret

21. m1 = m2 = 3.2 kg
A
mass per unit length of AB = 10 g/mt = 0.01 kg.mt B
m1
mass per unit length of CD = 8 g/mt = 0.008 kg/mt C
D
for the string CD, T = 3.2  g m2
sda

3
v= (T / m) = (3.2  10) / 0.008  (32  10 ) / 8 = 2  10 10 = 20  3.14 = 63 m/s
for the string AB, T = 2  3.2 g = 6.4  g = 64 N
 v = (T / m) = (64 / 0.01)  6400 = 80 m/s
T
22. Total length of string 2 + 0.25 = 2.25 mt
im

4.5  10 3 –3
Mass per unit length m = = 2  10 kg/m 25 cm 2mt
2.25 2kg
T = 2g = 20 N
w.a

2g
(T / m) = 20 /(2  10 3 )  10 4 = 10 m/s = 100 m/s
2
Wave speed, v =
Time taken to reach the pully, t = (s/v) = 2/100 = 0.02 sec.
–3 a = 2 m/s2
23. m = 19.2  10 kg/m
from the freebody diagram,
ww

T – 4g – 4a = 0 4 kg
 T = 4(a + g) = 48 N 4g
wave speed, v = (T / m) = 50 m/s
4a

15.4
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Chapter 15
24. Let M = mass of the heavy ball
(m = mass per unit length)

com
Wave speed, v1 = (T / m) = (Mg/ m) (because T = Mg)
2
 60 = (Mg / m)  Mg/ m = 60 …(1) T

From the freebody diagram (2),

v2 = (T '/ m) Mg
(Rest)

t.
2 2 1/ 4
[(Ma)  (Mg) ]
 v2 = (because T’ = (Ma)2  (Mg)2 )
m1/ 2

spo
[(Ma)2  (Mg)2 ]1/ 4
 62 = T
m1/ 2 a

(Ma)2  (Mg)2 Ma
2
 = 62 …(2)
m

log
Mg
Eq(1) + Eq(2)  (Mg/m)  [m / (Ma)2  (Mg)2 ] = 3600 / 3844 (Motion)
2 2 2
g/ (a2  g2 ) = 0.936  g / (a + g ) = 0.876
2
 (a + 100) 0.876 = 100

s .b
2
 a  0.876 = 100 – 87.6 = 12.4
2 2
 a = 12.4 / 0.876 = 14.15  a = 3.76 m/s
n 2
 Acce of the car = 3.7 m/s
25. m = mass per unit length of the string
R = Radius of the loop
c es (mRd)w2R
 = angular velocity, V = linear velocity of the string

Consider one half of the string as shown in figure. d
The half loop experiences cetrifugal force at every point, away from

c
centre, which is balanced by tension 2T. c
Consider an element of angular part d at angle . Consider another T T
osu

element symmetric to this centrifugal force experienced by the element

2
= (mRd) R.
(…Length of element = Rd, mass = mRd)
Resolving into rectangular components net force on the two symmetric elements,
2 2
DF = 2mR d sin  [horizontal components cancels each other]
ret

/2


2 2 2 2
So, total F = 2mR2 2 sin  d = 2mR  [– cos]  2mR 
0
2 2 2 2
Again, 2T = 2mR   T = mR 
sda

Velocity of transverse vibration V = T / m = R = V

So, the speed of the disturbance will be V.
26. a) m  mass per unit of length of string
consider an element at distance ‘x’ from lower end. 4xl
Here wt acting down ward = (mx)g = Tension in the string of upper part x
im

Velocity of transverse vibration = v = T /m = (mgx / m)  (gx)

b) For small displacement dx, dt = dx / (gx)
L-y
w.a

L
Total time T =  dx / gx  (4L / g)
0 y
c) Suppose after time ‘t’ from start the pulse meet the particle at distance y from lower end.
y
ww

 dx /
A
t= gx  (4y / g) TA
0
B
 Distance travelled by the particle in this time is (L – y) TB

15.5
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Chapter 15
2
 S – ut + 1/2 gt
 L – y (1/2)g  { (4y / g)2 } {u = 0}

com
 L – y = 2y  3y = L
 y = L/3. So, the particle meet at distance L/3 from lower end.
–2
27. mA = 1.2  10 kg/m, TA = 4.8 N
 VA = T / m = 20 m/s
–2
mB = 1.2  10 kg/m, TB = 7.5 N

t.
 VB = T / m = 25 m/s

spo
t = 0 in string A
–3
t1 = 0 + 20 ms = 20  10 = 0.02 sec
In 0.02 sec A has travelled 20  0.02 = 0.4 mt
Relative speed between A and B = 25 – 20 = 5 m/s
Time taken for B for overtake A = s/v = 0.4/5 = 0.08 sec

log
–3
28. r = 0.5 mm = 0.5  10 mt
f = 100 Hz, T = 100 N
v = 100 m/s
2 2
v = T / m  v = (T/m)  m = (T/v ) = 0.01 kg/m

s .b
2 2 2
Pave = 2 mvr f
2 –3 2 2 –3
= 2(3.14) (0.01)  100  (0.5  10 )  (100)  49  10 watt = 49 mW.
–3 –3
29. A = 1 mm = 10 m, m = 6 g/m = 6  10 kg/m
T = 60 N, f = 200 Hz
 V = T / m = 100 m/s
c es
2 2 2
a) Paverage = 2 mv A f = 0.47 W
b) Length of the string is 2 m. So, t = 2/100 = 0.02 sec.
2 2 2
Energy = 2 mvf A t = 9.46 mJ.
c
–3
30. f = 440 Hz, m = 0.01 kg/m, T = 49 N, r = 0.5  10 m
osu

a) v = T / m = 70 m/s
b) v = f   = v/f = 16 cm
2 2 2
c) Paverage = 2 mvr f = 0.67 W.
31. Phase difference  = /2
f and  are same. So,  is same.
ret

y1 = r sin wt, y2 = rsin(wt + /2)

From the principle of superposition
y = y1 + y2  = r sin wt + r sin (wt + /2)
= r[sin wt + sin(wt + /2)]
sda

= r[2sin{(wt + wt + /2)/2} cos {(wt – wt – /2)/2}]

 y = 2r sin (wt + /4) cos (–/4)
Resultant amplitude = 2 r = 4 2 mm (because r = 4 mm)
32. The distance travelled by the pulses are shown below.
–3 –3
t = 4 ms = 4  10 s s = vt = 50  10  4  10 = 2 mm
im

–3 –3
t = 8 ms = 8  10 s s = vt = 50  10  8  10 = 4 mm 10 14
–3 2 6
t = 6 ms = 6  10 s s = 3 mm
–3 –3
t = 12 ms = 12  10 s s = 50  10  12  10 = 6 mm
w.a

