CORE SUBJECT

STATITICS AND PROBABILITY

_____ Semester, SY _____________
QUARTER 1, MODULE 5
RANDOM SAMPLING AND
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
OF SAMPLE MEANS
Statistics and probability
Self-Learning Module
___ Semester Quarter 1 – Module 5: Random Sampling and Sampling Distribution of
Sample Means
First Edition, 2021

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks,
etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has
been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective
copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Division of Romblon

Superintendent: Maria Luisa D. Servando, Ph.D.,CESO VI
OIC-Asst. Superintendent: Mabel F. Musa, Ph.D., CESE
Development Team of the Module
Writer/Layout: Mary Ann F. Falcunit
Marivic F. Mendoza
Content Evaluator/Editor: Carmen F. Ramo
Boyet S. Falcunit
Dorelyn D. Claud
Donna Jean F. Fallaria
Lisa M. Villanueva
Language Evaluator: Irene M. Fabella
Andrew F. Fontamillas
Jervy Carandang
Shaine D. Fetalco
Illustrator: Mary Ann F. Falcunit
Cover Design: Apryl C. Bagnate
Layout Artist: Angelica Mykka Merida

School Management Team: Cesar Chester O. Relleve

Division Management Team: Maria Luisa D. Servando PhD. CESO VI
Mabel F. Musa PhD, CESE
Melchor M. Famorcan PhD
Apryl C. Bagnate – Project Coordinator
Ruben R. Dela Vega
Leopoldo M. Mago Jr.
Leona Lynn F. Famorcan

Printed in the Philippines by

Department of Education – Region IV-B,Schools Division of Romblon
Office Address :Brgy.Capaclan, Romblon, Romblon
Email Address :[email protected]
 Lesson RANDOM SAMPLING AND
SAMPLING DOSTRIBUTION OF
1 SAMPLE MEANS

INTRODUCTION

Hello, Senior High Student! In this lesson you will learn to:
1. illustrate random sampling;
2. distinguish between parameter and statistic; and
2. identify sampling distribution of statistics ( sample mean ).

Before you proceed, do you know that sampling is very significant in research?
Sampling is a statistical procedure that is concerned with the selection of individual
observations. It helps us to make statistical inferences about the population. Sampling can be
random or non-random. In this module you will illustrate random sampling, distinguish between
parameter and statistic, and identify the sampling distribution of the sample means.
Researchers in different fields want to learn about a particular population and describe
its properties and characteristics. For example, educators would like to describe the junior
high school learners’ national performance in Mathematics to enable them to plan and prepare
instructional activities and materials appropriate for learners. Producers would like to find out
the most popular actress and actors. Cosmetic companies would like to know the most
effective and popular beauty products. Political analysts would like to find out the most popular
presidential candidates in the country. However, it may be impossible or at least impractical
to obtain data from the whole population, thus random sampling is needed.
You have learned in your past lesson how to construct the probability distribution of a
discrete random variable. You have also learned how to compute the mean and standard
deviation of a discrete random variable. You also studied continuous probability distribution,
normal distribution, and its application to real-life problems. You shall apply these concepts
in studying another probability distribution- the sampling distribution of the sample means.
Before proceeding to the sampling distribution of the sample means, you must understand
first what random sampling is and the difference between parameters and statistics. These
are the basic concepts you must know in order to appreciate sampling distribution.

LESSON AND PRACTICES

Discussion of the Lesson

A population consists all the members of the group about which you want to draw
conclusions while a sample is a portion or part of the population of interest selected for
analysis.
 The relationship between a sample and population is shown below:

Population Sample

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I A B
D
J, K L, M, N, O, P, Q, R,
H K
S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z
P
N X
Random Sampling V
One of the most important steps in the research process is to select the sample of
individuals who will participate as part of the study. Sampling refers to the process of selecting
these individuals. There are two sampling techniques: random and non-random. We will focus
on random sampling since that this will utilize more statistical treatment compared to the non-
random procedure.
Random sampling is a process whose members had an equal chance of being
selected from the population. It is also called probability sampling. The following are the four
types of random sampling:
1. Simple Random Sampling is a process of selecting n sample size in the population
via random numbers or through lottery.
The illustration below shows simple random sampling. This is done by simply writing
the names or numbers of all the members of the population in small rolled pieces of paper
which are later placed in a container. The researcher shakes the container thoroughly then
draws n out from N pieces of paper as desired for a sample. This is usually done in a lottery.

JB
Tonet
Ann
Boyet
JA
Vic
Vanz

2. Systematic
Fig. Sampling is a process
1 Simple Random of selecting a kth element in the population
Sampling
until the desired number of subjects or respondents is attained. To get the kth interval, divide
the population size by the desired sample size.
To apply this, divide the number of the population by the desired sample size. The
result is the sampling interval. The illustration below shows a population size of 12 divided by
the desired sample size of 4, and so its interval is 3 . By lottery technique, draw from 1-5 a
number that represents the starting point. If you have drawn 2, then the subject numbered 2
is your first case. Now, simply add 3 to get the next and so on. Thus the samples are 2, 5, 8,
and 11.
 Fig. 2 Systematic Sampling

3. Stratified Sampling is a process of subdividing the population into subgroups

or stratum and drawing members at random from each subgroup or stratum.
In figure 3, the population was divided into different groups. The number of
samples was proportionally picked in each stratum or group that is why all the strata are
represented in the samples.

