ti DATTA~fEGHECOLLEGE OFENGINEERING Page No; _ _

Date

- OBM.5 _ _ __
As SLg_nro e.o .L NO :- !2

_ _ __ cile. s'cor-t: _not.e_on Tci99e.'Cs '--'-.._ _- __

11

~ •f-1 Trig.g t t _J_s- Q_ ~u~ _thel.L ts_a uto~ ti c.o.l~

~ by ib.e D8t"t'\S to_resp:1as.e_ ~ L£ic..
- - o..t~OV" tn tbe dQtQbQse_ __D-r:' o___tob1e _
- _ in_dQ\abo_s e __
. • '""I'r'igg e-rs_ a-re.. sto-red j n c\a.ta base -a.s a. _ _
t_ simple chta.b:lse o~cls . _
• A. da±abase tha..t hos a se±. oF assodcd:ed
¼~g~ _ is ml led an _active daJalJQ.se... _
• A do.ta oose ~9g er enahles DJ3A... to cteo..k.
-°'d d tti onaJ -re\o.tt ons'n, p behJJ e. en s epo ro.te.
"lj do.kc bo-se .
S \/NT F>.- x :-
- _(R_\:PrTE [o.Q .RE~LF\CE] lR,G-CtER
< ,r,99 er _Nome.)
[ <. \;.NT-\8L\: \ 01S/\BLE. >] __
<: 8EF0R'EJ f\FrER '>
< I N§Eg1 \_UPQf\it:. \ _Dtlc'TE >
ON .::: -rg. ble. - nom V
_ __ _[FOR EACt\ RnW]
.- _ J)EQPi Rt= _
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\LO"r'tO.'o\e - de.Fin_lnof)S _) ~
,_ _,_ _ .OOG-1 N - -
_ < 'Trigg.er__ cocLe_.>; ----
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 ,e, DATTAMEGHECOLLEGEOFENGINEERING ::•• ~ ,

OJ Rou:> _J_e'£.. .€.Ltr-i 9gecs:- -1 . - ~

A T'Ou:L. teve I ~i.g-se o ~ 6 ce.cl_e a.~cb ._.__ _
time t.he..:ia ..b\e ts ~cl:e _d_ -'oy -1:iu.b. LJ.e__,__,_ _ __
TtS"\9 geri n ~ • ___-~---
SJ:o..te D:ll?fil::. ;
- - ~ - - - -- -
lb) S t o.tem e n c Le,1et -fl"\f 99ex§ :•
A st::o..te..men+- te.v e.l bri<::3ge.-r 1.s Eire.d -00\y once_
or'1 be.hoJ f a F tbe b°'L9<3erio9 s±o.1-e rnenl- , ~
,'NOOpec~i ve. a~ no. a_£. ~ ln ihe l ob\e
~- l'na..f o-re o.fr-ec .led by ~9 g e-.! 09 s~~ me 111: ci
• Tr199e_r ope'C'O..tions QY'E.. ·- ~ _
co.> Da_-t:o. o,c+io n9Y"j fo..Y' tr,gge rs :-=---Once.. higg~ - -
. o:re c~cu-e.d 1 he Lr de~i n i hons can be... \Lie w ed
by sele.c.Hn:1 it rr'Oro SLJStern +CL'o\e•
S1..jn t ax :- ~
M y S02.L > Sele.c.l:- ~ from

! User~ T'rlggev- Wti&f ...

l"r \'99e'<' -Nam e == '< Tr<gg er-~e > '_; _
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lll b)D-ropp, 03 l"rig9eY's'.- 10 i-emov e rn~~ rm_m _

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7
ctaia'o ase _ we use comm and PROP,
1 ~ n~·-- -
\ M y S<QL> Drop tl'i<:ig e~ < Tri99e r _Na.me .>; _ ~ - -

c_C) \)iso.b\i_ng 1 ri9ger.s:- \Q deo.d1vCL.k. mgge-r -=-- -

tm) pD.~l l'j -tn\s con be ac.avrue.d Ct..<3oin ~__ena_bliJ:S
SLin ta.x .-
M.½.S<S_L > A\te, msg e~ <=tncag e:r_ Name> - -~~ -
- __ { disab\ e. \ enab \4:,__ _ _ - ~ - --

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 I
~ DATTAMEGHECOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Page No.: _ _

,...-.._. Date :

n - J
:.i _fxplo.io neste d query (sobque.r~) with suitc. tbie_ _
_exa.rnpie~_._ ~~ - ~- - - ___ _