The shape of the string at different times are shown in the figure.
–2
33. f = 100 Hz,  = 2 cm = 2  10 m
 wave speed, v = f = 2 m/s
st
a) in 0.015 sec 1 wave has travelled
ww

n
x = 0.015  2 = 0.03 m = path diff
–2
 corresponding phase difference,  = 2x/ = {2 / (2  10 )}  0.03 = 3.
b) Path different x = 4 cm = 0.04 m

15.6
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Chapter 15
–2
  = (2/)x = {(2/2  10 )  0.04} = 4.
c) The waves have same frequency, same wavelength and same amplitude.

com
Let, y1 = r sin wt, y2 = r sin (wt + )
 y = y1 + y2 = r[sin wt + (wt + )]
= 2r sin (wt + /2) cos (/2)
 resultant amplitude = 2r cos /2
–3
So, when  = 3, r = 2  10 m
–3
Rres = 2  (2  10 ) cos (3/2) = 0

t.
Again, when  = 4, Rres = 2  (2  10–3) cos (4/2) = 4 mm.

spo
34. l = 1 m, V = 60 m/s
–1
 fundamental frequency, f0 = V/2l = 30 sec = 30 Hz.
35. l = 2m, f0 = 100 Hz, T = 160 N
f0 = 1/ 2l (T / m)
 m = 1 g/m. So, the linear mass density is 1 g/m.

log
36. m = (4/80) g/ cm = 0.005 kg/m
T = 50 N, l = 80 cm = 0.8 m
v = (T / m) = 100 m/s

s .b
fundamental frequency f0 = 1/ 2l (T / m) = 62.5 Hz
First harmonic = 62.5 Hz
f4 = frequency of fourth harmonic = 4f0 = F3 = 250 Hz
V = f4 4  4 = (v/f4) = 40 cm.
37. l = 90 cm = 0.9 m
c es
m = (6/90) g/cm = (6/900) kg/mt
f = 261.63 Hz
f = 1/ 2l (T / m)  T = 1478.52 N = 1480 N.
c
38. First harmonic be f0, second harmonic be f1
osu

 f1 = 2f0
 f0 = f1/2
f1 = 256 Hz
st
 1 harmonic or fundamental frequency 1.5 cm
f0 = f1/2 = 256 / 2 = 128 Hz
ret

/2 = 1.5 m   = 3m (when fundamental wave is produced)

 Wave speed = V = f0Ql = 384 m/s.
39. l = 1.5 m, mass – 12 g
–3
 m = 12/1.5 g/m = 8  10 kg/m
sda

T = 9  g = 90 N
 = 1.5 m, f1 = 2/2l T / m
9 kg 9 kg
[for, second harmonic two loops are produced]
f1 = 2f0  70 Hz.
im

40. A string of mass 40 g is attached to the tuning fork

–3
m = (40  10 ) kg/m
The fork vibrates with f = 128 Hz
 = 0.5 m
w.a

v = f = 128  0.5 = 64 m/s

2
v = T / m  T = v m = 163.84 N  164 N.
41. This wire makes a resonant frequency of 240 Hz and 320 Hz.
The fundamental frequency of the wire must be divisible by both 240 Hz and 320 Hz.
ww

a) So, the maximum value of fundamental frequency is 80 Hz.

l
b) Wave speed, v = 40 m/s
 80 = (1/2l)  40  0.25 m.
15.7
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Chapter 15
st
42. Let there be ‘n’ loops in the 1 case l
 length of the wire, l = (n1)/2 [1 = 2  2 = 4 cm]

com
nd
So there are (n + 1) loops with the 2 case
 length of the wire, l = {(n+1)2/2 [ = 2  1.6 = 3.2 cm] 2 cm

(n  1) 2 l
 n1/2 =
2
 n  4 = (n + 1) (3.2)  n = 4
 length of the string, l = (n1)/2 = 8 cm. 1.6 cm

t.
43. Frequency of the tuning fork, f = 660 Hz

spo
Wave speed, v = 220 m/s   = v/f = 1/3 m
No.of loops = 3
a) So, f = (3/2l)v  l = 50 cm
b) The equation of resultant stationary wave is given by
y = 2A cos (2x/Ql) sin (2vt/) l

log
–1 –1
 y = (0.5 cm) cos (0.06  cm ) sin (1320 s t)
44. l1 = 30 cm = 0.3 m
f1 = 196 Hz, f2 = 220 Hz
We know f  (1/l) (as V is constant for a medium)

s .b
f l
 1  2  l2 = 26.7 cm
f2 l1
Again f3 = 247 Hz
f l 0.3
 3  1 
f1 l3 l3
c es
 l3 = 0.224 m = 22.4 cm and l3 = 20 cm
45. Fundamental frequency f1 = 200 Hz
Let l4 Hz be nth harmonic
c
 F2/F1 = 14000/200
 NF1/F1 = 70  N = 70
osu

th
 The highest harmonic audible is 70 harmonic.
46. The resonant frequencies of a string are
f1 = 90 Hz, f2 = 150 Hz, f3 = 120 Hz
a) The highest possible fundamental frequency of the string is f = 30 Hz
ret

[because f1, f2 and f3 are integral multiple of 30 Hz]

b) The frequencies are f1 = 3f, f2 = 5f, f3 = 7f
rd th th
So, f1, f2 and f3 are 3 harmonic, 5 harmonic and 7 harmonic respectively.
c) The frequencies in the string are f, 2f, 3f, 4f, 5f, ……….
nd rd
So, 3f = 2 overtone and 3 harmonic
sda

th th
5f = 4 overtone and 5 harmonic
7f = 6th overtone and 7th harmonic
d) length of the string is l = 80 cm
 f1 = (3/2l)v (v = velocity of the wave)
im

 90 = {3/(280)}  K
 K = (90  2  80) / 3 = 4800 cm/s = 48 m/s.
1 T 1 T1 1 T2
47. Frequency f =  f1   f2 
w.a

lD  l1D1 1 l2n2 2

Given that, T1/T2 = 2, r1 / r2 = 3 = D1/D2
1 1

2 2
ww

f1 l2D2 T1 2
So,  (l1 = l2 = length of string)
f2 l1D1 T2 1
 f1 : f2 = 2 : 3
15.8
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Chapter 15
48. Length of the rod = L = 40 cm = 0.4 m
Mass of the rod m = 1.2 kg

com
Let the 4.8 kg mass be placed at a distance
‘x’ from the left end. Tl Tr
Given that, fl = 2fr A B C
1 Tl 2 Tr 40 cm
 
