EXPERIMENT – 3

NORMALIZATION

AIM: Apply the database Normalization techniques for designing relational database tables to minimize
duplication of information like 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF.

Normalization is a process of converting a relation to be standard form by decomposition a larger relation into
smaller efficient relation that depicts a good database design.

 1NF: A Relation scheme is said to be in 1NF if the attribute values in the relation are atomic.i.e., Mutli –valued
attributes are not permitted.

 2NF: A Relation scheme is said to be in 2NF,iff and every Non-key attribute is fully functionally dependent on
primary Key.

 3NF: A Relation scheme is said to be in 3NF,iff and does not have transitivity dependencies. A Relation is said
to be 3NF if every determinant is a key for each & every functional dependency.

 BCNF: A Relation scheme is said to be BCNF if the following statements are true for eacg FD P->Q in set F of
FDs that holds for each FD. P->Q in set F of FD’s that holds over R. Here P is the subset of attributes of R & Q
is a single attribute of R.

The given FD is a trival

P is a super key.

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 Normalized tables are:-

Mysql> create table Bus2(BusNo varchar(20) primary key,Source varchar(20),Destination varchar(20));

Mysql>Create table passenger4(PPN varchar(15) Primary key,Name varchar(20),Age integer,Sex char,Address

varchar(20));

Mysql> Create table PassengerTicket(PPN varchar(15) Primary key,TicketNo integer);

Mysql> Create table Reservation2(PNRNO integer Primary key, JourneyDate DateTime,NoofSeats int,Address
varchar(20),ContactNo Integer);

Mysql> create table Cancellation2(PNRNO Integer primary key,JourneyDate DateTime,NoofSeats

Integer,Address varchar(20),ContactNo Integer,foreign key(PNRNO) references Reservation2(PNRNO));

Mysql> Create table Ticket2(TicketNo Integer Primary key,JourneyDate DateTime, Age Int(4),Sex char(2),Source
varchar(20),Destination varchar(20),DeptTime varchar(2));

Viva Questions:

1.Define Redundancy?
2.What is decomposition?
3.What is Normalization?
4.What is fully functional dependency?
5.List the different types of Normal forms?

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 EXPERIMENT – 4
PRACTICING DDL COMMANDS

AIM : Creating Tables and altering the Tables

Mysql>Create table passenger2(passportId Integer Primary Key, Name varchar(10)

NotNull, Age Integer Not Null, Sex char, Address varchar(20) Not Null);

Mysql> desc passenger2;

USING ALTER COMMAND

Adding Extra column to Existing Table

Mysql>Alter table passenger3 add column TicketNo varchar(10);

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Mysql>Alter Table passenger3 add Foreign key(TicketNo) references Ticket(TicketNo);

Mysql>Alter Table passenger3 Modify column Name varchar(20);

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 Mysql>Alter table passenger drop foreign key fk1;

Mysql> Alter table passenger2 Drop column TicketNo;

Viva Questions:
1.What is DDL?

2.What are the different types of commands used in DDL language?

3.Difference between drop and truncate?

4.What is the use of DDL language in DBMS?

5.Define Database?

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 EXPERIMENT – 5
PRACTICING DML COMMANDS

AIM: Create a DML Commands are used to manage data within the scheme objects.

DML Commands:

INSERT COMMAND ON BUS2 & PASSENGER2 RELATIONS

mysql> select * from Bus2; Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into Bus2 values(1234,'Hyderabad','Tirupathi');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> insert into Bus2 values(2345,'Hyderabad','Banglore');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into Bus2 values(23,'Hyderabad','Kolkata');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> insert into Bus2 values(45,'Tirupathi','Banglore');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> insert into Bus2 values(34,'Hyderabad','Chennai');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

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mysql> select * from Bus2;

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mysql> select * from Passenger2;

Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into Passenger2 values(145,'Ramesh',45,'M','abc123');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> insert into Passenger2 values(278,'Geetha',36,'F','abc124');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into Passenger2 values(4590,'Ram',30,'M','abc12');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> insert into Passenger2 values(6789,'Ravi',50,'M','abc14');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> insert into Passenger2 values(5622,'Seetha',32,'F','abc55');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> select * from Passenger2;

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UPDATE COMMAND ON BUS2 RELATION

UPDATE Selected Rows & Multiple Rows

mysql> Update Bus2 SET Source='Secundrabad' where BusNo=1234; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

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DELETE COMMAND ON BUS2 RELATION

DELETES Selected Rows and Multiple Rows

mysql> Delete from Bus2 where BusNo=1234; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> select * from Bus2;

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 mysql> Delete from Bus2 where Source=’Secundrabad’; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> select * from Bus2;

Viva Questions:

1.What is DML?
2.What is the use of DML in DBMS?
3.What are the DML Commands?
4.What is the use of Alter command in DBMS?
5.Define view?

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 EXPERIMENT – 6
Querying (using ANY, ALL, IN, Exists, NOT EXISTS, UNION, INTERSECT, Constraints etc.)

