Conjunction

- a conjunction is a word which connects two words / clauses / sentences

- shows the relation between them
- used to avoid making the text seem like bullet points and to make the text
flow.
 Jai saw a dog on the road. He decided to adopt the dog. Jai brought the dog
home.
 Jai saw a dog on the road and decided to adopt the dog, so he brought the
dog home.
- ‘and’ + ‘so’ are conjunctions which are used to join the sentences+ show the
relation between them.
Types of Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions
- are used to link or join two words or phrases that are equally important and
complete in terms of grammar when compared with each other.
- 7 main coordinating conjunctions: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, Soon
For examples:
 I told her to leave, for I was very tired.
 The bowl of squid eyeball stew is hot and delicious.
 We can neither change nor improve it.
 You may delay, but time will not.
 There were ten or twelve people in the room.
 Her advice seems strange, yet I believe she’s right.
 As you make your bed, so you must lie upon it.

Subordinating Conjunctions
- used to join an independent and complete clause with a dependent clause
that relies on the main clause for meaning and relevance.
- The dependent clause cannot exist on its own as a sentence and often does
not make sense without the main clause.
List of Subordinating
conjunctions: Although, As, Before, Once, Though, Until, Whether, etc.
 I have great/the greatest respect for his ideas, although I don’t agree with
them.
 The lion is not so fierce as he is painted.
 Don’t cry out before you are hurt.
 Once I’ve found somewhere to live I’ll send you my address.
 They’re coming next week, though I don’t know which day.
 We didn’t eat till past midnight.

Correlative Conjunctions
- pairs of conjunctions used in a sentence to join different words or groups of words
- Both/and; Either/or; Just as/so; Neither/nor; Not only/but also; Whether/or;
Hardly/when, etc.
 Both the shoes and the dress were completely overpriced.
 Either her parents or she is invited to the party tonight.
 Neither I nor you are right.
 She is not only beautiful but also intelligent.
 We can’t decide whether to paint the wall red or white.
 I hardly had time to ring the bell before the door opened.
Conjunctions & Types of Conjunctions

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks with Suitable Conjunctions

1. I wanted to go out, ______ it started raining.
2. She speaks both Spanish ______ French fluently.
3. I will help you with your project ______ you help me with mine.
4. The dog barked loudly ______ the thief ran away.
5. We stayed indoors ______ it was snowing heavily.

Exercise 2: Combine the Sentences Using Conjunctions

1. He was tired. He kept working. (Use "but")
2. You can have tea. You can have coffee. (Use "or")
3. I like apples. I like oranges. (Use "and")
4. She missed the bus. She arrived late to school. (Use "because")
 5. The movie was long. It was entertaining. (Use "although")

Exercise 3: Identify the Conjunctions

1. She worked hard because she wanted to succeed.
2. We will wait here until the rain stops.
3. You can come with us if you are ready.
4. He was upset, yet he didn’t complain.
5. Neither the teacher nor the students were happy about the change.

Exercise 4: Rewrite Using Conjunctions

1. I studied all night. I failed the test. (Use "yet")
2. He didn’t call me. He didn’t send a message. (Use "nor")
3. She will attend the meeting. She will take notes. (Use "and")
4. You must leave now. You will miss the train. (Use "or")
5. They stayed home. It was raining. (Use "because")

Exercise 5: Choose the Correct Conjunction

1. I stayed at home (because/although) I was feeling sick.
2. She likes to read novels (and/or) watch movies in her free time.
3. We will go hiking (if/unless) the weather is good.
4. He finished the race (although/because) he was injured.
5. You can have dessert (but/after) you finish your dinner.

Exercises
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunctions
 1. He wanted to go to the park, ______ it started raining.
2. She studied hard ______ she could pass the exam.
3. I enjoy cooking, ______ my brother prefers ordering takeout.
4. They didn’t win the match ______ they practiced very hard.
5. We can either take the bus ______ walk to the station.
Exercise 2: Match the collocations
Match the words in Column A with the correct pair in Column B to form common
collocations:
Column A: make, take, break, pay, save
Column B: money, attention, the law, time, a decision
Exercise 3: Choose the correct collocation
1. She always (makes/takes) a decision after careful thought.
2. It’s important to (break/take) the law seriously.
3. We should (save/break) time by planning ahead.
4. He tried to (pay/take) attention during the meeting.
5. Let’s (make/save) money by shopping during sales.
Exercise 4: Combine sentences using conjunctions
1. I love reading books. My sister prefers watching movies. (but)
2. She was tired. She continued working on her project. (yet)
3. We can go to the beach. We can stay home and watch TV. (or)
4. He forgot to bring his umbrella. It was raining heavily. (because)
5. The team worked hard. They won the championship. (so)
Exercise 5: Correct the mistakes in the following sentences
1. Neither John or Mary could attend the meeting.
2. We can go for a walk and we can stay home.
3. Unless you study hard, but you will not pass the exam.
4. The event was canceled because of it rained.
5. She both sings well as plays the piano.

