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Linux Commands Cheat Sheet

Operating Systems (University of the Punjab)

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SUMMARY OF LINUX SHELL COMMANDS

Internal commands: Part of shell (cd, exit, type, help, alias)
External Commands: Code resides on disk and executed after fork with exec (clear, ls, passwd, man)

Basic Shell Commands

Command Description
Displays text on stdout
-n don't append \n
echo -e enables escape sequences
-E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default)
-c don't produce any more output
help Provides detail of internal commands
clear Clears terminal screen.
exit To close shell
type Display information about command type (external/built-in)
To close login shell.
logout Login Shell: when we login, a particular shell starts execution known as login
shell
bash Bash shell
sh Bowne shell
csh C-Shell
kch Korn Shell
tcsh Tc-Shell
env Display environment variables
pwd Shows absolute address of present working directory
passwd To change user password
To view manual pages of different external commands for better understanding.
man It has 9 sections.
-k To search string in all available man pages
who Shows who is logged in (can be multiple), it also displays "terminal name".
w Show who is logged on and what they are doing.
whoami Prints effective username (currently active)
users Print the user names of users currently logged in to the current host
whatis Displays command basic purpose (one line description)
whereis Tells source, binary files and man page file location of external command
which Gives path of binary file of external and internal command
Output the last part of the history list.
history
history [-n]
info Reads info document of external and internal command
Columnize input text
column -c Specify number of columns
-w Specify columns width (1 to 2048)
List directory contents.
-a To view hidden files as well
-A To view hidden files except ‘.’ and ‘..’
-i Displays inode number
-h Displays size in human readable forms in K, M, G instead of bytes
-s Shows block count before name (in disk files are saved in blocks)
-S Sort all the files and directory w.r.t their sizes and the first file
is largest files in all
ls
-1 List one entry in a line
-f List files without sorting as they are stored in directory (it also
shows ‘.’ & ‘..’ hidden files)
-d List directories themselves not their contents
-l Displays files in long listing (7 columns) sorted by names
-t Sort by modification time (latest first)
-c Sort by status change time (latest first)
-u Sort by access time (latest first)
ll Same as “ls -ls”
Creates 1 or more empty files by touching (updating) modification and access
timestamps. If file already exists it updates timestamps:
touch -m For updating modification time only
-a For updating access time only
-c For updating status change time only
file display type of file
used to declare a variable to be local to a bash function
local local [-OPTION] [name[=value]]
read read a single line from stdin
sets shell variables
set
set [-OPTIONS] [arguments]
Evaluate condition(s) or make execution of actions dependent on the evaluation
test
of condition(s)

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test[‘condition’][‘condition’]
Evaluate arguments as an expression:
expr
expr `arguments`
To view contents of a simple file on stdout
-n To print line numbers as well
cat
-s To suppress repeated blank lines
-b To number only non-empty lines (overrides -n)
tac To view contents of file in reverse (last line 1st)
To view contents of large files one screen at a time. It also displays % of
file displayed and we can’t move back up in it.
ENTER To move down line-by-line
more SPACE To move down one screen
/str To search “str” in file.
Press 'n' to find next
Press 'N' to find previous
To view contents of large files one page at a time but much better than