2l m 2l m
Tr

t.
Tl
Tl T
 =2 l =4 …(1) B
Tr Tr

spo
A C
From the freebody diagram,
Tl + Tr = 60 N 12N 48N

 4Tr +Tr = 60 N
 Tr = 12 N and Tl = 48 N

log
Now taking moment about point A,
Tr  (0.4) = 48x + 12 (0.2)  x = 5 cm
So, the mass should be placed at a distance 5 cm from the left end.
3 3
49. s = 7.8 g/cm , A = 2.6 g/cm
–2

s .b
ms = s As = 7.8  10 g/cm (m = mass per unit length)
–2 –3 80 cm 60 cm
mA = A AA = 2.6  10  3 g/cm = 7.8  10 kg/m
A node is always placed in the joint. Since aluminium and steel rod has Aluminium
Steel 20 cm
same mass per unit length, velocity of wave in both of them is same.
c es
 v = T / m  500/7 m/x
For minimum frequency there would be maximum wavelength for maximum wavelength minimum no of
loops are to be produced.
 maximum distance of a loop = 20 cm
 wavelength =  = 2  20 = 40 cm = 0.4 m
c
 f = v/ = 180 Hz.
osu

50. Fundamental frequency

V = 1/2l T / m  T / m = v2l [ T / m = velocity of wave]
a) wavelength,  = velocity / frequency = v2l / v = 2l
and wave number = K = 2/ = 2/2l = /l
b) Therefore, equation of the stationary wave is
ret

 y = A cos (2x/) sin (2Vt / L) L

= A cos (2x / 2l) sin (2Vt / 2L)
v = V/2L [because v = (v/2l)]
51. V = 200 m/s, 2A = 0.5 m
sda

a) The string is vibrating in its 1st overtone

  = 1 = 2m
 f = v/ = 100 Hz
b) The stationary wave equation is given by
l=2m
2x 2Vt
im

y = 2A cos sin
 
–1 –1
= (0.5 cm) cos [(m )x] sin [(200 s )t]
52. The stationary wave equation is given by
w.a

–1
y = (0.4 cm) sin [(0.314 cm – 1)x] cos [(6.00 s )t]
a)  = 600   2f = 600   f = 300 Hz
wavelength,  = 2/0.314 = (2  3.14) / 0.314 = 20 cm
0 10 20 30
b) Therefore nodes are located at, 0, 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm
ww

c) Length of the string = 3/2 = 3  20/2 = 30 cm l

d) y = 0.4 sin (0.314 x) cos (600 t)  0.4 sin {(/10)x} cos (600 t)
 since,  and v are the wavelength and velocity of the waves that interfere to give this vibration  = 20
cm
15.9
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Chapter 15
v= /k = 6000 cm/sec = 60 m/s
53. The equation of the standing wave is given by

com
–1 –1
y = (0.4 cm) sin [(0.314 cm )x] cos [(6.00 s )t]
 k = 0.314 = /10
 2/ = /10   = 20 cm
for smallest length of the string, as wavelength remains constant, the string
should vibrate in fundamental frequency L
 l = /2 = 20 cm / 2 = 10 cm

t.
–3
54. L = 40 cm = 0.4 m, mass = 3.2 kg = 3.2  10 kg
–3
 mass per unit length, m = (3.2)/(0.4) = 8  10 kg/m

spo
string
–2
change in length, L = 40.05 – 40 = 0.05  10 m
–2
strain = L/L = 0.125  10 m
rope
f = 220 Hz L
1 T 1 T
  T = 248.19 N

log
f=
2l' m 2  (0.4005) 8  10 3
2 6
Strain = 248.19/1 mm = 248.19  10
11 2
Y = stress / strain = 1.985  10 N/m
55. Let,   density of the block

s .b
Weight  Vg where V = volume of block
The same turning fork resonates with the string in the two cases
10 T   w Vg 11 (  w )Vg
f10 = 
2l m 2l
As the f of tuning fork is same,
m
c es
10 Vg 11 (   w )Vg
f10  f11  
2l m 2l m
c
10   w   1 100
    (because, w = 1 gm/cc)
11 m  121
osu

3 3
 100 = 121  – 121  5.8  10 kg/m
56. l = length of rope = 2 m
M = mass = 80 gm = 0.8 kg
mass per unit length = m = 0.08/2 = 0.04 kg/m
ret

Tension T = 256 N l = /4

Velocity, V = T / m = 80 m/s Initial position
For fundamental frequency,
l = /4   = 4l = 8 m
sda

 f = 80/8 = 10 Hz
st
a) Therefore, the frequency of 1 two overtones are
st
1 overtone = 3f = 30 Hz
nd
2 overtone = 5f = 50 Hz
b) 1 = 4l = 8 m Final position
im

1 = V/ f1 = 2.67 m
2 = V/f2 = 1.6 mt
so, the wavelengths are 8 m, 2.67 m and 1.6 m respectively.
w.a

57. Initially because the end A is free, an antinode will be formed.

So, l = Ql1 / 4
Again, if the movable support is pushed to right by 10 m, so that the joint is placed on the pulley, a node
will be formed there.
So, l = 2 / 2
ww

Since, the tension remains same in both the cases, velocity remains same.
As the wavelength is reduced by half, the frequency will become twice as that of 120 Hz i.e. 240 Hz.

15.10
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SOLUTIONS TO CONCEPTS
CHAPTER – 16

com
1. Vair= 230 m/s. Vs = 5200 m/s. Here S = 7 m
 1 1  –3
So, t = t1 – t2 =    = 2.75 × 10 sec = 2.75 ms.
 330 5200 
2. Here given S = 80 m × 2 = 160 m.

t.
v = 320 m/s
So the maximum time interval will be

spo
t = 5/v = 160/320 = 0.5 seconds.
3. He has to clap 10 times in 3 seconds.
So time interval between two clap = (3/10 second).
So the time taken go the wall = (3/2 × 10) = 3/20 seconds.

log
= 333 m/s.
4. a) for maximum wavelength n = 20 Hz.
 1
as    
 

s .b
b) for minimum wavelength, n = 20 kHz
3 –3
  = 360/ (20 × 10 ) = 18 × 10 m = 18 mm
 x = (v/n) = 360/20 = 18 m.
5. a) for minimum wavelength n = 20 KHz

 v = n   = 
 1450 
 = 7.25 cm.
c es
3
 20  10 
b) for maximum wavelength n should be minium
 v = n   = v/n  1450 / 20 = 72.5 m.
c
6. According to the question,
osu

a)  = 20 cm × 10 = 200 cm = 2 m
 v = 340 m/s
so, n = v/ = 340/2 = 170 Hz.
340
N = v/  2
= 17.000 Hz = 17 KH2 (because  = 2 cm = 2 × 10–2 m)
2  10
ret

6
7. a) Given Vair = 340 m/s , n = 4.5 ×10 Hz
 air = (340 / 4.5) × 10–6 = 7.36 × 10–5 m.
–6 –4
b) Vtissue = 1500 m/s  t = (1500 / 4.5) × 10 = 3.3 × 10 m.
–5
8. Here given ry = 6.0 × 10 m
sda

a) Given 2/ = 1.8   = (2/1.8)

ry 6.0  (1.8)  10 5 m / s
 So,  = 1.7 × 10–5 m
 2
b) Let, velocity amplitude = Vy
–5
im

V = dy/dt = 3600 cos (600 t – 1.8) × 10 m/s

–5
Here Vy = 3600 × 10 m/s
Again,  = 2/1.8 and T = 2/600  wave speed = v = /T = 600/1.8 = 1000 / 3 m/s.
3600  3  10 5
w.a

So the ratio of (Vy/v) = .

