TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE HIGHER

(HTI)

Mechatronics Department

Digital System Design

Dr. Tarek Abbas

Lec#4
Analog I/O Functions
 analogRead(pin)

 analogWrite(pin,value)
 Note :The Arduino also has the capability to
output a Digital signal that acts as an Analog
signal, this signal is called pulse width
modulation (PWM). Digital Pins # 3, # 5, # 6, #
9, # 10, and # 11 have PWM capabilities. To
output a PWM signal use the command:
analogWrite().
 Example
 The following example reads an analog
value from an analogy input pin, converts
the value by dividing by 4, and outputs a
PWM signal on a PWM pin (Fig. Circuit
layout for analogy signal read and write)
Timer Functions

 delay(ms)

 delayMicroseconds(us)
Communication Functions
 Serial.begin(speed)
 Opens the serial port and sets the baud rate for serial data transmission. The
typical baud rate for communicating with the computer is 9600, although other
speeds are also supported, i.e., 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 14,400, 19,200,
28,800, 38,400, 57,600, or 115,200.
Communication Functions

 Serial.read()

 Serial.print(val)
 Serial.print(val, format)
 Serial.print(78) gives "78"
 Serial.print(1.23456) gives "1.23"
 Serial.print('N') gives "N"
 Serial.print("Hello world.") gives "Hello world.“
 Serial.print(78, BIN) gives "1001110"
 Serial.print(78, OCT) gives "116"
 Serial.print(78, DEC) gives "78"
 Serial.print(78, HEX) gives "4E"
 Serial.print(1.23456, 0) gives "1"
 Serial.print(1.23456, 2) gives "1.23"
 Serial.print(1.23456, 4) gives "1.2346"
Communication Functions

 Serial.println(Value)
 Serial.printIn(val,format)
Example  void loop() {
 // read the analog input on pin 0:
 analogValue = analogRead(0);
 /*
 // print it out in many formats:
 Analog input reads an analog input on
 Serial.println(analogValue); // print as an ASCII-
analog in 0, prints the value out.
encoded decimal
 created 24 March 2006
 Serial.println(analogValue, DEC); // print as an
 by Tom Igoe ASCII-encoded decimal
 */  Serial.println(analogValue, HEX); // print as an
 int analogValue = 0; // variable to hold ASCII-encoded hexadecimal
the analog value  Serial.println(analogValue, OCT); // print as an
 void setup() { ASCII-encoded octal

 // open the serial port at 9600 bps:  Serial.println(analogValue, BIN); // print as an

ASCII-encoded binary
 Serial.begin(9600);
 }
 // delay 10 milliseconds before the next reading:
 delay(10);
 }
 Arduino Serial Monitor
 void setup() {
 Serial.begin(9600);
 Serial.println("Hello World!!");
 }
 void loop(){


 }
Arduino Serial Print String & Variable Example
 In this example, we’ll send a string text message alongside a numeric variable on the
same line. We’ll create a counter variable and print its value and keep incrementing it
and send the data over UART every 250ms
 int counter = 0;
 void setup() {
 Serial.begin(9600);}
 void loop(){
 Serial.print("Counter = ");
 Serial.println(counter++);
 delay(250);
 }
double trouble = 3.141592653589793;
float boat = 3.1415927;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);

Serial.print("Float = ");
Serial.println(boat);
Serial.print("Float F.3 = ");
Serial.println(boat, 3);
Serial.print("Float F.7 = ");
Serial.println(boat, 7);

Serial.print("double = ");
Serial.println(trouble);
Serial.print("double D.3 = ");
Serial.println(trouble, 3);
Serial.print("double D.10 = ");
Serial.println(trouble, 10);
Serial.print("double D.15 = ");
Serial.println(trouble, 15);
}
void loop(){
// Do Nothing!
}
Math Functions
 min(x,y)

max(x,y)
Trigonometric functions

 pow(base,exponent)
 Example
 In this example, we create a sine wave and configure the brightness of the
LED to follow the path of the wave. This is what makes the light pulsate in
the form of a sine wave instead of just illuminating up to full brightness and
back down again (Fig.).
 void loop() {
 The codes are as follows
 for (int x = 0; x < 180; x++) {
 int ledPin = 11;
 // convert degrees to radians
 float sinVal;
 // then obtain sin value
 int ledVal;
 sinVal =(sin(x *(3.1412 / 180)));
 void setup() {
 ledVal = int(sinVal * 255);
 pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
 analogWrite(ledPin, ledVal);
 }
 delay(25);

 }
 }