Aim: Practice the following Queries:

1. Display unique PNR_NO of all passengers

2. Display all the names of male passengers.
3. Display the ticket numbers and names of all the passengers.
4. Find the ticket numbers of the passengers whose name start with ‘r’ and ends with ‘h’.
5. Find the names of Passengers whose age is between 30 and 45.
6. Display all the passengers names beginning with ‘A’.
7. Display the sorted list of Passengers names

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mysql> insert into passenger2 values(82302,'Smith',23,'M','Hyderabad');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into passenger2 values(82303,'Neha',23,'F','Hyderabad');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into passenger2 values(82304,'Neha',35,'F','Hyderabad');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> insert into passenger2 values(82306,'Ramu',40,'M','Hyderabad');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into passenger2 values(82308,'Aakash',40,'M','Hyderabad');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into passenger2 values(82402,'Aravind',42,'M','Hyderabad');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into passenger2 values(82403,'Avinash',42,'M','Hyderabad');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into passenger2 values(82502,'Ramesh',23,'M','Hyderabad');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into passenger2 values(82602,'Rajesh',23,'M','Hyderabad');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

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RESERVATION2

mysql> insert into reservation2 values(10201,'2012-02-20 10:20:25',05,'HYD',9654 235242);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> insert into reservation2 values(10202,'2012-02-22 10:22:25',05,'HYD',9654 232451);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into reservation2 values(10203,'2012-03-22 10:30:25',05,'DELHI',96 54587960);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into reservation2 values(10204,'2013-03-22 11:30:25',05,'CHENNAI', 9845761254);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

1. Display unique PNR_NO of all reservation Mysql>Select

DISTINCT PNR_NO from Reservation;

PNR_No
10201
10202
10203
10204

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2. Display all the names of male passengers.

mysql> Select p.name from passenger2 p

where p.passportid IN (select p2.passportid from passenger2 p2
where p2.sex='M');

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3. Display the ticket numbers and names of all the passengers.

mysql> select t.ticketno,p.name from passengerticket t,passenger2 p where t.passportid = p.passportid;

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4. Find the ticket numbers of the passengers whose name start with ‘r’ and ends with ‘h’.

MySQL> SELECT Name FROM Passenger WHERE name LIKE ‘R%H’

Name
Rajesh
Ramesh
Ramesh

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5. Find the names of Passengers whose age is between 30 and 45.

MySQL> SELECT Name FROM PASSENGER WHERE AGE BETWEEN 30 AND 45

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6. Display all the passengers names beginning with ‘A’.

MySQL> SELECT * FROM PASSENGER WHERE NAME LIKE ‘A%’;

Name
Akash
Arivind
Avinash

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 7. Display the sorted list of Passengers names

MySQL> SELECT NAME FROM PASSENGER ORDER BY NAME;

Viva Questions:

1.What are the Different types of set operators?

2.What are the aggregate operators?
3.What is the difference between ANY and OR operators?
4.What is NULL Values?
5.What is the use of EXISTS operator?

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 EXPERIMENT – 7
Querying Aggregate Functions (GROUP BY, HAVING and Creation and Dropping of Views)

Aim: To Practice Queries using Aggregate functions for the following

1. Write a Query to display the information present in the passenger and cancellation
tables
2. Display the number of days in a week on which the AP123 bus is available
3. Find number of tickets booked for each PNR_ No using GROUP BY CLAUSE
4. Find the distinct PNR Numbers that are present.

1. Write a Query to display the information present in the passenger and cancellation tables

MYSQL> CREATE TABLE CANCELLATION2(PNRNO INT PRIMARY KEY,JOURNEYDATE DATETIME,

NOOFSEATS INT,ADDRESS VARCHAR(20),CONTACTNO INT,STATUS VARCHAR(10),FOREIGN
KEY(PNRNO) REFERENCES RESERVATION2(PNRNO));

mysql> INSERT INTO CANCELLATION2 VALUES(10201,'2012-02-20

10:20:25',2,'HYD',9654235242,'CONFIRM');

mysql> INSERT INTO CANCELLATION2 VALUES(10202,'2012-02-22

10:22:25',2,'HYD',9654232451,'CONFIRM');

mysql> INSERT INTO CANCELLATION2 VALUES(10203,'2012-03-22

10:30:25',2,'DELHI',9654587960,'CONFIRM');

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MySQL> SELECT * FROM RESERVATION UNION

SELECT * FROM CANCELLATION;

2. Display the Minimum age of the Passenger

MySQL> SELECT MIN(AGE) as MINAGE FROM PASSENGER;

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3. Find number of tickets booked for each PNR_No using GROUP BY CLAUSE

MySQL> SELECT PNRNO,SUM(No_of_SEATS) AS SUM_OF_SEATS FROM

RESERVATION2 GROUP BY PNRNO;

4 Find the distinct PNR Numbers that are present.

MySQL> SELECT DISTINCT PNR_NO FROM RESERVATION2;

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 5 Mysql> select sum(Noofseats) from Cancellation2;

6 Find the total number of cancelled seats.

MySQL> select sum(noofseats) as canceled_seats from cancellation2;

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 Creation and Droping of Views

mysql> create table students(sid int primary key,name varchar(15),login varchar(15), age
int,gpa real); mysql> create table Enrolled(sid int,cid int,grade varchar(5),primary
key(sid,cid), foreign key(sid) references students(sid));

mysql>create view BStudents(name,sid,course) AS SELECT

s.name,s.sid,E.cid from students s,enrolled E where s.sid=e.sid AND

E.grade='B';

Syntax: Drop view view name;

Mysql> Drop view Bstudents; Mysql> Drop view Goodstudents;

Viva Questions:

1.What is Nested query?

2.What is the use of Group By Clause?
3.Define Join?List different types of joins?
4.What is difference between left outer join and right outer join?
5.What is Co-related nested query?

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