Navigation Arrow keys, Pgup, Pgdwn, ENTER, SPACE (acts as Pgdwn), HOME, END
/str To search “str” in file.
less Press 'n' to find next
Press 'N' to find previous
g, G 'g' moves to start and 'G' moves to end
“more”.
Displays 1st ten lines
head
-n To view 1st n lines
Displays last ten lines
-n To view last n lines
tail
-f Output appended data as the file grows
-c specifies that we want to read n characters not lines
User defined names for commands (arguments are also allowed in alias)
alias alias cls="clear" #makes “cls” an alias for clear command
alias #list all aliases
To remove alias
unalias
-a Remove all alias definitions
To display calender
-h Won’t highlight current-date.
-m Display the specified month
cal
yyyy Display a calendar for the specified year (e.g. cal 2017)
-1 Displays only the current month.
-3 Display the previous, current and next month.
date To display and change (only for root) date [day MON dd mm:hh:ss PKT yyyy]
To shut-down or restart
shutdown now Shut-down immediately
shutdown -r Restarts immediately
shutdown now
shutdown +0 Shut-down immediately
shutdown +m Shutdown after m minutes (‘+’ is optional)
shutdown 22:30 Shut-down at 22:30
To copy files/directories
-p Preserve permissions while copying (by default permissions can change)
cp
-r For directories
e.g: cp f1 f2 #f1 is source file and f2 is target-file
To remove files/directories
-f ignore non-existent files and arguments, never prompt
rm -r For directories
-i For confirmation prompt
e.g: rm f1 f2 #will delete both f1 & f2
To move files/directories
mv -i For confirmation prompt
e.g: mv f1 f2 #will move f1 to f2 (it is also used to rename file)
To make directory file
mkdir -m set file mode (as in chmod)
-p no error if existing, make parent directories as needed
To remove directory file
rmdir -p remove DIRECTORY and its ancestors; e.g., 'rmdir -p a/b/c' is similar
to 'rmdir a/b/c a/b a'
Gets input from stdin and output it on stdout after sorting
-b Ignore leading blanks
-r for reverse order
-t for specifying delimiters (e.g.: -t";")
-kn to sort by column n
sort -n for numeric sort
-c check for sorted input; do not sort
-d Dictionary order
-f fold lower case to upper case characters
-i consider only printable characters
-g compare according to general numerical value (general numeric sort)
length a string operation to return the number of characters stored in a string
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evince To view PDF and other common document formats

Run programs and summarize their system resource usage (shows runtime in
seconds).
time real Total execution time
user Time spent in user space
sys Time spent in kernel space
Shows basic OS Info.
lsb_release
-a Shows all OS details (must be used)
Prints OS name on stdout
uname
-a Shows detailed OS info
lscpu shows detailed CPU specs
to reaf ELF files (.o and .out)
-a shows all info
-s shows symbol table (.symtab)
readelf
-S shows section header
-h shows ELF header
-l shows program header
lpr Line printer prints the contents of specified files to printer
bc Command line calculator
script Make typescript of terminal session
print number of lines, word, char counts for each file (Ctrl+D to quit)
-l for lines only
wc -w for words only
-m for character count only
-c byte count
Display selected fields (-f for fields, -d"delimiter").
cut Default delimiter is TAB
e.g: cut -d":" -f1-3,5 passwd (column 1,2,3,5)
paste horiontally concatenate files (Seperated by TAB)
("General Regular expression Processor") Print lines matching or not matching
a pattern.
grep -i for case-insensitive search
-v for negation
-c print count of lines matching/not matching (for -v)
Report or omit consecutive repeated/duplicate lines.
-c gives line count
uniq
-u for showing only unique lines
-d for showing only duplicated lines
mesg Permit or deny messages
mesg [-y/-n]
Split a file into multiple files.
Output pieces of FILE to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines,
and default PREFIX is 'x'. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard
split input.
split [OPTION]... [FILE [PREFIX]]
-b SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file
-C lines put at most SIZE bytes of records per output file
For Comparison and Searching
Compare 2 sorted files line by line
1st column unique to File1
2nd column unique to File2
3rd column COMMON in both
comm -1 suppress column 1 (lines unique to FILE1)
-2 suppress column 2 (lines unique to FILE2)
-3 suppress column 3 (lines that appear in both files)
--nocheck- do not check that the input is correctly sorted
order
Compare 2 files byte by byte and stops at first difference
cmp -l for not stopping on 1st difference (byte values are in octal)
Note: All remaining bytes will be different after 1st byte in files
Compare files line by line
e.g: diff f1 f2 #(I want to make f1 similar to f2)
c change
a append
d delete
diff
< is for 1st file
> is for 2nd file
= is for common lines (in both files)
st
diff -c file1 file2 >new.patch To save differences as a patch file to update 1
nd
file to match 2 file
To find all location of files by specified name in DB (it don't search in
locate
directory hierarchy)
sudo updatedb to update file DB used by "locate" (updated once per day implicitly)
search for files in directory hierarchy
find -name Finds by name
-size Finds by file size (k=Kilobytes, M=Megabytes, G=Gigabytes)

