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Algebraic Expression

The document provides an overview of algebraic expressions and factorization techniques as part of a Business Mathematics course for the academic year 2023/2024 at the Institute of Accountancy Arusha. It explains the components of algebraic expressions, the process of expansion and factorization, and various techniques for factoring, including common factors and quadratic expressions. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts and techniques.

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Joely Vincent Mtebe
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11 views6 pages

Algebraic Expression

The document provides an overview of algebraic expressions and factorization techniques as part of a Business Mathematics course for the academic year 2023/2024 at the Institute of Accountancy Arusha. It explains the components of algebraic expressions, the process of expansion and factorization, and various techniques for factoring, including common factors and quadratic expressions. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts and techniques.

Uploaded by

Joely Vincent Mtebe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INSTITUTE OF ACCOUNANCY ARUSHA

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION

 CODE:

 PROGRAM:

 ACADEMIC YEAR 2023/2024


Algebraic expressions

 In algebra letters are treated as numbers, any letter can


represent any number, although some letters are to be used
in particular cases, for example it is common to represent
length with a letter L, area with a letter A, and diameter with
a letter D etc.

 An algebraic is a group of letters and numbers separated


either by positive or negative signs to form algebraic
expressions. Example 2𝑥 + 3𝑦, 5𝑎 − 3𝑏.

 The parts of an expression are called terms e.g. 2x + 3y is an


expression whose terms are 2x and 3y. 2 in the term 2x is
known as a coefficient of x and 3 is a coefficient of y.
FACTORISATIONS
 Multiplications of algebraic expressions to form a single
expression is known as expansion. For example
multiplication of (𝑥 + 𝑎) and (𝑥 + 𝑏).
The following result is obtained
𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏.
↓ ↓
factors expansion

 The reverse of multiplication of expression-Is breaking up


of a single expression into its separate factors. This process
is known as factoring or factorisation.
FACTORISATION TECHNIQUES
1) Common factor.
 A common factor is said to be the entity which is found to
each terms of the expression. For example in an
expression: 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 → 𝑚 is a common factor.
 Example:
a) 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑥 + 𝑦)
b) 6𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 2(3𝑥 − 2𝑦)
c) 𝑎2 𝑏 − 𝑎𝑏 2 = 𝑎𝑏(𝑎 − 𝑏)
d) 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 1 − 𝑦)
= (𝑥𝑦)(𝑥𝑦) (𝑥 + 1 − 𝑦)
This is achieved simply by inspection and then identifying
the common factor.
Cont…

 By regrouping the terms with common factors


Now consider the expression 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 in this
case we see that the terms with the common factor are to be
regrouped after identifying them.
For example: (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦) + (𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦).
a- is a common factor and b- is a common factor
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑦
= (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑎 + 𝑏)
 Activity: Factorize the following
a) 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑎𝑐 + 3𝑏𝑐 − 3𝑏d
b) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦
Cont…
2) Using common products.
Difference of two squares
a) 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 = 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 .
b) 𝑥 2 − 25 = 𝑥 2 − 52 = (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 5)
c) 4𝑥 2 − 9𝑎2 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑎 2 = 2𝑥 − 3𝑎 2𝑥 + 3𝑎
3) Factorising by quadratic expressions
A quadratic expression is an expression of the form.
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
Where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑎 ≠ 0 and c is
constant.
For example: Factorise 4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 9
4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 9 = 2𝑥 2𝑥 + 3 + 3 2𝑥 + 3
= 2𝑥 + 3 2𝑥 + 3 = (2𝑥 + 3)2

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