Fig. 3 Stratified Sampling

The proportion of each stratum is computed by dividing the number of members in

each stratum by the total population. The result is multipied by the number of sample desired,
thus ( 4÷12 ) ×6 for each stratum is equal to 2.
4. Cluster Sampling is a process of selecting clusters from a population that is
very large or widely spread out over a wide geographical area.

In figure 4, it shows cluster sampling wherein the population is divided into clusters
or groups and then the clusters are randomly selected. All elements of the clusters randomly
selected are considered the samples of the study.
 Fig. 4 Cluster Sampling

PARAMETER vs. STATISTIC

A parameter is a number describing a whole population (e.g., population mean), while
a statistic is a number describing a sample (e.g., the sample mean). The goal of quantitative
research is to understand the characteristics of populations by finding parameters. In practice,
it’s often too difficult, time-consuming, or unfeasible to collect data from every member of a
population. Instead, data is collected from samples. With inferential statistics, we can use
sample statistics to make educated guesses about population parameters. What kind of
numbers are parameters and statistics?
Statistics and parameters are numbers that summarize any measurable characteristic
of a sample or a population. For categorical variables (e.g., political affiliation), the most
common statistic or parameter is a proportion. For numerical variables (e.g., height), the mean
or standard deviation are commonly reported statistics or parameters.
Example: Identify both the parameter and the statistic in the given situation.
A researcher wants to estimate the average monthly allowance of Grade 11 female
students. From a random sample of 50 female students, the researcher obtains a sample
mean of monthly allowance of 75 pesos.
Parameter: The average monthly allowance of all Grade 11 female students.
Statistic: The average monthly allowance of 75 pesos from a sample of 50 Grade 11
female students.

Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means

Sampling distribution of the sample is a frequency distribution using the computed

sample mean from all the possible random samples of a particular sample size taken from
the given population.

Here are the following steps in making a sampling distribution of the sample mean:

1. Determine the number of sets of all possible random samples that can be drawn from the
given population by using the formula, NCn, where N is the population size and n is the
sample size.
Given a population of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 and a sample size of 3, we have
𝑁! 5! 5! 5∙4∙3∙2∙1
NCn = 5C3 = = = = = 10
[𝑛!(𝑁−𝑛)!] 3!(5−3)! 3!2! (3∙2∙1)(2∙1)
*or use your calculator function nCr

Note: NCn stands for the combinations of N objects, taken n at a time where N is the
size of the population while n is the sample size. In the above example, the value of N is 5
since there are 5 numbers as the given population while n is 3 since the sample size is 3.
2. List all the possible random samples and solve for the sample mean of each set of
samples.

Sample Mean

2, 4, 6 (2+4+6)÷3=4

2, 4, 8 4.67

2, 4, 10 5.33

2, 6, 8 5.33

2, 6, 10 6

2, 8, 10 6.67

4, 6, 8 6

4, 6, 10 6.67

4, 8, 10 7.33

6, 8, 10 8

3. Construct a frequency and probability distribution table of the sample means indicating its
number of occurrences or the frequency and probability.

Sample Means Frequency Probability P(x)

1
4 1 = 0.10
10
1
4.67 1 = 0.10
10
2
5.33 2 = 0.20
10
2
6 2 = 0.20
10
2
6.67 2 = 0.20
10
1
7.33 1 = 0.10
10
1
8 1 = 0.10
10

If you are to create a histogram, the sample means will be placed on the x-axis while
the probability will be placed on the y-axis.
 PRACTICE EXERCISES

A. Am I Simple, Systematic, Stratified or Cluster

Directions: Identify whether the following illustrates simple, systematic, stratified, or

cluster random sampling. Write your answer on the space provided before the number.

_______________1. You are given a list of all grade 11 students in your school. You decide
to survey every 15th student on the list and ask them their favorite subject during their junior
high school days.
_______________2. You wish to make a comparison of the gender differences in
Mathematics performance. You divide the population into two groups, male and female, and
randomly pick respondents from each of the groups.
_______________3. You assign numbers to the members of the population and then use
draw lots to obtain your samples to answer your survey on the most popular brand of shampoo.

_______________4. You randomly pick six out of the seventeen municipalities of the province
of Romblon to conduct your survey about the most preferred brand of Covid-19 vaccine.

_______________5. You write the names of each teacher in your school on the pieces of
paper, shuffles, and then draw nine names to answer a survey about their demographic profile.

B. Which is which

Directions: Identify the parameter and statistic in the following situations. Write your answer
on the space provided.

1. A teacher wants to determine the average score in the First Periodic Examination in General
Mathematics of his 5 classes. From a random sample of 120 students, the teacher obtains an
average score of 84.
Parameter: ____________________________________________________
Statistic: _______________________________________________________

2. A teacher wants to know the average hours spent on social media of his advisory class. He
randomly selected and asked 35 students and found out that they spent
an average of 3 hours per day on social media.
Parameter: ____________________________________________________
Statistic: _______________________________________________________
Instruction: Please write your learnings from what has been discussed in your
notebook/answer sheet.