~ A._su bq_ueY\.\ "1 s o. ' f 9..\J e. ""Y wJl'n, n o. 9,uP-r ~

1)
USu oqu e.~ rs qu~r~ o..ppeor witbi n --'ctHERc_
_01' 'if\\J\ N~ c\aus e of o\'ne r queY''.j ·
_ 3) Out:e.-c q_ue ~ Ls coJ\e d cs rnrua. que.'.'fy _
o.n~ inne r 9_\Je..~ w'n\C.h is wn\: ren in
o 9.u,e ~ , 1s ccJ1ecl subque.r':1 ._
Y'()()..\ _
_ ~ Subq uer~ \-n tne Wr\'ERE cla.u se ·.-'T'ne. reson-
or
tn_e s009. ue.r" \ (inne .r) is _used to se.Jec.l:.
eom e '('QIJ.:) S \Ton, Mcu n que:nj ..
5) 5..>nq,uenJ in_th e t\AVll--\G- c\o.use ·- lhe tesu ll-
11 o~ Subq_ue'C"'"J Unner J- is osec t to se\e..c~ some
~"'°u ps From rnoJ n que ~ •
I &) Sub que..rtes can be ne:;t-ed w,th1n Orlt>e~
rub 9..ue-r\es.
l S'INT~~ ·.- se\e.c.c_ Hsr
SEL_ECT
~ROM table _
wti \:RE exp-r _opero.cor( SELS:.T se\ec t-Hst Fmt'l tab-le)
Exp ~-ap e~to r can be. two ½pe s :-
<..,) -6\og\e. mw cpeY1a.lo-r ( t.., >" t..~ >=., <:? J
I (.2) Mutl iple row opera.to¥ (IN ,lll--1'1, ALL) -

. EXAMPLE '- To fin_d ·lbe. narre of Emp\o ~ees wno

JX>ort.s in \So.le .P~ Depa't'~roe.o~ , we c.an u.se _oesl(dq_OO}

5~LEc.T Na'<Y'e
(:Q.DM Emp104ees - -
_Wr\EgE _0e.po.otmeQtl:O==--{SELECT 0~rtr nent- 1.I}_ --
_ -~ _Fmt:1 Deftl:rrme..Clk'S _ _ __
Wr\cRE _ ____
1
- Oetx1Ytm.eJl.c- N_a_m e..;::_ Sal.es')~>-- - - -
 -~
~
==W=-§~D
=AT
=TA=M
=EG
=H=EC
=O=LL=EG=E=OF=E=
NG=INE=E=RlN=c~:~-:_"_,,,,;
(Q3] plai.o__D_CL QnQ
- -l"CL cosomoo d s :-
---'> Da:l:O
Cool:rol 1anglJOQ£.-_(ocL) arid ~ -
Coo®\ loo9~e._(T'C\.), ore fu.)o sobse}:s .QE_ ---
- - f f~ ~ commancl.a_ ~eq in OBMS · __ --7
lOJ:a=..Co.ntrol Lang_uo..ge_(DC_LJ > DCl- cornmuncis_
>
_ _ ~us..ff)_:lo -.J:O ntto.Lo..ccess ±n_d~ 1a _
da..-\Qmse_ . They he..\p Lo.. d.e.f\O.\ng_pe..nnissi an utrl
tlQh!:S__ .foLuse'o J ._~nso-rl.ng d_eu:q s e.ruri±y and~ ~
_Q c.o.mro.o._nd~ . _ _ __ L
- --tt-t-1 3G~_N 1 ·.- G\\J e..s specl.E._c p'6'n , \ \edg_e_s ±o_ _ _
~-+r _\JSe'lr o.r TO \es _ _
- - .. bX '.- G:R~NT SEL'E..C._1, '"I.NSF QJ ON Emp1o~css
.. LQ_ ue,_e"lr A ; _ _ _
~ R~o~ ·.~ 12~~Lf-ic _p:ri_-Jleqes- Tu-oro •u se~
+ Ex ~- Rt\10\CE' INS~R, ON E"mployee6 E&o t:1 Use.v-_A_:,,_

.2 T~ANSf\CllO ~ CONiRQL LF\NG-0 AC:rE. (TC.L) :- -CCL

.. command s ru:e used -to rnamge. tmoso.CHQO~
~ n dQtof.Ylse. TCL e2nsu're.S da.tQ_c.ons.ts1-enc_~ and _
_..._ -..-in
1
tegY-i t'-j . _ _ _.
. TCL cornma.ods > · ...,
.[ i JLOMMfT ~ Sa_ves o.ll changes. ron.de cllJri ng fue._ -
- _CT)1''Cenl:. tro os_a c..ti o a_, - - - -
- Eromple_:- COMM.I 1 j _ _ _ _
-
-.
-