1000
9. a) Here given n = 100, v = 350 m/s
v 350
=  = 3.5 m.
n 100
ww

In 2.5 ms, the distance travelled by the particle is given by

–3
x = 350 × 2.5 × 10

16.1
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Chapter 16

2 2
So, phase difference  =  x   350  2.5  10  3  (  / 2) .
 (350 / 100 )

com
–1
b) In the second case, Given  = 10 cm = 10 m

2 2  10 1
 So,  = x   2 / 35 .
x (350 / 100)

t.
10. a) Given x = 10 cm,  = 5.0 cm 10cm B xcm
A
2 2

spo
=   =  10  4 . 20 cm
 5
So phase difference is zero.
b) Zero, as the particle is in same phase because of having same path.
11. Given that p = 1.0 × 105 N/m2, T = 273 K, M = 32 g = 32 × 10–3 kg
–3 3

log
V = 22.4 litre = 22.4 × 10 m
C/Cv = r = 3.5 R / 2.5 R = 1.4
rp 1.4  1.0  10 5
V=  = 310 m/s (because  = m/v)
f 32 / 22.4

s .b
12. V1 = 330 m/s, V2 = ?
T1 = 273 + 17 = 290 K, T2 = 272 + 32 = 305 K
We know v  T c es
V1 T1 V1  T2
  V2 
V2 T2 T1
305
= 340  = 349 m/s.
290
c
13. T1 = 273 V2 = 2V1
osu

V1 = v T2 = ?
T2 V22 2
We know that V  T    T2 = 273 × 2 = 4 × 273 K
T1 V12
So temperature will be (4 × 273) – 273 = 819°c.
14. The variation of temperature is given by
ret

(T  T2 )
T = T1 + 2 x …(1)
d
VT T T
We know that V  T   VT = v
sda

V 273 273
dx du 273 x
 dt =   T1 T2
VT V T
d
d
273 dx
t= 
im

V [T1  (T2  T1) / d)x]1/ 2

0

273 2d T  T1 d  2d  273 

=  [T1  2 x ]0 =    T2  T1
 V  T2  T1 
w.a

V T2  T1 d

2d 273
=T=
V T2  T1
Putting the given value we get
ww

2  33 273
=  = 96 ms.
330 280  310

16.2
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Chapter 16

15. We know that v = K /

Where K = bulk modulus of elasticity

com
 K = v2  = (1330)2 × 800 N/m2
 F/A 
We know K =  
 V / V 
Pr essures 2  10 5
 V = 

t.
K 1330  1330  800
3
So, V = 0.15 cm

spo
16. We know that,
p P
Bulk modulus B =  0
( V / V ) 2S0
5
Where P0 = pressure amplitude  P0 = 1.0 × 10
S0 = displacement amplitude  S0 = 5.5 × 10–6 m

log
14  35  10 2 m 5 2
B= 6
= 1.4 × 10 N/m .
2(5.5)  10 m
17. a) Here given Vair = 340 m/s., Power = E/t = 20 W

s .b
3
f = 2,000 Hz,  = 1.2 kg/m
So, intensity I = E/t.A
20 20 2
=   44 mw/m (because r = 6m)
4r 2 4    62
P02
c es
b) We know that I =  P0  1 2Vair
2Vair

2  1.2  340  44  10 3 = 6.0 N/m .

2
 =
c
c) We know that I = 22S02v 2V where S0 = displacement amplitude
osu

I
 S0 =
22Vair
Putting the value we get Sg = 1.2 × 10–6 m.
–8 2
18. Here I1 = 1.0 × 10 W 1/m ; I2 = ?
ret

r1 = 5.0 m, r2 = 25 m.
1
We know that I  2
r
2 2 I1r12
 I1r1 = I2r2  I2 =
sda

r22
1.0  10 8  25
= = 4.0 × 10–10 W/m2.
625
I
im

19. We know that  = 10 log10  

 I0 
IA I
A = 10 log , B = 10 log B
Io Io
w.a

 IA / I0 = 10(A / 10 )  IB/Io = 10 (B / 10 )

2
IA rB2  50 
      10(AB )  102
IB rA2  5 
ww

 A  B
  2   A  B  20
10
 B = 40 – 20 = 20 d.
16.3
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Chapter 16
20. We know that,  = 10 log10 J/I0
According to the questions

com
A = 10 log10 (2I/I0)
 B – A = 10 log (2I/I) = 10 × 0.3010 = 3 dB.
2
21. If sound level = 120 dB, then I = intensity = 1 W/m
Given that, audio output = 2W
Let the closest distance be x.
2 2
So, intensity = (2 / 4x ) = 1  x = (2/2)  x = 0.4 m = 40 cm.

t.
22. 1 = 50 dB, 2 = 60 dB
–7 2 –6 2

spo
 I1 = 10 W/m , I2 = 10 W/m
(because  = 10 log10 (I/I0), where I0 = 10–12 W/m2)
2 –6 –7
Again, I2/I1 = (p2/p1) =(10 /10 ) = 10 (where p = pressure amplitude).
 (p2 / p1) = 10 .
23. Let the intensity of each student be I.

log
According to the question
50 I  100 I 
A = 10 log10 ; B = 10 log10  
I0  I0 

s .b
50 I  100 I 
 B – A = 10 log10 – 10 log10  
I0  I0 
 100 I 
= 10 log   10 log10 2  3
 50 I 
c es
So, A = 50 + 3 = 53 dB.
24. Distance between tow maximum to a minimum is given by, /4 = 2.50 cm
–1
  = 10 cm = 10 m
We know, V = nx
c
V 340
n=  = 3400 Hz = 3.4 kHz.
osu

 10 1
25. a) According to the data
/4 = 16.5 mm   = 66 mm = 66 × 10–6=3 m
V 330
n=  = 5 kHz.
 66  10 3
ret

2
b) Iminimum = K(A1 – A2) = I  A1 – A2 = 11
2
Imaximum = K(A1 + A2) = 9  A1 + A2 = 31
A  A2 3
So, 1   A1/A2 = 2/1
sda

A1  A 2 4
So, the ratio amplitudes is 2.
26. The path difference of the two sound waves is given by
L = 6.4 – 6.0 = 0.4 m
V 320
im

The wavelength of either wave =  =  (m/s)

 
(2n  1)
For destructive interference L = where n is an integers.
2
w.a

2n  1 320
or 0.4 m = 
2 
320 2n  1
=n=  800 Hz = (2n + 1) 400 Hz
ww

0 .4 2
Thus the frequency within the specified range which cause destructive interference are 1200 Hz,
2000 Hz, 2800 Hz, 3600 Hz and 4400 Hz.

