Register No.

SRM Institute of Science and Technology

College of Engineering and Technology
SET - A
School of Computing
(Common to all branches)
Academic Year: 2023-24 (ODD)

Test: CLA-T1 Date: 20-2-2024

Course Code & Title: 21CSE251T DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING Duration: 100 minutes
Year & Sem: II Year / IV Sem Max. Marks: 50

Course Articulation Matrix: (to be placed)

Course
S.No. PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
Outcome

1 CO1 3 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 -
2 CO2 3 2 - 1 - - - - - - - - - 2 -
3 CO3 3 - 2 - 2 - - - - 1 - - - 2 -
4 CO4 3 2 - 1 - - - - - - - - - 2 -

5 CO5 3 - 2 1 2 - - - - 1 - - - 2 -

Part – B
(4 x 5 = 20 Marks)
Answer All 4 Questions
21 (a) Describe the following: 5 L2 1 1 1.3.1

i) The process of image formation in the human eye.

The human eye's image formation involves light entering

the eye through the cornea and passing through the pupil
to the lens, which focuses the light onto the retina where
it is converted into neural signals.

ii) Various types of imaging sensors used in digital

devices.
Need to write about single sensor, line of sensors, array
of sensors.
OR
21 (b) As a digital image processing expert enhancing 5 L2 1 1 1.3.1
satellite imagery for environmental monitoring,
explain how you would use three Elements of Visual
Perception to improve interpretability and
effectiveness. Explain specific examples, and discuss
their impact on image quality and utility.

Need to explain brightness adaption and discrimination,

Image Formation in the Eye.

• Lens->Thick and more rounded->when focusing

nearby objects

• Lens->Flat, Thin and relaxed->When focusing

distance object

• Brightness adaptation, also known as light

 adaptation, is the process of adjusting the
sensitivity of our eyes to changes in light levels.
It allows us to see effectively in different lighting
conditions, from dim to bright environments.

• Brightness discrimination, also known as

lightness discrimination, is the ability of our
visual system to perceive and differentiate
between different levels of brightness in a scene.

22 (a) Explain the importance of quantization and sampling 5 L2 1 1 1.3.1

in digital image processing, highlighting their
respective roles and significance for image accuracy.
Provide concise examples to illustrate each concept.

Sampling refers to the process of converting a

continuous signal, such as an analog image, into a
discrete signal by selecting a finite number of samples at
regular intervals. In digital imaging, sampling determines
the resolution and detail of the captured image. Higher
sampling rates result in more accurate representation of
the original scene, while lower sampling rates may lead
to loss of detail and aliasing artifacts.

Quantization involves mapping the continuous range of

sample values obtained through sampling onto a finite
set of discrete levels. This process is necessary to
represent the analog signal using digital values, such as
pixel intensities in an image. The number of quantization
levels determines the dynamic range and precision of the
digital signal. Higher bit depths provide more levels of
quantization, resulting in smoother tonal transitions and
reduced quantization error.

OR
22 (b) A company is tracking the daily behavior of its 5 L2 1 1 1.3.1
employees to identify their working patterns. The
employees can either be working on projects, taking
breaks, or in meetings. Apply an image sensing and
acquisition method to track them.
Write about types of sensors used in image sensing and
acquisition and Key step involved in Image sensing and
acquisition:

• Image Sensing
• Light Capture
• Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC)
• Digital Representation
• Image Processing
• Image Storage

23 (a) Imagine yourself to be a film maker, summarize how 5 L2 1 1 1.3.1

would you choose different color models for your visuals
and also distinguish between them.
Write about RGB, CMYK, HSV color model

OR
23(b) Illustrate the distinctions between DCT and DFT, 5 L2 1 1 1.3.1
emphasizing their applications in image compression.
 DCT:
 The DCT is a variant of the Discrete Fourier
Transform (DFT) that is commonly used in
image compression algorithms such as JPEG.
 The basis functions of DCT are real. (DFT has
complex basis functions.)
 DCT has very good energy compaction
properties.
 DCT can be expressed in terms of DFT,
therefore, Fast Fourier Transform
implementation can be used.
 In the case of block-based image compression,
(e.g., JPEG), DCT produces less artifacts along
the boundaries than DFT does.

DFT:
The DFT transforms an image from the spatial domain to
the frequency domain by representing it as a sum of
complex sinusoidal functions of different frequencies.

24 (a) Discuss the details of linear smoothing filters and how 5 L2 2 2 2.4.1
they affect the improvement of image quality.
Gaussian Blur:
 Gaussian blur is a popular linear smoothing filter
that applies a Gaussian function to calculate the
weights of the kernel.
 It effectively reduces noise while preserving
edges and details in the image.
 The amount of blurring is controlled by the
standard deviation parameter of the Gaussian
function. A higher standard deviation results in
more blurring.
Mean Filter:
 The mean filter, also known as the box filter,
replaces each pixel value with the average of its
neighboring pixels.
 It is simple and computationally efficient but can
result in loss of image details and edges.
Median Filter:
 The median filter replaces each pixel value with
the median value of its neighboring pixels.
 It is robust to outliers and preserves edges better
than mean filters.
OR
24 (b) Consider a scenario where you are working with 5 L2 2 2 2.4.1
medical X-ray images, and the overall brightness
needs adjustment for better diagnostic clarity.
Discuss a situation where the chosen gray-level
transformation might not be suitable for medical X-
ray images and suggest an alternative spatial domain
technique that could address this limitation for
improved brightness adjustment.
 An alternative spatial domain technique that
 could address this limitation is histogram
equalization.
 Write the steps to perform histogram
equalization.
Part – C
(1 x 10 = 10 Mark)
25 (a) Imagine you're tasked with enhancing the quality of 10 L3 2 2 2.4.1
an image captured by a low-resolution camera. The
image is 6 pixels wide and 64 pixels tall, with each
pixel represented by 3 bits. You are provided with the
following intensity distribution:
Gray
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
level
No.of. 1 1 1
9 8 4 4 3
pixels 1 0 5

How would you utilize histogram equalization to

improve the visual quality of this image? Walk
through the steps involved in performing histogram
equalization on this image, considering the provided
intensity distribution.

Draw the input and output histogram with following

calculation:

OR
25 (b) You're a digital image processing intern at a 10 L3 1 1 1.3.1
photography studio. Your supervisor has tasked you
with understanding and explaining the concept of
pixel neighbors in image processing. Additionally,
you need to differentiate between four-connectivity,
diagonal connectivity, and eight-connectivity,
providing practical examples to illustrate each
connectivity type. How would you approach this
task?

Write about:
i. Four-Connectivity: In four-connectivity, a pixel
is considered to be connected to its four
immediate neighbors: above, below, left, and
right.
 ii.

iii.
*Program Indicators are available separately for Computer Science and Engineering in AICTE
examination reforms policy.

Course Outcome (CO) and Bloom’s level (BL) Coverage in Questions

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