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-atime access time

-ctime status change time
-mtime modification time
type (f = normal files, d = directories, s = sockets, p = named pipes,
b=block, c=character, l=soft-link)
EXAMPLES
find ~ -mtime 1 Finds files that are modified 1 day ago
find ~ -mmin 10 Finds files that are modified 10 min ago
find . type f | wc -l Find in the PWD, all the files whose type is regular
file and give their count
find / -perm /7000 2>/dev/null for viewing all files with special
permissions
For Archiving
Create tar file in PWD
tar cvf
(1st pass name for archive file then directories and files to archive)
tar tvf To view .tar files not extract them
tar xvf To extract .tar files in present working directory
tar xzf To unzip and extract .tar files in present working directory
To zip files. Original file is replaced by zip file. (extension = .gz)
gzip Note: We can zip tar files to obtain "tar balls"(.tar.gz), commonly used
for software distribution
gunzip To unzip files
IPC
it reads from stdin and writes to stdout and file(s)
tee • It takes all arguments as output file
• It doesn't take any input file without input redirection
mkfifo it creates named pipes (only)
• it can create named pipes (p).
• block special file (b) and
mknod • character special file (c)
mknod -m 0666 file_name type maj min
type=b,c,p (block,character,pipe)

Vim Editor
Command Description
sudo apt-get To install vim editor
install vim
vimtutor For detailed vim lessons
vim + For opening file in append mode (cursor at last line)
vim +n Cursor at start of line-n
vim +/string Cursor on line with 1st occurence of "string"
ESC Command mode
ESC+: Last-line mode
q To quit vim
i Start typing before current character
I Start typing from beginning of current line
a Start typing after current character
A Start typing from end of current line
o Open new line below current line
O Open new line above current line
h To move cursor left
L To move cursor right
K To move cursor up
j To move cursor down
gg To goto 1st line
GG To goto last line
End, $ Moves to end of current line
Home, 0 Moves to start of current line
Shift+G To put prompt at the end of document
u For undo
Ctrl+r For redo
Then write string to search.
/ For forward search
ESC+[/,?] ? For backward search
n Find next
N For finding in opposite direction
dw For deleting a word
[n]dd For deleting a line
[n]yy For copying line
[n]p For pasting n times below current line
[n]P For pasting n times above current line
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! In last-line mode after command to override warning

:wq in last-line mode to "save & quit"
:w! to "save" and override warning
:w [filename] To “save as”
:q! To quit
:e! To undo changes since last save
:[n] To move to nth line
:$ To move to end of the file
To delete or copy a range of lines. (d= delete, y=copy)
:3,6d delete lines 3-6
:n1,n2[d,y]
:3,$y copy from lines 3-end
:9,15y copy lines 9-15
:1,$ It will replace only one occurrence in each line of “search” with
s/search/replace “replace”
:1,$ It will replace all occurrences in each line of “search” with “replace”
s/search/replace/g
:set number To display line numbers
:set nonumber To remove line numbers
To execute shell command in last-line mode inside vim editor (will execute
:!command
only 1 command)
:sh This will open new bash process to execute commands
For Multi-Filing
:n To move to next file
:N To move to previous file
vim -o filenames It will open files in multiple horizontal windows
vim -O filenames It will open files in multiple vertical windows
st
Ctrl+ww To move onto next file (if pressed in last file then moves to 1 )

File Management
Command Description
lsattr View extended file attributes
Change extended file attributes
chattr
chattr +/-[attr] file
For creating links.
ln
-s For soft-links
tty Display the name of terminal you are using
xterm to launch ptmx terminal
To change and print terminal line settings.
stty attribute value
-a To view all attributes
stty sane To reset all attributes to their defaults.
stty
-isig To off signals on terminal
-g To save terminal settings
stty -echo Turns off terminal echo
stty echo Turns on terminal echo
File Permissions Management
Change user owner
chown chown :group file (for changing grp owner using chown)
chgrp Change group owner
For changing permissions
chmod
If we write "chmod +r" r will be assigned to u/g/o
To view/change umask
umask -S To view complement of umask in symbolic way
Foreach file, getfacl displays the file name, owner, the group, and
getfacl the Access Control List (ACL). If a directory has a default ACL, getfacl
also displays the default ACL.
Sets file ACL
-m add entry
-x remove entry
setfacl
-b clear acl and delete all entries
-d add default entry
-R add recursive entry

Process Management
Command Description
Lists currently running jobs and their status
jobs -l lists process IDs in addition to the normal information
-p lists process IDs only