Answers
Exercise 1
 1. but
2. so
3. whereas
4. although
5. or
Exercise 2
 make a decision
 take attention
 break the law
 pay attention
 save time
Exercise 3
1. makes
2. take
3. save
4. pay
5. save
Exercise 4
1. I love reading books, but my sister prefers watching movies.
2. She was tired, yet she continued working on her project.
3. We can go to the beach, or we can stay home and watch TV.
4. He forgot to bring his umbrella because it was raining heavily.
5. The team worked hard, so they won the championship.
Exercise 5
1. Neither John nor Mary could attend the meeting.
2. We can go for a walk, or we can stay home.
3. Unless you study hard, you will not pass the exam.
4. The event was canceled because it rained.
5. She both sings well and plays the piano.

Last weekend, my friends and I decided to (1) ______ a trip to the countryside. We
woke up early in the morning, (2) ______ the weather forecast predicted rain, we were
optimistic. We packed everything we needed, including snacks, water, and a map, (3)
______ forgot to bring an umbrella.
During the drive, we couldn’t help but (4) ______ attention to the beautiful scenery
around us. The hills were green, (5) ______ the flowers were in full bloom. We stopped
for a while to (6) ______ some photos before continuing our journey.
When we arrived, we found a nice spot to have lunch. The picnic was going well (7)
______ it suddenly started to rain. We quickly packed our things and ran to the car.
Everyone agreed that we should (8) ______ the most of the situation and find a
nearby café to relax.
At the café, we ordered coffee and pastries, (9) ______ the rain poured outside. We
spent the afternoon laughing and sharing stories. It wasn’t the day we had planned,
(10) ______ it turned out to be one of the best trips we’d ever had.

Answers
1. take
2. although
3. but
4. pay
5. and
6. take
7. when
8. make
9. while
10.but
Fill-in-the-Blank Text: Verbs in Correct Tense

Instructions: Fill in the blanks with the correct verb form (present, past, or future).
Yesterday, I ___ (wake) up early because I ___ (need) to attend an important meeting.
After I ___ (have) breakfast, I ___ (leave) my house and ___ (drive) to the office.
Unfortunately, while I ___ (drive), I ___ (realize) that I ___ (forget) my presentation at
home.
I quickly ___ (turn) around and ___ (head) back to get it. Luckily, I still ___ (manage) to
reach the meeting on time. In the end, everything ___ (go) well, and my boss ___
(compliment) me on my work.
Tomorrow, I ___ (plan) to be more prepared and ___ (double-check) everything before
I leave home.

Answers:
1. woke
2. needed
3. had
4. left
5. drove
6. was driving
7. realized
8. had forgotten
9. turned
10.headed
11.managed
12.went
13.complimented
14.plan
15.will double-check

Fill-in-the-Blank Text: Verbs in Correct Tense

Instructions: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs (present, past, or
future).
Last summer, my family and I ___ (decide) to take a road trip across the country. We
___ (spend) weeks planning the journey, making sure to include stops at some of the
most beautiful national parks and historical landmarks. On the first day of the trip,
we ___ (wake) up early, ___ (pack) our bags, and ___ (load) everything into the car.
As we ___ (drive) through the countryside, we ___ (admire) the stunning landscapes.
My father ___ (stop) the car frequently so we ___ (can) take pictures of the
breathtaking scenery. At one point, we ___ (realize) that we ___ (leave) our map at
home, but luckily, my sister ___ (download) a GPS app the day before, which ___
(help) us find our way.
On the third day, we ___ (arrive) at a famous park where we ___ (hike) along trails
that ___ (lead) to an incredible waterfall. The sound of the rushing water ___ (be) so
relaxing, and we ___ (spend) hours just enjoying the view. By the time we ___ (return)
to our car, we ___ (feel) tired but happy.
One of the highlights of the trip ___ (be) the time we ___ (camp) under the stars. The
sky ___ (be) so clear that we ___ (see) countless stars twinkling above us. My brother
___ (build) a campfire, and we ___ (sit) around it, ___ (tell) stories and ___ (roast)
marshmallows.
Next year, we ___ (plan) to take another road trip, but this time, we ___ (explore) the
coastline. We ___ (already/start) researching the best beaches and attractions to
visit. I ___ (know) it ___ (be) just as amazing as this trip!

Answers:
1. decided
2. spent
3. woke
4. packed
5. loaded
6. were driving
7. admired
8. stopped
9. could
10.realized
11.had left
12.had downloaded
13.helped
14.arrived
15.hiked
16.led
17.was
18.spent
19.returned
20.felt
21.was
22.camped
23.was
24.could see
25.built
26.sat
27.told
28.roasted
29.plan
30.will explore
31.have already started
32.know
33.will be