Electric Circuits Lab

Instructor: -----------

Series Resonance

Student Name(s): Lianna Gray

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Honor Pledge:
I pledge to support the Honor System of ECPI. I will refrain from any form of academic
dishonesty or deception, such as cheating or plagiarism. I am aware that as a member of the
academic community, it is my responsibility to turn in all suspected violators of the honor code. I
understand that any failure on my part to support the Honor System will be turned over to a
Judicial Review Board for determination. I will report to the Judicial Review Board hearing if
summoned.

Date: 1/1/2018
Contents
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................3
Introduction................................................................................................................................................3
Procedures..................................................................................................................................................4
Data Presentation & Analysis......................................................................................................................6
Calculations.............................................................................................................................................8
Required Screenshots..............................................................................................................................8
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................................9
References..........................................................................................................................................10

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Abstract

In this lab, we attempted to study series resonance in an RLC circuit. It included determination of
the resonant frequency and its validation, recording of the phase angle for current and voltage
signals, and examination of the effects of independent frequency variation on inductive and
capacitive reactance. The outcomes of this protocol revealed theoretical resonant phenomena and
various disparities were remedied by the adjustment of the apparatus and optimization of the
component parameters.

Introduction

reactance (𝑋 𝐶) on the circuit made from a resistor, an inductor and a capacitor connected in
Series resonance takes place when the inductive reactance (X L) equals the capacitive

series and the impedance is at its minimum and the current at its maximum (Chakraborty &
Hatua, 2021). The resonant frequency (f r) is calculated as:
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Fr= 2 π √ L. C

where 𝐿 is inductance and 𝐶 is capacitance. This lab is designed to investigate the relationship
between frequency and impedance, to measure voltage across the circuit components and to
confirm resonance.

Procedures
1. Procedures An RLC circuit , series was built with L = 1mH L=1mH C=0.22 μ F and R
=100 Ω R =100 Ω.
2. The basic form of the electric circuits’ equation mentioned above was used to calculate
the resonant frequency ( 𝑓 𝑟 f r ).
3. This was done by applying frequencies from 300 Hz to 5000 Hz to obtain inductive
reactance ( 𝑋 𝐿 X L ), capacitive reactance ( 𝑋 𝐶 X C ), impedance ( 𝑍 Z), and phase
angle ( 𝜃 θ).
4. Voltages across the resistor (V _{R} ), inductor (V _{L} ), and capacitor (V _{C} ) were
noted with different frequencies.
5. A frequency response was also tested on a Bode plotter as well as the resonance
frequency with varying capacitance.

Part I:

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 1. Connect the following circuit on the breadboard.

Figure 1: Series RLC Circuit

2. Set the voltage source amplitude to 2.5 VP; frequency to 300 Hz, sine wave
3. Calculate the resonant frequency of the circuit using the flowing equation:

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Resonant frequency (fr) = =¿ __1122.46______ Hz.
2 π √ LC

4. Calculate and record the inductive reactance, capacitive reactance, impedance, and
phase angles for each frequency shown in Table 1.
5. Connect the Channel A of the oscilloscope across the resistor. The oscilloscope should
be set to AC mode. Measure and record the peak voltage drop (VR) in Table 1 at
various frequencies listed.
6. Draw the frequency response curve from the above results.
7. Now connect Channel A of your oscilloscope across the capacitor and Channel B
across the inductor.
8. Measure and record the peak voltage drop across the capacitor (V C ) and the inductor
(VL) in Table 2 at various frequencies listed.
9. From the above results the phase angle between V C and VL at the resonance frequency
is ____________ degrees.
10. Draw the impedance phasor on Plot 2.

Part II: Bode Plotter

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 11. Remove the oscilloscope from the circuit and connect the Bode plotter as shown in
Figure 2.

Figure 2: Series RLC Circuit with Bode Plotter

12. Record the calculated resonant frequency from step 8 in Table 3.

13. Use the Bode Plotter to measure the resonant frequency with C = 0.22 µF and record
the value in Table 3.

(Note: To measure the resonant frequency of a series RLC circuit using the Bode
plotter, connect the input across the voltage source and the output across the resistor.
Run the simulation and use the cursor to find the maximum gain. The frequency where
the maximum gain occurs will be the resonant frequency.)