16.4
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Chapter 16
27. According to the given data
20cm
V = 336 m/s, =x/4

com
/4 = distance between maximum and minimum intensity D
= (20 cm)   = 80 cm S
V 336
 n = frequency =  = 420 Hz.
 80  10  2
28. Here given  = d/2
S
(d / 2) 2  2d 2

t.
2
 d
Initial path difference is given by = 2    2d2  d
2

spo
If it is now shifted a distance x then path difference will be d
2
 d d d
= 2    ( 2d  x )2  d   2d   x
2
  4  4
2d

log
2
 d 169d2 153 2 D
    ( 2d  x )2   d
2 64 64
 2d  x  1.54 d  x = 1.54 d – 1.414 d = 0.13 d.

s .b
29. As shown in the figure the path differences 2.4 = x = (3.2)2  (2.4)2  3.2
A A
320
Again, the wavelength of the either sound waves =
c es 
We know, destructive interference will be occur
(3.2) 2  (2.4) 2
(2n  1)
If x =
2
( 2n  1) 320 A
 (3.2)2  (2.4)2  (3.2) 

c
2
Solving we get
osu

(2n  1)400
V=  200(2n  1)
2
where n = 1, 2, 3, …… 49. (audible region)
20cm
30. According to the data A C
 = 20 cm, S1S2 = 20 cm, BD = 20 cm
ret

x 20cm
Let the detector is shifted to left for a distance x for hearing the
minimum sound.
So path difference AI = BC – AB
sda

B
= (20 )2  (10  x )2  ( 20)2  (10  x )2
So the minimum distances hearing for minimum
(2n  1)  20
=   = 10 cm
2 2 2
im

 (20)2  (10  x )2  (20)2  (10  x )2 = 10 solving we get x = 12.0 cm.

31. Q
Q
S1 S1
w.a

R
1m y
O  P O 
X X
D P
1m
ww

S2 S2
S

Given, F = 600 Hz, and v = 330 m/s   = v/f = 330/600 = 0.55 mm

16.5
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Chapter 16
Let OP = D, PQ = y   = y/R …(1)
Now path difference is given by, x = S2Q – S1Q = yd/D

com
Where d = 2m
[The proof of x = yd/D is discussed in interference of light waves]
a) For minimum intensity, x = (2n + 1)(/2)
 yd/D = /2 [for minimum y, x = /2]
 y/D =  = /2 = 0.55 / 4 = 0.1375 rad = 0.1375 × (57.1)° = 7.9°
b) For minimum intensity, x = 2n(/2)

t.
yd/D =   y/D =  = /D = 0.55/2 = 0.275 rad

spo
  = 16°
c) For more maxima,
yd/D = 2, 3, 4, …
 y/D =  = 32°, 64°, 128°
But since, the maximum value of  can be 90°, he will hear two more maximum i.e. at 32° and 64°.

log

A2
32.
S1 S2 S3 P
120°
Because the 3 sources have equal intensity, amplitude are equal 120°

s .b
P
So, A1 = A2 = A3
As shown in the figure, amplitude of the resultant = 0 (vector method)
So, the resultant, intensity at B is zero. A3
33. The two sources of sound S1 and S2 vibrate at same phase and frequency.
Resultant intensity at P = I0
c es P

a) Let the amplitude of the waves at S1 and S2 be ‘r’.

When  = 45°, path difference = S1P – S2P = 0 (because S1P = S2P)
So, when source is switched off, intensity of sound at P is I0/4.  
b) When  = 60°, path difference is also 0. S1 S2
c
Similarly it can be proved that, the intensity at P is I0 / 4 when one is switched off.
osu

–2
34. If V = 340 m/s, I = 20 cm = 20 × 10 m
V 340
Fundamental frequency =  = 850 Hz
21 2  20  10  2
2V 2  340
We know first over tone =  (for open pipe) = 1750 Hz
21 2  20  10  2
ret

Second over tone = 3 (V/21) = 3 × 850 = 2500 Hz.

35. According to the questions V = 340 m/s, n = 500 Hz
We know that V/4I (for closed pipe)
sda

340
I= m = 17 cm.
4  500
36. Here given distance between two nodes is = 4. 0 cm,
  = 2 × 4.0 = 8 cm
We know that v = n
im

328
= = 4.1 Hz.
8  10  2
37. V = 340 m/s
w.a

Distances between two nodes or antinodes

 /4 = 25 cm
  = 100 cm = 1 m
 n = v/ = 340 Hz.
ww

38. Here given that 1 = 50 cm, v = 340 m/s

As it is an open organ pipe, the fundamental frequency f1 = (v/21)
340
= = 340 Hz.
2  50  10  2
16.6
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Chapter 16
So, the harmonies are
f3 = 3 × 340 = 1020 Hz

com
f5 = 5 × 340 = 1700, f6 = 6 × 340 = 2040 Hz
so, the possible frequencies are between 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz are 1020, 1360, 1700.
39. Here given I2 = 0.67 m, l1 = 0.2 m, f = 400 Hz
We know that
 = 2(l2 – l1)   = 2(62 – 20) = 84 cm = 0.84 m.
So, v = n = 0.84 × 400 = 336 m/s

t.
We know from above that,
l1 + d = /4  d = /4 – l1 = 21 – 20 = 1 cm.

spo
40. According to the questions
3 V
f1 first overtone of a closed organ pipe P1 = 3v/4l =
4  30
V
f2 fundamental frequency of a open organ pipe P2 =

log
2l2
3V V
Here given   l2 = 20 cm
4  30 2l2

s .b
 length of the pipe P2 will be 20 cm.
41. Length of the wire = 1.0 m
For fundamental frequency /2 = l
  = 2l = 2 × 1 = 2 m c es
Here given n = 3.8 km/s = 3800 m/s
We know  v = n  n = 3800 / 2 = 1.9 kH.
So standing frequency between 20 Hz and 20 kHz which will be heard are
= n × 1.9 kHz where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, … 10.
42. Let the length will be l.
c
Here given that V = 340 m/s and n = 20 Hz
Here /2 = l   = 2l
osu

