ONIT- 1l

AC ROTAT 1NG MACHINES

INTRODUCTTON of THREE PHASE sUPPLY

A hree phase supply generated lhen ree coiu ore plac«d

Three
hole olated 1 a unitorm Mognefic
120 apart and he

ield as shown n Fia

N S
B

120 R

Trdutd
EmF e

246 36

120 -120-

T6ree phase Generation

he Convenction adpteed to Ideni each h e phase

vo ltages R Red Yellow, and 8-Blue as

Shown akove

he ree phaue seguence & given by e sequence o

Which be Conduclovs pa Te point Inally Token by

he Red Co ndutov. e National slandard phase
Squence R, V, and 8.
ALTERN ATOR
Te Machine Which produces 3 phase POwerom Mechanial
ard alko eferred
POwer colled Synchronous generator
to an altrnalor since it generalu alrnang vologe
vologe.

he
AHenalos are he pTimasy souwce all e Elechica

ener We se.

Te AltunoBors Operaes on The Same turndamena priniple

Electo-Magnelfc nduchton as a D.C Generoor. 1e when

4 E.MF Induced tn
Te lux Itnkig a conduckoY Chanqes, an

15e Conduchor.

ALTERNATOR CON STRUCTION

Rotat mochine h
oher Eechrical Roa mathine hau
e AlHternooslike an
any

Tuo Main ie shator & Rolor,

pas,
Induced
6e part o 6e Machine in Which volkage
and placed on e Stoaor slo.
called Armature
lindig
Winding

e ield poles hich produce Ihe uired

Roov CarTies
6 e he

Magnelic lines Fovce.

STATOR
The MoChine and builtup
he
he saHonary part o inner peri pher
inner peri per
sleel Laminations hoving slou on t
sheet -

slo
hese sb ord serv
ond Serves a

Windtng placed n
AA 3-prase
AlHerroto.
AlHerrotr.
he Amature Windt The
n sor d
Conneced
s aluoy
he Armature Windi
Neuhal u connecled to Grroud.
1he
Sator core.

Staor slof
Armature windig
Sailent pole
Field winding
D.c Supp
Rolor

3- phase spey

Cross- Sectiono view o Alemator.

ROTDR

tHeld winding hich Supplied

he Rotov Corriea
separole
direct CurTent hrDugh Two slip tin bya
D.C ource.
Excta
Ex cite
known as
as
Sousce a Generalov known'
DCG
he D-c shat a he
on he Same
Which often Mounted
Rotov Strutkure.
Synchonow madhine. hese re Two Typen
) Round 0 lindrical Rotor Tiluhated

a Cylindrical solid forqed $ee ovia Not slo

It

alona
alorg he ouer periphery
embrdded in hese slotu ond oned
are
The fAeld wirding
Te slip in Through which hey are enrqised
tn Series

bye DC Excikkr

he Tegions dor minq The Poles are sually let unslo Hed.

Sailent po le Rotor Iluated:

Cisulor
mounBed on a large
pDjechng Pole
The Sailent Or
AllernaoOr.
A lrabr.

Which ixed to Te Shoht e

Seel frame

suth haB When

in.serne tn
The eld winding Sonneced
Te D.c Exir.
be reld winding enexgiaed by

sed tor gh-speed

Srucare s
Round Rokor
Generally a steam Turbine qenerarors,
Snchwouu machine, Such
e d for Low-Speed Applicaho
shuchure
While Sailent ple
Such a hydnelechric generolos Damper Widi
ole oce N

fteld winding
Schemattc fllutration alHernalov Rotor.
Rotor (b) Sailent Rotoy structure
(a) Kound o lindrical
 MACHINES
OPERAT10N OF SyNCHRONOus
i h Respech to Fiq 32 The operokon oon Allernotor
Described FolloWs.

rom e D.c Exi ter ord

The ROtor indig energied
developed on he Rot.
Alterrate andS poles are

tn Anh- lockue disechon

When The Rotor Ro ated
Cordutors Ore
Te stator or Armakure
b a prime mOver,

Cut The magnetto flux R o for pole.