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fg [pid] To move a background process to foreground

fg %Jid
bg [pid] List background jobs or move a process to bg
bg %Jid
Send a signal to a job. (default SIGTERM)
kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid | jobspec
kill -l [sigspec]
-s sig SIG is a signal name
kill
-n sig SIG is a signal number
list the signal names; if arguments follow `-l' they are
-l assumed to be signal numbers for which names should be
listed
Report a snapshot of current process (4 columns)
-A or -ax to show all running process
-u [username] List processes by user (displays 11 columns)
ps -l displays 14 columns (long listing)
Select all processes except both session and processes
-a
not associated with a terminal.
Shows detail process real-time info of top-20 processes, like task
manager. Interactive, continuously (refreshes after every 3sec).
Press:
h for help
top
n to display only [n] processes (0=unlimited)
u to display processes of particular user
s to change refresh time
k to send signal (it 1st asks for PID then signal number/name)
Displays amount of free and used memory in the system (6 columns)
-k in KB (default)
-m in MB
free
-b in bytes
-g in GB
--tera in tera
vmstat displays info about virtual memory (6 groups, 17 columns)
It shows system time, uptime, number of logged in users, load average for
uptime last 1,5 and 15 minutes respectively.
Executes a program periodically, showing output in full screen (refreshes
watch
every 2sec)
halt To halt the system.
To run a command with specific NICE(-20 -> 19) value.
nice Only root can use negative nice values.
-n add integer N to the niceness (default 10)
Alter priority of running processes.
renice [-n] priority [-g|-p|-u] identifier
-n Specify the scheduling priority to be used for the process,
process group, or user. When used, it must be the first
argument.
renice -g Interpret the succeeding arguments as process group IDs.
-p Interpret the succeeding arguments as process IDs (the default).
-u Interpret the succeeding arguments as usernames or UIDs.
The following command would change the priority of the processes with PIDs
987 and 32, plus all processes owned by the users daemon and root:
renice +1 987 -u daemon root -p 32
Query and set per-process CPU Scheduling parameters
sudo apt-get install schedtool
-r lists scheduling policies
• N: SCHED_NORMAL ( prio_min 0, prio_max 0)
• F: SCHED_FIFO ( prio_min 1, prio_max 99)
• R: SCHED_RR (prio_min 1, prio_max 99)
• B: SCHED_BATCH ( prio_min 0, prio_max 0)
• I: SCHED_ISO (policy not implemented)
• D: SCHED_IDLEPRIO (prio_min 0, prio_max 0)
-n For changing nice value
schedtool -p for changing Static Priority
-a for changing affinity value
-e to execute command with different scheduling parameters
• schedtool PID
• schedtool -[POLICY Letter] PID
• schedtool -a [affinity in HEX] PID
e.g: schedtool -a 0x1 3199 (0x1,0x2,0x4,0x8,...)
• schedtool -n [NICE Val] PID
• schedtool -p [Static PRI] PID #for -R -F
• For -R -F Static Priority should be mentioned with Policy and in sudo
mode

User Management
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Command Description
visudo used to edit /etc/sudoers file
adduser More interactive and recommended (sudo adduser user1)
It is low-level command to add user.
And we need to give some extra info as well. Its minimum requirements are:
useradd -m to make directory of that user
-d To specify directory path (/home/username)
useradd -m -d /home/user2 user2
User we want to delete should be logged out. It don't deletes user HOME
deluser
Dir
Low level also deletes HOME directory and files.
userdel -r to delete home dir and associated files as well of this user.
sudo userdel -r user1
To modify user info.
e.g.: usermod -a -G gp2 user1 (makes user1 member of gp2)
• If we don't use -a then it will not append new user but overwrite it
(that is all previous group members will be removed)
-c to change personal info column value
sudo usermod -c "Personel Info" user2
-s to change default user shell
sudo usermod -s /bin/sh user2
usermod -l to change username
sudo usermod -l user007 user2 (new name 1st)
-d to change Home Directory
-L to lock user (this user can't log in)
-U to unlock locked user
-g to change primary group
-G to change secondary group
-a, -- Add the user to the supplementary group(s). Use only with
append the -G
groupadd To add new group. (sudo groupadd gp1)
groupmod To modify group. -n is used for changing group name.
groupdel To delete group. (sudo groupdel name)
Used to change password expiry info of a user (sudo chage user2).
chage -l to view just password setting of particular user
chsh Used to change default user shell
chfn Used to change user personal info
finger shows user info in detail (may have to install it manually)
it displays ID (UID) and primary GIDs and groups you belong to
id
gid=primary group, groups = Secondary group
(switch user) We can use it to login using any username if we know its
password (e.g: su -root)
su • Using '-' will also give you the target user environment. You will
find yourself in the target user HOME Directory and his default login
shell