V 340 34
We know V = n  l =    8.5 cm (for maximum wavelength, the frequency is minimum).
n 2  20 4
–2
43. a) Here given l = 5 cm = 5 × 10 m, v = 340 m/s
V 340
 n=  = 3.4 KHz
ret

2l 2  5  10 2
b) If the fundamental frequency = 3.4 KHz
 then the highest harmonic in the audible range (20 Hz – 20 KHz)
20000
= = 5.8 = 5 (integral multiple of 3.4 KHz).
sda

3400
44. The resonance column apparatus is equivalent to a closed organ pipe.
–2
Here l = 80 cm = 10 × 10 m ; v = 320 m/s
320
 n0 = v/4l = = 100 Hz
4  50  10 2
im

So the frequency of the other harmonics are odd multiple of n0 = (2n + 1) 100 Hz
According to the question, the harmonic should be between 20 Hz and 2 KHz.
45. Let the length of the resonating column will be = 1
w.a

Here V = 320 m/s

(n  1)v nv
Then the two successive resonance frequencies are and
4l 4l
(n  1)v nv
Here given = 2592 ;  = = 1944
ww

4l 4l
(n  1)v nv
  = 2592 – 1944 = 548 cm = 25 cm.
4l 4 l

16.7
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Chapter 16
46. Let, the piston resonates at length l1 and l2
Here, l = 32 cm; v = ?, n = 512 Hz I1

com
Now  512 = v/ I2
 v = 512 × 0.64 = 328 m/s. (I2 -I1)

47. Let the length of the longer tube be L2 and smaller will be L1.
3  330
According to the data 440 = …(1) (first over tone)
4  L2

t.
330

spo
and 440 = …(2) (fundamental)
4  L1
solving equation we get L2 = 56.3 cm and L1 = 18.8 cm.
48. Let n0 = frequency of the turning fork, T = tension of the string
L = 40 cm = 0.4 m, m = 4g = 4 × 10–3 kg
–2

log
So, m = Mass/Unit length = 10 kg/m
1 T
n0 = .
2l m
So, 2nd harmonic 2n0 = (2 / 2l) T / m

s .b
As it is unison with fundamental frequency of vibration in the air column
340
 2n0 = = 85 Hz
4 1 c es
2 T 2 2 –2
 85 =  T = 85 × (0.4) × 10 = 11.6 Newton.
2  0.4 14
49. Given, m = 10 g = 10 × 10–3 kg, l = 30 cm = 0.3 m
Let the tension in the string will be = T
–3
 = mass / unit length = 33 × 10 kg
c
1 T
osu

The fundamental frequency  n0 = …(1)

2l 
The fundamental frequency of closed pipe
340
 n0 = (v/4l) = 170 Hz …(2)
4  50  10 2
ret

According equations (1) × (2) we get

1 T
170 = 
2  30  10 2 33  10 3
 T = 347 Newton.
sda

50. We know that f  T

According to the question f + f  T + T
1/ 2
f  f t  T f  T  1 T
  1+  1    1  ... (neglecting other terms)
im

f T f  T  2 T
f T
  (1/ 2) .
f T
w.a

51. We know that the frequency = f, T = temperatures

f T
f1 T1 293 293
So   
f2 T2 f2 295
ww

293  295
 f2 = = 294
293

16.8
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Chapter 16
–2 –2
52. Vrod = ?, Vair = 340 m/s, Lr = 25 × 10 , d2 = 5 × 10 metres
2
Vr 2Lr 340  25  10  2

com
  Vr = = 3400 m/s.
Va Da 5  10 2
–2
53. a) Here given, Lr = 1.0/2 = 0.5 m, da = 6.5 cm = 6.5 × 10 m
As Kundt’s tube apparatus is a closed organ pipe, its fundamental frequency
V
 n = r  Vr = 2600 × 4 × 0.5 = 5200 m/s.
4L r

t.
Vr 2Lr 5200  6.5  10 2
b)   va = = 338 m/s.

spo
Va da 2  0 .5
54. As the tunning fork produces 2 beats with the adjustable frequency the frequency of the tunning fork will
be  n = (476 + 480) / 2 = 478.
55. A tuning fork produces 4 beats with a known tuning fork whose frequency = 256 Hz
So the frequency of unknown tuning fork = either 256 – 4 = 252 or 256 + 4 = 260 Hz

log
Now as the first one is load its mass/unit length increases. So, its frequency decreases.
As it produces 6 beats now original frequency must be 252 Hz.
260 Hz is not possible as on decreasing the frequency the beats decrease which is not allowed here.
56. Group – I Group – II

s .b
Given V = 350 v = 350
1 = 32 cm 2 = 32.2 cm
= 32 × 10–2 m = 32.2 × 10–2 m
–2
So 1 = frequency = 1093 Hz 2 = 350 / 32.2 × 10 = 1086 Hz
So beat frequency = 1093 – 1086 = 7 Hz.
c es
57. Given length of the closed organ pipe, l = 40 cm = 40 × 10–2 m
Vair = 320
V 320
So, its frequency  = = = 200 Hertz.
c
4 l 4  40  10 2
As the tuning fork produces 5 beats with the closed pipe, its frequency must be 195 Hz or 205 Hz.
osu

Given that, as it is loaded its frequency decreases.

So, the frequency of tuning fork = 205 Hz.
1 TB
58. Here given nB = 600 =
2 l 14
ret

As the tension increases frequency increases

It is given that 6 beats are produces when tension in A is increases.
1 TA
So, nA  606 =
2l M
sda

nA 600 (1/ 2l) (TB / M) TB

   
nB 606 (1/ 2l) (TA / M) TA
TA 606 TA
  = 1.01  = 1.02.
im

TB 600 TB
59. Given that, l = 25 cm = 25 × 10–2 m
By shortening the wire the frequency increases, [f = (1/ 2l) (TB / M) ]
w.a

As the vibrating wire produces 4 beats with 256 Hz, its frequency must be 252 Hz or 260 Hz.
Its frequency must be 252 Hz, because beat frequency decreases by shortening the wire.
1 T
So, 252 = 2
…(1)
ww

2  25  10 M
Let length of the wire will be l, after it is slightly shortened,

16.9
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Chapter 16

1 T
 256 = …(2)
2  l1 M

com
Dividing (1) by (2) we get
252 l1 252  2  25  10 2
 2
 l1  = 0.2431 m
256 2  25  10 260
So, it should be shorten by (25 – 24.61) = 0.39 cm.
60. Let u = velocity of sound; Vm = velocity of the medium; 100 m/s

t.
vo = velocity of the observer; va = velocity of the sources.
  

spo
 u  vm  vo 
f =  F (36km/h = 10m/s)
 v  Vm  v s 
using sign conventions in Doppler’s effect,