[2.J RO LLBAtk ·.- Ur.does a.1, cmnges_roode d.urJ ug

- the._ C.IJ'rl'e!'\t. 1l'QOSa.C-\:ioO \_t an_e.-r.ro-c _OCCU'fS_QY' -
- __±ne. use..-r .D.bD'lf'\-£ iL --- -
- Example '.- ROLLBAa..;._ -
3~ SwE.PO I NJ : 6 eJs _o... p::ii.nt -1&\.tbio o hx:1nsa ct\o.()_
1P UlhlCb you can .1CLte:r ro..\L .t>ctcJ:_!,. __
E><etm pl e '.... .SAY EPQLN -:r_eo,~po1c t:._i _·
- -
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~-; A DATTAMEGHECOLLEGEOFENGINEERING ::;, : - -
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l.1.L,1-',-,\,,U..J f.U~ w i tb £. OJl.QblLexarnpµ..u;..\e_,_._ _ __

C..\)'1'£?-r 1o seen \s . a. da.tabase

o~ecJ: 1:i<ecl
- - -n-_......'-l:f t:c, e'>! e I
moo Lpu\o \-e.__ond o O'lll9 a..J.--e..- - - -
-l bm\J9 b..__0,,_ -caso 1t: .sec row ny_mw!-.!·- -
t'S O'C-9 are ,~til..uJorl4 usenl\ wneo yn_ u
---1,_n_e__ecL :b:). ~ c.ess Jo..ciilli_a.uoJ_row..s b_j __
- H-re.t)mec\ rzj _Q. 9_,\Jff\j • _ _ ,. _'_ __
. . ----
Tljpes_of_Cursors ~- __ _ _ _ _ -
1- LJJ :'.IM£LlC1 I WRfillL<S :- fuJ\nmoJ:icallj o:e.o.i:ed h.~ -
_ __aaxQ..bQs._e_wnen_o._s©-L quel'_y Ls exec..u1-e.cl • -
'L~u do~t _ba._\£:€ _o.._dl'fect c.octro) _ ave.~- _ _
_Jm plic i t-- C\J'C.S ro:-c; • _ _ _ _ _
- - - - - --- -
2) E1.P.l\CtJ _cu_&saRS:- _QeRoe.d .by -\:'be. user
1n p-acedl.J~\ _e_oct_e._ ~ ~ po0c.e_ ss the__rows
01= o.. qu_ery a-e_su It:.. ser o_ne o..t _a._ +i m e. _
.. c om·poneot.S dF-_ an E;xp\ic.Lt _cu_-rso-o;; '.::
--- - - - - - --1

QJ_ QSLLB R.E ~- D...eRne_ ±b_e. $:Ql$C)"r o:otl QSSOLL..cu::f. 'tr-_

:-i _ _wi \:tL a. SCQ L aELEC...T s-toJ:em e'Q\:...:.. __
- -
[1LOeaN...'.- inino.H2.e. ±he. ( ~ ( ) Y qncL pa.pvtet!:f it
_,._.,121_1«L.-1b e ~uLt- se-t: ·
- - - -- - -
_ _ [§.J r-eJc.ti ~ ~e}-(ie..ve eacr2 row kam the._~u Lt sci::
--
. _\.l"rl9 \10 Y'Lo.bJ-e.s. __ - - -• - f

- -
- --tt_._'-lLCLOSE ~- .Re.Lease- -\:he. wrsox:'5 ro eCD..Or:} ..O.nc\
- ~-V..\.C._..__ up.- lr€..S.Q\Jo'c:£~ - - - •__,........._ - - ---
1
 II

:IIJ DATTA MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING :., ., .~ <:::,~

SVNTAx!-
~-- L
Oecla.-1'.e
cu-csa~oama C.\J RS.OR . -
- - - n - Fo.R.. Sl:-L.EC.T .J:t FROM -f;C.Lb..La .-nome..r - ,/;,,

---n Exam.p.1e~ \tJe. b.o..~ employees-fble.. witb ~ ?

COJvrons... - emplD..jee._,'d ,,_oo.rt:> e ~tar~ · -- .