Armahue Conduchos
E.M.F anduced in The
Consequerty,
InduChon.
due to Elecho magoetic
since N and s poles o
5e Induced EMf alfrnotn9
T6e
ArmaBure Conducos.
PG% e
Rotor AHnaely

Ths Means Thar one omplele cycle Emf generoled in

The Condu ctor as a pair poles paxes it.

he Direchion oanduced E.M.F Can be tound bylemings

Right Hand Rule.

he Induced Emf depend upon e

e magnitude
Cursent.
Speed Rotatton and Dc Exciig
The magnitude EmF each phase o Armaure
Armakure

Winding Some. How ever hey differ tn

phaseb
20 Electrical.

eyequeny o Irduced E-MF in The Armature Corluchr

depend upon Speed and The NO. Poles.
 Le Ne RoBor speed in vpm

P NO o Rotor Pole

trequency o EM. nH2.

NO O Revoluton se nd 6o
* No ycdesRevoluton No o pairs Pole 2
NO des| second NP
120

But he No. cles EM:f Per second t t freguercy

20
 INDOED EM.F OF THE ALTERNATOR

No Conducors or col sides in Seri per phase.

Let 7

Conneced in Seríes
Coilu
T The NO 0Turm in The
in each phase.

lux per pole in Wb.

1e

P he NoPoles
RPM ohe Rotor

n one Revolutton i e Go Second) each Sabr conducor % u

b
b P ie doP dt 60/
stator Conducor
Em.fin one
Induced
* Average

P PoN
do GO
Not
dE
(60)
There are Conducors i seriea Per phase.
since

PbN
Average EM phase 60

P N

2 130of

2 pfa vo
 Avoge Value phaue tom tator.
R.M.S Value .Fphase

222 fp2 volb

ms phae r

Factor and D i bukon Facor

DKtribukon Factor
and kkd are he pftch
Jf k
Armature windin Reapechveh T6en
Thn
he
volt
a2a kp ka fpz
ynsphase
COR)

Ewmsphe
ase 44 pka f6T volt
 VOLTAGE- REGULATION 1he o\loge Requlotion oon Alkrolor

de tnec a The chonge fn Tesminal volkoge rom

rom NO-Load o

Full Load e peed and tield Ex taion bei conAr) divided

Ful- Lood volage.

. Voltage Regulatton Eo- - x l00

V

here E NO -LOod volFoge.

V Full Load voltage.

Detarnation voltage Requlation

To voltage Requlation o an AlHernoor
A Henaor There
Detr mine he

are Several Metbodk are uwed. In Which Two sudh melhod

are
Synchwou Impedonee or E mF method.

. Ampere -Tusn M.F mehod.

. Sunchnow mpedance COT) Em.F method

Altenaor he
ie
ltage Requoion oh
an
To
To detormine Te vo

poramelers Need o be Delrmined.

tolloing

.windig Resis tance Fa

.Synchpous Inpedoce
Induced emf in he phose Nindiog
 D.C fteld
indid
Supply 4666
ww Avmatu
sidina

tig 3 Ck Diaqrom Jor Open and shor kt Teat

he phase Widing Resu ronceR Con be deksmined by Measuriq

DC Resu ate e windkng wing volt Ampere Method (nule.
meler ), wile 6e synchpnous mpedance and The Induced
Ckt
em Con bee delamined by 6e open CKtand Shov
Tes shouo in Fi 3:4

shoxt Ck
and
CK harackeri s H
hen plot he open as
as ShoNn
ShoD
e l d cursent base
bOse
same held
Chasa ckerista on he

tn Fiq 36.

OCc

SS

(Amp)
AlHernolor
Fi 3-5 Occ 6 Ssc a n
 sotor ind Tesminos vollogend
Relokon blu e
The kon
open Ck Test
Open Ckt Test
e
Curvent obtoined
eThe Roto keld SSc Te reloton
Altcoor Where a ,
a he cc o The Cusrot,
Armure
shot Cxt
and
Current
b he eld

tield
CAATent I
Consider a usent
4ield
to his
Corvespornding

C orr
eeas
ppoo dr
ng
vol tage C o rd
he open Ckt cu
C uY
YTTe
ennt

Armature

P.dO
Pdzo
shovt
ciruit

shost CK
he
ke
sE
BE.
he
h e
Cumen , 1.
n
on The shos- *
shost-
civculate The
field
C i s w a t e

to Used
ued
to
td
sunChpnous Lmpedance
being

v o lvol
and tage E, Aainst The
SynChronous

Agains
Cuwent 1 J
Armature fg
3-6
3.5.