Vm = 0, u = 340 m/s, vs = 0 and v o = –10 m (36 km/h = 10 m/s)

log
 340  0  ( 10 ) 
=    2KHz = 350/340 × 2 KHz = 2.06 KHz.
 340  0  0 
  
1 u v v 
61. f =    m  o  f [18 km/h = 5 m/s]
 u  vm  v s 

s .b
18km/h = 5m/s
using sign conventions,
 340  0  0 
app. Frequency =    2400 = 2436 Hz.
 340  0  5 
62. I
c es
II

a) Given vs = 72 km/hour = 20 m/s,  = 1250

c
340  0  0
apparent frequency =  1250 = 1328 H2
osu

340  0  20
340  0  0
b) For second case apparent frequency will be =  1250 = 1181 Hz.
340  0  ( 20 )
63. Here given, apparent frequency = 1620 Hz
So original frequency of the train is given by
ret

 332  0  0   1620  317 

1620 =  f  f =   Hz
 332  15   332 
So, apparent frequency of the train observed by the observer in
sda

1  332  0  0   1620  317  317

f =  f ×  =  1620 = 1480 Hz.
 332  15   332  347
64. Let, the bat be flying between the walls W1 and W2.
So it will listen two frequency reflecting from walls W 2 and W 1.
330  0  0
im

So, apparent frequency, as received by wall W = fw2 =  f = 330/324

330  6 bat
Therefore, apparent frequency received by the bat from wall W 2 is given by w1 w2
 330  0  ( 6)   336   330 
w.a

FB2 of wall W 1 =   fw 2    f

 330  0  0   330   324 
Similarly the apparent frequency received by the bat from wall W 1 is
fB1  (324/336)f
So the beat frequency heard by the bat will be = 4.47 × 104 = 4.3430 × 104 = 3270 Hz.
ww

65. Let the frequency of the bullet will be f

Given, u = 330 m/s, vs = 220 m/s

16.10
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Chapter 16

 330 
a) Apparent frequency before crossing = f =   f = 3f
 330  220 

com
 330 
b) Apparent frequency after crossing = f =   f = 0.6 f
 530  220 
 f   0.6f
So,    = 0.2
 f  3f

t.
Therefore, fractional change = 1 – 0.2 = 0.8.
 The person will receive, the sound in the directions BA and CA making an angle  with the track.

spo
–1
Here,  = tan (0.5/2.4) = 22°
So the velocity of the sources will be ‘v cos ’ when heard by the observer.
So the apparent frequency received by the man from train B.
 340  0  0 
f =  500  529 Hz v cos 
 340  v cos 22  
0.5km

log
And the apparent frequency heard but the man from train C, 1.2km 1.2km
 340  0  0 
f =    500 = 476 Hz.
 340  v cos 22 

s .b
67. Let the velocity of the sources is = vs
a) The beat heard by the standing man = 4
So, frequency = 440 + 4 = 444 Hz or 436 Hz
 340  0  0 
 440 =    400
 340  v s 
c es
On solving we get Vs = 3.06 m/s = 11 km/hour.
b) The sitting man will listen less no.of beats than 4.
68. Here given velocity of the sources vs = 0
c
Velocity of the observer v0 = 3 m/s
 332  3 
osu

So, the apparent frequency heard by the man =   × 256 = 258.3 Hz. 1 2
 332 
from the approaching tuning form = f
f = [(332–3)/332] × 256 = 253.7 Hz.
So, beat produced by them = 258.3 – 253.7 = 4.6 Hz.
ret

69. According to the data, Vs = 5.5 m/s for each turning fork.
So, the apparent frequency heard from the tuning fork on the left,
 330 
f =    512 = 527.36 Hz = 527.5 Hz
 330  5.5  1 2
sda

similarly, apparent frequency from the tunning fork on the right,

 330 
f =    512 = 510 Hz
 330  5.5 
So, beats produced 527.5 – 510 = 17.5 Hz.
im

70. According to the given data

–2
Radius of the circle = 100/ × 10 m = (1/) metres;  = 5 rev/sec.
So the linear speed v = r = 5/ = 1.59 (B) S1
S2
So, velocity of the source Vs = 1.59 m/s
w.a

(A)
As shown in the figure at the position A the observer will listen maximum
and at the position B it will listen minimum frequency.
332
So, apparent frequency at A = × 500 = 515 Hz
332  1.59
ww

332
Apparent frequency at B = × 500 = 485 Hz.
332  1.59

16.11
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Chapter 16
71. According to the given data Vs = 90 km/hour = 25 m/sec.
v0 = 25 m/sec

com
So, apparent frequency heard by the observer in train B or A B

 350  25 
observer in =   × 500 = 577 Hz.
 350  25 
3
72. Here given fs = 16 × 10 Hz
Apparent frequency f = 20 × 103 Hz (greater than that value)

t.
Let the velocity of the observer = vo
Given vs = 0

spo
3  330  v o  3
So 20 × 10 =   × 16 × 10
 330  0 
20  330
 (330 + vo) =
16

log
20  330  16  330 330
 vo =  m / s = 297 km/h
4 4
b) This speed is not practically attainable ordinary cars.
73. According to the questions velocity of car A = VA = 108 km/h = 30 m/s

s .b
VB = 72 km/h = 20 m/s, f = 800 Hz
So, the apparent frequency heard by the car B is given by,
A 30m/s B
 330  20 
f =   × 800  826.9 = 827 Hz.
 330  30 
c es
74. a) According to the questions, v = 1500 m/s, f = 2000 Hz, vs = 10 m/s, vo = 15 m/s
So, the apparent frequency heard by the submarine B,
A B
 1500  15 
=   × 2000 = 2034 Hz 10m/s 15m/s
 1500  10 
c
b) Apparent frequency received by submarine A, Vs Vs
osu

 1500  10 
=   × 2034 = 2068 Hz.
 1500  15 
75. Given that, r = 0.17 m, F = 800 Hz, u = 340 m/s
Frequency band = f1 – f2 = 6 Hz
Where f1 and f2 correspond to the maximum and minimum apparent frequencies (both will occur at the
ret

mean position because the velocity is maximum).