0.ECL&:Rc _ -'-____._~- - - --
empJo~e_e ...cursQ6"' TS
CIJ..RSQR
_ ____ SELFCI. emp\oyee.-_i'd , rome, soJa.x:'::} :1'
---tt-- _ Emm emp\~ees; _..____ -·--
- -
__ _ emp-id__ eropto~ees. emp\oy~-\d ·t• J'iPE;
emp-DoJne emp,oyces-~name / 1'1PE; 0

- -- - erap_sl\.lQ~ em?\O\jee. saJa~ ·;. T'/F: ~

____ B~N -
_ QPEN-. __em pl o'-/ ee_- c.orso Y; __ _ .:.. ·
_ __ LOO.P
_ _ ffJCrl e..mp\oye~- ~u-rsat 'INTO e_mp-i.cl/ emp-nam~
__ . _ernp- scilo-ry-J
f )l \ l W.HE.N eYY1p\a~e-t._uY'SOY .'/• N Oi .FOUND .

--
DBt,15 _ ov•tfYr :..P01 -.LiNE C' f:mplayee'TD ·, 1 11 -- -
~
- --
emp~ic\
€.mp---8QJOY::J
~)D LO_Qp ~ _
1\ 'Nam)•.' II emp-nome II so.iory:
., --
1

-
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-
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_:_ _ -
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_ LLOS.L em play e~ __c.ur-scy-c ; _ _ ___ _
_ _ fND; ____ - _ .:_ _ L:..._. - -

01JJP_UJ :- -- _ -~~ -- - --
-
- --- - ----
-~,1----"'-' -"-•·Plo-y.e-.e TD : __ .Lr Nome ·.. ~ l'ir\ ~ So...\ax-~ ~ 3...SOQO
_ .,_._._.p10-4f'e. 1D ,_2 1-No.rne . S1mmn, Sat()_Y\l: E _QQo
- - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -
➔ ''o

~ ,~ DATTA MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING PageNo - -

' Oa~te ::::::i:=~ ~==-=

-~ l~ ~== === === === ==~
\ .5 List- avt- diff~re nl:- pitfhl ls j() RD BMS de.stgD-·-
•

PitfoJ) s \O rela.\\ onol CXUabase. Vesit3 n_ _

-o
~09ge sr -\he. E:tfe.c.ts LO'nen c\o:i.Q base de.~ 9"'4-'~
1s lJJroog cir 1nco-m.c~. --.-- - - - - ---,
Common pitf-0.Jls in RD81'-1S Des igo_:._-
c.o.) Red vndan t- dat-a :-
t<ed unc\ o:nc~ ,s mot- o~ mqn~ prob\e ros
)n OSMS
- RedvndQn\- _dQ1o.. ca.uses fo\lO L).)i ng p:robte "hs .
• \nse~\ -, de.lete o-r upda..t e anomo Jtes
• wo.soge or Stora ge
· Gene'r'ru,·oo or \nva.J icl cla.tQ •
t'OJ 1"nab\\ i ~ to Tepresen t:- .some cLa.tc.t :_- ·_
I- T\: \S -t'n e eituo.. i-\on wne...e. -the des.L<J n ---,
o F- +h e dc;::d·a oose s\-!'ug 9 les to a cc um.t-e l 'j
o,r eFf-\'denr\y mode\ (e'<"\c:Jn b:)pes 0£-
do...to . o-:c relcu-f one'ni p . __ ~
l
• tc) Oepeodenc~ oF variou s a.t-.-h'i 'outes o Lreloh·oo !-
Dependenc ~ ef \lOn 00£ o-r sema n cs c.s of
()..ttfl, b 1J tee spe.-c.i {: Ies ho w to toJ: e"(' p e_t_
..o..xt-f\, 'c ure.s vcuues in o.. t0p \ e o £- the
re1etnon o.-re_ tt)oJed -W\th each o:tne-r• ~-
J Loss oF infhrma-Hon ·.- •
Rel.OJ.\ on oJ do.ia base desig n ~3-bles us... I
E\Jm~Q o\j t'1fu'6'ma..tl.ao 'in .To.~ a E...to..~ (.f§' -
~\a.¼\ 0 fl S .W n,.c.h C Ct.use.._ IO~ Qr some. I ructincu:lab,
- ...lF iC\tm'mQnao \S _usew, t_be.Yl i-Lw i.\J_oe CL ~ 1

L s .eve..-re \':>"<'Ob\em fu.(' uncle...¥'.S.\onQ U1~-· - · -

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=
 DAI1A~IEGHECOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Pa11 ti , \.

