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FREE TUTORIAL ON MATHEMATICS

TOPIC: POLYNOMIALS

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POLYNOMIALS

Polynomials are mathematical expressions consisting of variables raised to

non-negative integer powers, combined using addition, subtraction, and
multiplication operations.

To understand polynomials better, imagine you have some blocks with letters on
them, and you can arrange these blocks in a line. Each block has a special letter
and a number.
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A polynomial is like a line of these blocks, where each block represents a special
kind of math.

Let's say the blocks look like this:

3x2 + 2x + 1

Now, let's break it down:

1. The Blocks: Each part of the line is a block. In our line, we have three
blocks: 3x2, 2x, and 11.
2. The Special Letter (x): This is like a mystery number. It can be any
number you want to put in. You can pick 1, 2, 3, or any other number.
3. The Numbers (Coefficients): Each block has a number in front.
For 3x2, the number is 3.
For 2x, the number is 2.
For 1, the number is 1.
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4. The Powers: The little number up high (like the 2 in 3x2) says how many
times you multiply the special letter by itself. It's like saying "take x and
multiply it by x again."

So, if you want to know what the line is when you put a number into the special
letter, you follow the rules. For example, if you put 2 in for x, you do this:

3×(22) + 2×2 + 1 = 17

So when x = 2, the answer will be 17.

That's basically how a polynomial works - it's a way to write down a math story
using blocks with special letters, numbers, and powers!

According to textbooks, a polynomial can be written in the form:

P(x) = an​xn + an−1​xn−1 + … + a2​x2 + a1​x + a0​

Here:

● P(x) is the polynomial function.

● x is the variable.
● an​,an−1​,…,a2​,a1​,a0​are coefficients, which can be any real numbers.
● n is a non-negative integer and represents the degree of the polynomial.
The highest power of x in the polynomial determines the degree.

For example, the polynomial P(x) = 3x2 − 2x + 1 is a quadratic polynomial

(degree 2) with coefficients 3, -2, and 1.
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Change of Subject of Formula

Changing the subject of a formula involves rearranging an equation to isolate a
particular variable. For example:

Exercise 1: Given the formula A = πr2 for the area of a circle, express r in terms
of A.

Solution 1:

The first step is to isolate r. We do this by dividing both sides of the equation by
π.

ie. A/ π= πr2 / π

The result will be r2 = A/ π

But what we need is r, not r2

To get just r, we take the square root of both sides, to get:

√r2 = √A/ π

Therefore, r2 = √A / π

HOT TIP: Square-root will always cancel out root.

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Factor and Remainder Theorems

Theorem 1:

The Factor Theorem states that if f(c) = 0, then (x−c) is a factor of f(x).

Exercise 2: If f(x) = 2x3−3x2−5x+6 and f(2)=0, find the factor.

Solution 2:

If f(x) = 2x3−3x2−5x+6 and f(2)=0, it means that x=2 is a root of the polynomial.

In other words, x−2 is a factor of the polynomial.

Theorem 2:

The Remainder Theorem states that if f(c) is divided by (x−c), the remainder is
f(c).

Exercise 3: Find the remainder when (x) = 2x3−3x2−5x+6 is divided by (x−2).

Solution 3:

To find the remainder when the polynomial 2x3−3x2−5x+6 is divided by (x−2), you
can use the Remainder Theorem. According to the theorem, if you substitute the
root (in this case, x=2) into the polynomial, the result will be the remainder.

Let's substitute x=2 into the polynomial:

R = 2(2)3 − 3(2)2 − 5(2) + 6

R = 16−12−10+6

R=0

So, the remainder R is 0. Therefore, when the polynomial 2x3−3x2−5x+6 is

divided by x−2, the remainder is 0.
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Factorization of Polynomials of Degree

Factorization of polynomials involves expressing a given polynomial as the
product of its factors.

Here's a general approach to factorizing polynomials of various degrees:

Factorization of Quadratic Polynomials (Degree 2):

Quadratic trinomials are polynomials of degree 2, meaning they have the form
ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, and c are constants and a is not equal to 0. The goal is
to factorize them into the product of two binomials.

Quadratic Trinomial: ax2 + bx + c

Factorization: (px+q)(rx+s)

Steps for Factorization:

1. Find p and r:
○ p and r are the coefficients of x2.
○ Multiply them to get a: p × r = a.
2. Find q and s:
○ q and s are factors of the constant term c.
○ Multiply them to get c: q×s=c.
3. Write the Factorization:
○ Express bx using the values of p, q, r, and s.
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Example: Factorize x2 − 5x + 6

Solution:

Recall that ax2 + bx + c = (px+q)(rx+s)

Hence, to factorize x2 − 5x + 6, we do the following steps:

p × r = 1 (the coefficient of x2).

Since 1 x 1 = 1, therefore, p = 1, r = 1

q × s = 6 (the constant term).

q = -2, s = -3 (because -2 × -3 = 6)

NOTE: The reason for choosing q=-2 and s=-3 is because it certifies both the
constant and middle terms.

Let me explain:

The quadratic trinomial is x2 −5x + 6. When we factorize it into (x+q)(x+s), we

need to find q and s such that:

1. q × s = 6 (the constant term).

2. q + s= −5 (the coefficient of the middle term).

In this case, if we choose q=-2 and s=-3, it satisfies both conditions:

1. q×s = (-2) × (-3) = 6 (constant term condition is met).

2. q+s = (-2) + (−3)= −5 (this gives us the middle term −5x).

Therefore, the correct factorization is (x−2)(x−3)

Verification: (x-2)(x−3) = x2−3x - 2x + 6 = x2 − 5x + 6

So, the factorization is correct.

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Practice Exercise: Factorize 2x2−7x+3.

Your answer should be (2x−1)(x−3)

Try it out!

You can verify the solution by multiplying the factors back together to ensure you
get the original quadratic trinomial.

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