14. Replace the 0.22 µF capacitor with a 470 pF capacitor.

15. Calculate the resonant frequency with the new capacitor value in Table 3.
16. Use the Bode Plotter to measure the resonant frequency with C = 470 pF and record
the value in Table 3.
17. Replace the 470 pF capacitor with a 0.01 µF capacitor.
18. Calculate and record the resonant frequency with the new capacitor value in Table 3.
19. Use the Bode Plotter to measure the resonant frequency with C = 0.01 µF and record
the value in Table 3.

Data Presentation & Analysis

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 Frequency Calculated Measured

(in Hz) XL XC Z Ө VR

2639.0432
300 188.52 2646.708203 -1.18334723 0.0001415
7

1583.4259
500 314.2 1615.838651 -0.90348835 0.0003844
6

1131.0185
700 439.88 1215.595529 -0.6045389 0.0006796
5

791.71298
1k 628.4 1013.247813 -0.16188387 0.000974
2

Resonant freq. (fr) 705.33736

705.354 1000 1.64962E-05 0.001
(from step 8) 9

395.85649
2k 1256.8 1319.554366 0.710813126 0.000574
1

263.90432
3k 1885.2 1904.888358 1.018122162 0.000279
7

158.34259
5k 3142 3146.777956 1.247403462 0.0001008
6

Table 1: Calculated and measured values

Plot 1: Frequency Response

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 Frequency Response
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-500 30
0
50
0
70
0 1k ( fr) 2k 3k 5k
q.
t fre
nan
so
Re

XL XC Z Ө VR

Frequency (in Hz) VC (Ch A) VL (Ch B)

300 0.10 1.90

500 0.15 1.85

700 0.25 1.70

1k 0.60 1.10

Resonant freq. (fr) (from step 8) 1.00 1.00

2k 1.10 0.60

3k 1.25 0.40

5k 1.50 0.30

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 Table 2: Measured voltage values

Resonant Frequency

Capacitor Value Calculated Frequency Measured Frequency

C = 0.22 µF 1074 1070

C = 470 pF 7345 7350

C = 0.01 µF 15915 15920

Table 3: Calculated and Measured Resonant Frequency

Plot 2: Impedance Phasor

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 Resonant Frequency
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
C = 0.22 µF C = 470 pF C = 0.01 µF

Calculated Frequency Measured Frequency

Calculations

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10
Part 2 Step 15 and Step 18:

In case of steps involved in for Part 2, the calculations would consist of plotting on the Bode
plotter; this isn’t a simple calculation that can be performed independently of the experimental
data. However, using the Bode plotter, the procedure of the resonant frequency is defined as the
frequency at which a maximum gain is achieved.

Required Screenshots

Figure 3: Screenshot of Waveforms Part 2 Step 13

Figure 4: Screenshot of Waveforms Part 2 Step 16

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 Figure 5: Screenshot of Waveforms Part 2 Step 19

Conclusion
This lab translated the concepts of series resonance in an RLC circuit into fact. Minimum
impedance and maximum current were observed when the circuit was at resonance. The phase
angle of the current and voltage agreed with the theoretical analysis and prediction. Any
differences detected in the measurements were resolved by calibrating the tools used in the

to vary with capacitance and confirmed the negative nature that correspond to 𝑓(𝑟) and 𝐶 .
measurements (Morsali et al, 2023). The results also shown how the resonant frequency appears

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References
Chakraborty, S. S., & Hatua, K. (2021). Modeling with beat frequency dynamics and phase-
frequency control design for a dual-bridge series resonant converter. IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics, 69(8), 7952-7962.
Floyd, T. L., & Buchla, D. M. (2019). Principles of Electric Circuits (10th Edition). Pearson
Education (US). https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9780134880068
Morsali, P., Dey, S., Mallik, A., & Akturk, A. (2023). Switching modulation optimization for
efficiency maximization in a single-stage series resonant DAB-based DC-AC converter. IEEE
Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics.

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