The document outlines Kepler's laws of planetary motion, which describe the elliptical orbits of planets, the constant areal velocity, and the relationship between the time period and the semi-major axis of orbits. It also explains the universal law of gravitation, gravitational potential energy, escape velocity, and the characteristics of geostationary and polar satellites. Additionally, it discusses the concept of weightlessness in space and during free fall, as well as the concept of a parking orbit for satellites.
The document outlines Kepler's laws of planetary motion, which describe the elliptical orbits of planets, the constant areal velocity, and the relationship between the time period and the semi-major axis of orbits. It also explains the universal law of gravitation, gravitational potential energy, escape velocity, and the characteristics of geostationary and polar satellites. Additionally, it discusses the concept of weightlessness in space and during free fall, as well as the concept of a parking orbit for satellites.
The document outlines Kepler's laws of planetary motion, which describe the elliptical orbits of planets, the constant areal velocity, and the relationship between the time period and the semi-major axis of orbits. It also explains the universal law of gravitation, gravitational potential energy, escape velocity, and the characteristics of geostationary and polar satellites. Additionally, it discusses the concept of weightlessness in space and during free fall, as well as the concept of a parking orbit for satellites.
The document outlines Kepler's laws of planetary motion, which describe the elliptical orbits of planets, the constant areal velocity, and the relationship between the time period and the semi-major axis of orbits. It also explains the universal law of gravitation, gravitational potential energy, escape velocity, and the characteristics of geostationary and polar satellites. Additionally, it discusses the concept of weightlessness in space and during free fall, as well as the concept of a parking orbit for satellites.
Every planet revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit. The sun is situated at one foci of the ellipse.
Kepler’s Second Law (Law of Areas)
The line joining a planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time, i.e., the areal velocity of the planet around the sun is constant
Kepler’s Third Law (Law of Periods)
The square of the time period of revolution of a planet around the sun is directly proportional to the cube of the semi major axis of its elliptical orbit.
Universal law of gravitation
For a point mass
The point of attraction between a hollow spherical shell of uniform density and a point mass situated outside is just as if the entire mass of the cell is concentrated at the center of the shell. The force of attraction due to a hollow spherical shell of uniform density, on a point mass inside it is zero. Gravitation Constant, G = 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2/kg2
Earth’s gravitational acceleration,
Below/above Earth’s surface
Gravitational potential energy
For any two bodies,
Escape velocity This is the escape velocity for earth.
Total energy of a mass m moving with a velocity v in the vicinity of another
mass M,
For circular path of radius a,
Earth’s satellite Speed and time period
For satellite very close to earth,
Energy of orbiting satellite
Geostationary satellite Height is about 36000 km. T = 24 h Used in television and other communication and broadcasting (INSAT group) Polar satellites are low-altitude satellites. They orbit the earth many times during a day. They are used in remote sensing, meteorology, and environment studies. Weightlessness In space weightlessness is experienced because gravitational pull is used up in providing centripetal force. In free fall weightlessness is experienced because there is no normal force acting opposite to the force of gravity. Parking orbit is a temporary orbit around the Earth where the satellite is temporarily parked before it is launched to its desired orbit.