Ilushaked
tn
Ts

vd lage
Open
Ckt per prae
Curmo
$7nchwnou Impedonce
Shor Ckt per phaie

Then ts

Induced EMF per phaie

Lood
here. Leadirg power Fackor
+for
ad,
pOWer Factor.
tor Looging
INTRODUCT ION
Eleical
tlecri povier
cal po n
Rule Contuersion
As a Genem
Tke Ronkm po o n Eici rai
in
plare
Mechanical power take Cordud
(ordutw
power
he E l e c r i c
Moor DC. Mo
o otors,
r«, qhruha
T*
Avmature. (i.e Polakrg port)
direchy
direcHy to he
sere. ,ao DC Moror
Mor
Can
Can be

Hence, in fK%
and
and communoY,

a conducfion motor.
called a

kd fromn
A:C MO Bors he Shator widig
Ho ever

3-phase Supply
and Power om he
deri ves i vollage
Te Roor lindig Elechp maqne
irda*

sator windig 60ugh

Extenolly
Exnaly energized
as e secondary inding
-on in Exacty The Same way
ak

tpower rom e primo

primoy.
a Trans tor mer Recives
kroun as. Indu chon Motor
Such motoys are
w
he one
Induckon motor i
of Al he Ac MOtors, e 3r
variou kinda induarial drivet
Extensi vely sed for
tor
Whith u

Pun o ess entially Consant speed om No-Load od

4dm
he
full Load. he 3-phaue ndu chon motors ave simple,
ad can be
to Main ain
gged Low priced, easy
to suit most Tnduuid
Manutackuved rth Chara Ckri stca
Requirement.
 CoNSTRUCTíON OF 3-PHASE NDUCT 10N MOTDP :

Motor a TwO ain porb

A 3-phaxe Induction

STATOR
enclose o hollo, tylird
trame lhich
Consist o a Stel Srel o Pedure
I Sil Con
Silicon s i o Padae
Lamiahions
Lamimkion
-
Cal Core made up hin
losses.
o 4yserisiu ond ddy unen
e in n e r
Provided on
slot are
The NO o evenly spaced stator
saoi
3-praje
to actommo dabe
periphery
Piphery Fe Lamin alions
shown
in S 36.
windirg and
per Tequrene
Wound tor a de koile Number o pole a
It

u giuen to he wind
shaorwindr
When 3-phase Suply
speed. prDduced.
sprpduced.

ant magni kude

Magni tude
ConsHant
hCons
reld
a rota
roan ing MaqneHc

staro Core

sotor slot

stuor Nindtng

shaft
squrrel coge Rotov.
Rotor ears
Air Go
ROTOR
Lominard
MOunled on shaft a hallo
The Rotov
Ouky windtng plated
he Winding
periphy. he
placed
Cove
hovn
having slot on t
be one oh he
e

n slot Called Rotor Widtrg my

hese

Sollowi Two ypCA.

SaUIRREL CAGE ROTOR

Posalled
laminaled lodrical Core haxing
It Contst oh a

slot on tt ouer pen pher

hese
and hese
in slok and
each slot
Aluninium Bar is placed
6
ov
One Copper
opper
NoBe,
o veduce
are slaned
meral
Rrngs caled
called
Rings
at eath end by meBal
eath
Al hese BavS
Eas e joined
3*
end Rinas shour n ig Which
ndtngs
shot drouied
a permanenty so
C) Ks, oms
ndeshrucRble.
CoNDUCTORS END RIN
END R I N

Shat

BEARTNGSs

steued sl BEARDNG
Fig 34 Sa4uisel Coge Rtor
 WoUND ROTDR

Laminatd yltndrical Cove ond co a

Constur
to he slalor Hnding
Widtng u sho
Shownn
Similar
3-phue Whdtng,
Fi 3-9.
toThe
to he Slot ar
slot ond
Dshibuled
uni tormy
The Rotov windtr
windtg
Star- Conneced.
s wually
our ard
Rotor Wtndtng are boughk
end o he
he
The Open
open rotor
mounled n Fe
Toined to hree
anudated Slip sings
on
eath slip Ring
eaCh Kig
ß one Bsush Reskg
Shot
Fo be Conneded
Conneced
be
Extrm Resiutors o
Resistors
allow
e sip RingsBruh
to Series wt The Wtndir
ncluded in 5e
External Kel 's tonce are
he
At shartn.
skortng Torgue.
Foto Cisau to give alarge
T6e Motor
MOto
ero as 5e
reduced o
aWe 9radually
TFese Resiulance

ng up to Speed.