VS
 340   340 
Now, f1 =   f and f2 =   f 0.17 m
 340  v s   340  v s 
D
sda

 f1 – f2 = 8 A O B
VS
 1 1 
 340 f     8
 340  v s 340  v s

2v s 8
 
im

2
340  v s
2
340  800
2 2
 340 – vs = 68000 vs
Solving for vs we get, vs = 1.695 m/s
w.a

For SHM, vs = r   = (1.695/0.17) = 10 N

So, T = 2 /  = /5 = 0.63 sec.
76. u = 334 m/s, vb = 4 2 m/s, vo = 0
4 2m / s
so, vs = Vb cos  = 4 2  (1/ 2 ) = 4 m/s. W E
ww

45°
 u0   334 
so, the apparent frequency f =   f     1650 = 1670 Hz. v cos 
 u  v b cos    334  4 
S
16.12
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Chapter 16
77. u = 330 m/s, v0 = 26 m/s
a) Apparent frequency at, y = – 336

com
 v 
m=  f 336
 v  u sin  

140m
 330 
=    660 V0 26m/s
 330  26 sin 23 
–1
[because,  = tan (140/336) = 23°] = 680 Hz.

t.
b) At the point y = 0 the source and listener are on a x-axis so no apparent change
L
in frequency is seen. So, f = 660 Hz.

spo
140
–1
c) As shown in the figure  = tan (140/336) = 23° 
Here given, = 330 m/s ; v = V sin 23° = 10.6 m/s S 336
u
So, F =  660 = 640 Hz.
u  v sin 23

log
78. Vtrain or Vs = 108 km/h = 30 m/s; u = 340 m/s
a) The frequency by the passenger sitting near the open window is 500 Hz, he is inside the train and
does not hair any relative motion.
b) After the train has passed the apparent frequency heard by a person standing near the track will be,

s .b
 340  0 
so f =    500 = 459 Hz
 340  30 
c) The person inside the source will listen the original frequency of the train.
c es
Here, given Vm = 10 m/s
For the person standing near the track
u  Vm  0
Apparent frequency =  500 = 458 Hz.
u  Vm  (  Vs )
79. To find out the apparent frequency received by the wall,
c
a) Vs = 12 km/h = 10/3 = m/s
osu

Vo = 0, u = 330 m/s
 330 
So, the apparent frequency is given by = f =    1600 = 1616 Hz
 330  10 / 3 
b) The reflected sound from the wall whistles now act as a sources whose frequency is 1616 Hz.
So, u = 330 m/s, Vs = 0, Vo = 10/3 m/s
ret

So, the frequency by the man from the wall,

 330  10 / 3 
 f =    1616 = 1632 m/s.
 330 
sda

80. Here given, u = 330 m/s, f = 1600 Hz 20m/s

So, apparent frequency received by the car f f

 u  Vo   330  20 
f =  f     1600 Hz … [Vo = 20 m/s, Vs = 0]
 u  Vs   330 
im

The reflected sound from the car acts as the source for the person.
Here, Vs = –20 m/s, Vo = 0
 330  0  330 310
So f =    f    160 = 1417 Hz.
w.a

 330  20  350 330

 This is the frequency heard by the person from the car.
81. a) f = 400 Hz,, u = 335 m/s
  (v/f) = (335/400) = 0.8 m = 80 cm
ww

b) The frequency received and reflected by the wall,

 u  Vo  335
f =   f 
  400 …[Vs = 54 m/s and Vo = 0]
 u  Vs  320

16.13
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Chapter 16

320  335
 x = (v/f) = = 0.8 m = 80 cm
335  400

com
c) The frequency received by the person sitting inside the car from reflected wave,
 335  0  335
f =  f   400 = 467 [Vs = 0 and Vo = –15 m/s]
 335  15  320
d) Because, the difference between the original frequency and the apparent frequency from the wall is
very high (437 – 440 = 37 Hz), he will not hear any beats.mm)

t.
u  (v ) 324  v
82. f = 400 Hz, u = 324 m/s, f = f  400 …(1)
u  (0) 324

spo
for the reflected wave,
u0
f = 410 = f
uv
324 324  v
 410 =   400

log
324  v 324
 810 v = 324 × 10
324  10
v= = 4 m/s.
810

s .b
83. f = 2 kHz, v = 330 m/s, u = 22 m/s S P
At t = 0, the source crosses P
a) Time taken to reach at Q is
330m
S 330
t= 
v 330
= 1 sec
c es
b) The frequency heard by the listner is Q

 v 
f = f  
 v  u cos  
c
since,  = 90°
osu

f = 2 × (v/u) = 2 KHz.
c) After 1 sec, the source is at 22 m from P towards right.
84. t = 4000 Hz, u = 22 m/s
Let ‘t’ be the time taken by the source to reach at ‘O’. Since observer hears the sound at the instant it
crosses the ‘O’, ‘t’ is also time taken to the sound to reach at P.
ret

S
 OQ = ut and QP = vt
Cos  = u/v
u=22m/s  P
Velocity of the sound along QP is (u cos ).
 
 
sda

 v  0   v   v 2  S O
f = f  f f
 v  u cos    u2   v 2  u2  660m/s
v 
 v 
330 2
Putting the values in the above equation, f = 4000 × = 4017.8 = 4018 Hz.
im

330 2  222
85. a) Given that, f = 1200 Hz, u = 170 m/s, L = 200 m, v = 340 m/s
From Doppler’s equation (as in problem no.84) (Detector)
w.a

 v2  340 2 D
f = f  2  = 1200 × = 1600 Hz.
 v  u2  340 2  170 2
 
L=vt
b) v = velocity of sound, u = velocity of source
let, t be the time taken by the sound to reach at D
ww

DO = vt = L, and SO = ut ut

t = L/V S u O

16.14
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Chapter 16

L2 L 2
SD = SO2  DO2  u2 2
 L2  u  v2
v v

com
Putting the values in the above equation, we get
220
SD = 170 2  340 2 = 223.6 m.
340
86. Given that, r = 1.6 m, f = 500 Hz, u = 330 m/s
a) At A, velocity of the particle is given by A

t.
v A
vA = rg  1.6  10  4 m/s vD
r
B


spo
and at C, vc = 5rg  5  1.6  10  8.9 m/s D
vB
So, maximum frequency at C, C
vC

u 330
fc = f  500  513.85 Hz.
u  vs 330  8.9

log
u 330
Similarly, maximum frequency at A is given by fA  f (500 )  494 Hz.
u  ( v s ) 330  4
b) Velocity at B = 3rg  3  1.6  10  6.92 m/s

s .b
So, frequency at B is given by,
u 330
fB = f   500 = 490 Hz vD
u  vs 330  6.92
and frequency at D is given by,

fD =
u
f 
330
 500
c es vB

u  vs 330  6.92
87. Let the distance between the source and the observer is ‘x’ (initially)
So, time taken for the first pulse to reach the observer is t1 = x/v
c
and the second pulse starts after T (where, T = 1/v)
osu

 1  
and it should travel a distance  x  aT 2  . x – ½ at2
 2 
t=0 t=T

So, t2 = T 
x  1/ 2 aT 2 S S 
v x
ret

x  1/ 2 aT 2 x 1 aT 2
t2 – t1 = T   T
v v 2 v
Putting = T = 1/v, we get
2uv  a
t2 – t1 =
sda

2vv 2
2vv 2 1
so, frequency heard = (because, f = )
2uv  a t 2  t1
im


w.a
ww

16.15
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