II === L~ !:::: :=== === === === = Datu

I= -==::a::;: ' ~
-
E-6.plc..ltL nQLmoJ, sa.n on_ a () u,.\ \ '\e~ 1L~ OIJ \- .\
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tu.. No-c.m.QJ..i.sa..ti 01') \.£ a. p'<'Ccess ~
O~Q' OLG~ do..+o.__ \C\ -\'ne c\a.to 'Ccls_e. • __

(2) :r.1 is._~ s~sl:erffinc_ o...ppmQch or- d..ecoropo~i r'\cj

lnb\c...-G ~ e\\ro, oak_ cto..-ta ~c~c\ unda. nc~
- -
) t::-lo-cmo...t\.so..tion \$ o mu\c- i -s):ep _
pY.'Dcess, -±n.o..t- p.J\:~ ~'n e do.ia.. 1n to •
a.__._ :l'Clbu \o~ form 'cy ~~o-v r ng th_e.
d u.pll'ca..t.e.. D'"'O'(Y) ~ e -r-e..\CL-\-\ on .
~> '"I; ,s_ a. st-e.p ~ s'rep deco mpos,tio ri
of. c.omp 1 ex ~c.o-r c\-3 \nto sL.m p\e_
~ C.D'lrcis · _ _ _

l~) '.J.~- ,s C1..lso c-oJ \ed o.e E001 CanoJ )\'·coJ

Syn c:hes<s. _
[
_ G)1\- e\imil ')Q.!e s -\ne uncle'b\'<'o...o\e -
cho..--a.l-0",s--H~s \\ ke 1:.n.se-rnon , upj.cu ie>o 0
t oncl de.\e.t \O n Q.nom oJi es.
(,) type s cf Nor maJisa.-Hon :-
a) F\'f'S\- No~m oJ fa'l"m
____ ....__ _-
_ _ -
~ -7-
b) Secon d ~crrn•bJ fcyrrn _
_0 Toi Y"d 1'\Do.rno.\ \~-om - -
_g) GC.\'\f {6CY'ICE 1- C:.ODO NO~lY\fil. f<1iM a:ci f:3 "\~) -
l-----t 1-e) rru)"''b _ l'\C)'fft)oJ FCt'N) _ - -- -
- - 11 J) f=jf-tn ~_\'°40"'mol £0:o:n ~ ____ ___ - - .
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DATTA MEGIIECOLLE~E OF ENGINEERING :::J~~o·===========-====== .1!
11

~ Write .snort rio\.e. on Coric.urren c.~ c.ontY'o\ , -

<J) FundQ m eo \-cu · F"° p e..r~ er ~nSo.dioo
,s tso \oJ,:~ on ,
(?-) Concurr-enc.~ Conh-o, e n sures t'o.CJJ:- d.Clloba.se
tis-an sa.c.~ , o ns c.'fl!. ex ec.0re.cl c.on <:..\J'('~O .ic'-::'j .
w,c\"1(:)\lt dcuo. ln cons\stenc3 es 01r v\o1o..no.n
I' Of \.\S in \;.€.S-c\ ~ · ...-. - --

• If~) 'Jsolo..tion prc,pe"'t:i ens\Jres tn~ e.oc.h

t-6'CU')Scle:H <.:> n O¥Js + tt m c:,J n \)n wo._~ oJ: c tb e2r
. c.onc~:rrre.n t-t 'j execvt, n g 'hru ~s~c.t-\o'Os -

l lJ.t) 'T.h ea-e mus+ b_e >nte"(loctio n

VO "r'\ O\JS
1m ?lem en\-
C.QO.C..\J'fY~_J) ½-
~nLoY'ttn t
amo 09
'T"'QOSQC.-n () o) to
91s\-e'(Y) ,

~J _A\) +ne.. fo\lcw\og _e::_hemc.t.s C\~. 'c>o..se.~

en Self'ioJ,za 'c\,i~ av- Bc.bec\ \)_\es .
,~ ----
I- (_6)- to nc.u ~ o c. tro nsQc 'rlo o s
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1so\Q.tio.n V'-litn p.ope....Y- _c_a.nnro L, ___ _
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~ ') -Gctlo base. ttco0e.~l\ ts t'oe p~n__te.ss_Of- -
- ~-r{n~- -tbe.. .clo..tct:I:u.sL to o tlo_{ o _o.L _ - -
- _(cot~Lr_)_13tru-e _a.s _\ 1t-_ was_ be.face_ ·oo_ta.bo.se.
- -u--~,.\_Jl)'Ce___ accuss. ------ - - - - - - ~ ~ ~ -- - - - -