Rotor Coe
Roor uindiy

shml

Fi 8-8 oUND RoTDR Sliprim

 OPeradion OF 3.phase Induction MOTOR

x When energised rom a 3- upply ( frum

3- Shator nding
Fe
he Alterrator), a rolakng moqnehc fteld set up hich Rohtër

sOund 2of
16e
e stator ot synchonos Speed Ns P

TFe Atr od Cu Te Rolor

tteld hspugh P
The
he eotaig
Rohakng pakes

yer, are sraor

Conduchors, hich as
shatoms
+lux, and he
ond
he Rotatng
Roatng
to Relakve speed blw
Due ehe Coducto%.
eotor rduros.
Tnduced fn T5eKoBoy
Rotor, E mF 5
he Mogrehic
Mogneic
in
are
Ore
placed
Conductors
Rotor
The Current CArsyi
CaTnyig

Te Stator.

ield poduced he
Conduclovs.
he s0toY
Force
Force act
acR
mechani cal prodace
Coneguertly, Codutloxs

he All RotoY
mechanico Forces Same direch
direchi
Same
in he
Rotovr
MOVe
The
to
Tends
Which
a TorqUe
Polatng ield.
Cawe The
Cause 1he

Hould Immediakdy
Tmmediakly

And wtrdig
trdig
(N) 8 alwa
The FriCtioo Roor Speed
1he
he
d0W). Hence,
Slow
Rokor (N)
Staor
ield Speed
les Than The
SLIP , Ihe Diference b e
Snchmruspeer N
sator Field ard he A cun ODr speed
The Rotatng
called sltp. I ualy Expreu ed Per enaqe

SynChrDou speed

Ns N 100
stip Ns

Speed N ( 10
- -s)
Rotov

RoloY EMF f = Sf Hz
Frequeny in

called
Called slip Speed.
slip Speed.
is SomeHmes
hee
Quant
Quant Ne-N
S=| 00
Stakoary (ie N:0),Slip
Rotor
When he
No-Lo0ad
tom
in Slip
Fe change
Induckion
MotoY, Lnihaly
I n An
So
Fat Inially
to 3 ..
3

Load
Load . Hardly 01/.
to +all

Con&ant-Speed
 MAGNETIC FIELD
PRODUc TION OF A ROTA T ING

widin are
Connecled to o TFssee phase
The stotor
When Nories
n eoth iding
CuTTent lor
supply The

in 3.a).
Fig3.
and Showo
Time Rs
Cumur

Time.
S N

STATD
Rs

Ye s\o
N

Meqnekte
Hed

Magnekc Field.

i 39 8- phase oatng
 Let e Folloin Ascunptiont
sar o 1he ove tom
RsYs and Bs are he

Cinth e love tom

and B Ore he
Ke Y¢

ind:g ositve, Tt +lols o

Curent t
a
X1f Te Value
1he Vewer 0
Widig 1e ov
he
Sart to nh (dot).
The
Vieuer n R
Towards
ard
s
R CCross)
I+lows Prpm Pnsh
Fom Pnah
Currenk
Negakve,
.When be.
When tbe value oh
n Re and Tovwards Fe
Viewer
i.e rom e
to Start, auwny

Viewer in .s

Le he
Tyant t, a Shoun in Fiq 3,q(a).