(Note: Do not copy the lessons in this module. Please write your insights using your
own words.)

Upon reading the lessons above, I learned that

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
________________________________
I realized that
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
____________________________________

WRITTEN WORKS

Multiple Choice Test

Directions: Write the letter that corresponds to the correct answer by writing it on the space
provided before the number

For numbers 1-5, refer to the situation below:

Odiongan National High School (ONHS) has 500 Grade 11 senior high school learners.
Mr. Machon, the school principal, wants to obtain information about the internet accessibility
of these learners.

_____1. What is the target population in his study?

A. all learners of ONHS
B. parents of all learners in ONHS
C. grade 11 senior high school learners of ONHS
D. parents of grade 11 senior high school of ONHS
______2. The principal creates a list of all Grade 11 senior high school
learners and decides to survey every seventh learner on the list.
Which random sampling technique does he apply?
A. cluster C. stratified
B. simple D. systematic

______3. Mr. Machon writes each name of all Grade 11 senior high
school learners on small pieces of paper and put them in a bowl.
He then draws 100 names to participate in the study. Which random
sampling technique does he apply?
A. cluster C. stratified
B. simple D. systematic

______4. The principal groups the Grade 11 senior high school

learners according to the barangay where they live. He randomly
picks a barangay and all of the learners living in that barangay
answer the questionnaire. Which random sampling technique does he apply?
A. cluster C. stratified
B. simple D. systematic

______5. Mr. Machon groups the Grade 11 senior high school learners
according to their last school attended. He proportionately and
randomly chooses learners from each group. Which random sampling
technique does he apply?
A. cluster C. stratified
B. simple D. systematic

PERFORMANCE TASK
Fill Me
Directions: Give what is being asked. Write your answer on the space provided for. A
rubric for your performance task is given below.
A population consists of the values ( 1, 3, 5, 7). Consider a sample size of 2 that can
be drawn from this population.

a. Determine the number of sets of all possible random samples that can be drawn from the
given population by using the formula, NCn, where N is the population size and n is the sample
size. Write your solutions in the box below. \
b. List down all the possible samples and corresponding sample mean
Sample Sample Mean

c. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sample Mean Frequency Probability P(x)

d. Construct a histogram

Rubric for the Performance Task

CRITERIA Outstanding Satisfactory Developing Beginning Rating

4 3 2 1
Accuracy The The The The
computations computations computations computations
are accurate. A are accurate. are are
wise use of Use of key
erroneous erroneous
key concepts concepts of
of random random and show and do not
sampling and sampling and some use of show some
 sampling sampling key concepts use of key
distribution of distribution of of random concepts of
sample means sample sampling and random
is evident. means is
sampling sampling and
evident.
distribution of sampling
sample distribution of
means is sample
evident means is
evident
Creativity The tables and The tables The tables The tables
histogram are and and and
comprehensive histogram histogram histogram
and displays are are not are not
the aesthetic presentable presentable presentable
aspects of the and makes but makes and did not
concepts use of the use of the make use of
learned. concepts concepts the concepts
learned. learned. learned.
Overall
Rating
Books
Belecina, R.R., Baccay, E.S., & Mateo, E. B. (2016). Statistics and Probability. Rex Book
Store.

Ocampo, Jose M & Marquez, Wilmer G (2016). Senior High Conceptual Math & Beyond
Statistics and Probability. Brilliant Creations Publishing, Inc.

Sirug, W. S. (2017). Statistics and Probability for Senior High School-Core Subject: A
Comprehensive Approach. MINDSHAPERS CO., INC.

Manalo, Coren R. & Rosas, Maria Cristina O. (2020). Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode; Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Punsalan, Twila G. &Uriarte. Gabriel G. (1995). Statistics A Simplified Approach. Rex Book
Store.
 Key to Practice Exercises

A. Am I Simple, Systematic, Stratified or Cluster

1. Systematic 2. stratified 3. simple 4. cluster 5. simple
B. Which is Which
1. Parameter: The average score of the First Periodical Examination in General
Mathematics in the teacher’s 5 classes.
Statistic: The average score of 84 from a random sample of 120 students.
2. Parameter: The average hours spent on social media by his advisory class.
Statistic: The average of 3 hours per day spent on social media from a random
sample of 35 students.
Written Works
1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. C
Performance Task
𝑁! 4! 4! 4∙3∙2∙1
a. NCn = 4C2 = [𝑛!(𝑁−𝑛)!] = 2!(4−2)! = = (2∙1)(2∙1) = 6
2!2!

b.
Sample Sample Means
1,3 2
1,5 3
1,7 4
3,5 4
3,7 5
5,7 6
C.
Sample Means Frequency Probability P(x)
2 1 1/6
3 1 1/6
4 2 2/6 or 1/3
5 1 1/6
6 1 1/6
d. 2
6

1
6

- 0 2 3 4 5 6