Red phase u Maximum POSifve, F

in he
he Current +loing phoses ore bok
ad Blue phases
in 1he yellow
Te u e lowing
Negikve.
and are

be Moxmum Nglde
O.5 Time

Vieuwer
Fm he Viewer and
and Be are away
Thus, Rs, Y

and BOve Towarda he Viewer. hereore, he

KE Ys
in
Shown in
he Stator Winding ShowN
s

Tke maqhehic Field in

i 3q6)
 Le e Iont, Shown in iy 310)

Ped phoue na Faller t (sou

F lowi in e
he Cuent
posye, e (hrre
Volue od
O81 Ttmex Oxtum
TTent ?n he fue prae
2crU ad ke
Ye\lo phale
ard u NeqaRve.
Nalue
OS1 Times Maximum

no
he Vieuiey, RE
rom
Rand B
ae aun
TFe Te Moqnekc F1elMd
heue tre
he Viewer
are Towards

in Fig 39C)
sas Shoun

Shown n Eig 3.9(a)

Le he Insantt are
0
0 .5
5

yellow phates
phases
Te Red and CuIrent 10
in
The Cuent he
Values
and posi Rve,
M a x i m u u m

Ther
Negafve Nalue.

he Blue phoe Viewer,

FYom ehe viewer,
FOm
a
Rrre
e u
Thus
Ths Ks
and ys & B vieier,
tore, e(he
hereBore,
viewer. . 1ere.

Te
The
ue
Towards
Tonards

and
ard & td).
i 3 90)
3.9
YE
Shovin
Shown
in
i n Fi
as
Field
Magnekc
agnec
one Revolukon tor
Field Travelk hrugh
ke magnetic Fe stator
hus plied to
Supply vol tage.
he
each ycle
inding
TORgt- sLIP CHARACTERISTICS:

nder Runmig Cordi Ron qiven by

The MOTOe Torque
rgue

T:

Feapec M
sencane Reapectue
tanxe and seacare
Where x ore Rotos Resis
Rand
Congant
Ond Poposhonaliky
S- slip
and
Torque
drauwn
beween he
CharacleraHc
Te Tovque - Slip Value Roor
to . tor a past uwar
om S 0
slip Nariou

shown in Fig 3-10

Resutance ad
TOue A Maximum l orque.

Stable Regîon

n- Stoble Reqion

S1
S 0 S:Sn
Tnducton MOor.
characlerista oon Iducton MOor
3 1 0 Toque lip

be.
D
NO ted core fully.
he Follovsi foint moy
Curve Shorta tom he
0. A S:0 T:O So Thok The
the Torgue Slip

oriqin
slip Sall S
I6a sX Negligible
At Norma speed
 as. Compared o Tben TX ond TS ste

Consant. ence a Torgue slip ur ve o s aigh ine,

ne,

to Cll Lond (stoble

rom ero slip to a slip hat cotrea ponds

Pegion)
The Torgue Ioreamu
As
sip
slip Increases bqyond Full-Lood slip,
Th Maximum Torgue
be comes Maximum at S:
and
inducton Motov called pull ou Torque
in an

Break down Torque.

Moximum Torgue, The Term S Increases

x Corresponding To

Negled-ed
a Comp a e d .
Very Tapidly,
so Fa mayH mo be

con an, Thus

The Torque
T S .T Stoce

poD portona
to sip
un-Shable
Pegion)
now
Tversl
 LOSS AND EFFECENC
lou n aiou s e
Fiq 3.11 shows he poN

TniPUT
poHER ROTDe
P
alethi
fouer m
Poor shot

ROTDE FRICTIo
AND
STATOR COPPER
WTNDAGE
assEs LossE LOsse
PnP Prichon
-P STATDR LossES RPone Nindoge le
CoppeR
LossE

POWER STAGE OF 3-PHASE INDUCT1ON MOTOK

Fiq 3-11

Staled as
con De
power EloW he Slip
Fom he

Rotdr l0SS es
COpper
-P Nsr : S.
Potor npuh N

nducHOn MokoY
tffecienay
per centoqe

output PO Wer

Input pOuler

In100
OSES OFTHREE PHASE TNDUCTIONN M0TDPS

hree phasc Inductoo Motors re idey ued rdus

all dusial drive hese
h ee Neo
and Conuute almosi

D
Srrall viorkshop ro The
e orqe
cons tont Speed required,

Jodus Hia Entcrprker.

Machine Took,Pumps ad
Typica Applicaton are Wit

% he MOs widely
rolor THpe
he uimel Cage
Mll motovs,
sed all AC MotoTS.