Disk/Memory Management
Command Description
Disk Formatting
man fs Man page for all commonly used file-systems and their characteristics.
to build filesystem (format partitions)
• its use is deprecated now there are commands for each FS like mkfs.ext, mkfs.ext2 etc.
mkfs
mkfs.<FS_Name>
• There should not be any data on partition we want to format if there is take its backup
To mount a partition.
mount mount -t type device /dir
mount /dev/sda3 /opt (mounts /dev/sda3 to /opt)
unmount To unmount a partition. (umount /dev/sda3)
Lists info about all available block devices (sda, sr0)
• It shows 7-columns by default
• To view only selected columns, use -o then enter names of columns (,
lsblk
seperated)
lsblk /dev/sda (List info about /dev/sda only.)
lsblk -o name,type,fstype,parttype,size,mode /dev/sda
FS Architecture
Changes label on ext2/ext3/ext4 file systems.
e2label e2label /dev/sda3 "anas3" To assign label
e2label /dev/sda3 "" To unassign label
Shows super block info in detail:
tune2fs
tune2fs -l /dev/sda1
Lists all i-node block info of a file or device e.g.: inode, permissions,
stat times, size, owners etc.

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stat filename/device
stat /etc/passwd
stat -f /dev/sda1 (-f shows info about device e.g: /dev/sda1)
(Disk free) Displays amount of diskspace available on partition/FS
df -i devices
df
If no devices are mentioned then list info for all active partitions.
-i shows info about inodes
(Disk usage) Displays how much space a particular file or directory has
occupied.
du
-h shows size in human readable form K, M, G
du ~ Recursively shows sizes of all files, dir, sub-dirs inside ~
(List of opened files) System Wide File Table
lsof
lsof -p PID (list files opened by PID only)
• Identify process using files or sockets.
• Used to list PIDs and usernames of processes using a specific file
fuser
-u To show username as well
fuser -u /etc/passwd
Disk Partitioning
Tell the kernel about the presence and numbering of on-disk partitions
partx partx --show /dev/sda (List all partitions on Disk)
Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands.
dd if=/dev/sda bs=512 count=1 (Shows contents of zero sector but not
human readable)
dd • It will read file /dev/sda and (if=/dev/sda)
• reads just 512 bytes and (bs=512)
• read once and show them (count=1)
• The hexdump utility is a filter which displays the specified files, or
the standard input, if no files are specified, in a user specified
format.
• Makes content of dd readable.
hexdump -C Display the input offset in hexadecimal, followed by sixteen
space-separated, two column, hexadecimal bytes, followed by the
same sixteen bytes in %_p format enclosed in ``|'' characters.
dd if=/dev/sda bs=512 count=1 | hexdump -C
(Shows zero sector in readable HEX format)
Manipulate disk partition table (interactive program)
-l shows info about all the block devices and their partitions
• fdisk -l /dev/sda (shows info about sda only)
• fdisk –version (to check fdisk version)
• To run fdisk use “fdisk /dev/sda” as root/sudo
m For help.
p Displays partition table
d To delete partition
fdisk n To create new partition
p=primary,e=extended
then write partiton digit (1-4)
1st sector (use default)
last sector or size (we should use size in human form by
proceding with +) e.g: +2G
(default for last partition is all remaining disk space)
q quit without saving changes
w write table to disk and make changes permanent (use it
carefully)

System Programming Commands

Command Description
The make utility will determine automatically which pieces of a large program
need to be recompiled, and issue the commands to recompile them.
make [OPTION]... [TARGET]...
-f To specify name of makefile to search for
make
-n To tell make to print out what it would have done w/o
actually doing it
-k Tells make to keep going when an error is found, rather than
stopping as soon as the first problem is detected.
The GNU ar program creates, modifies, and extracts from archives. An archive
is a single file holding a collection of other files.
ar -rcs libmymath.a myadd.o mysub.o mydiv.o mymul.o
-r Create a new archive
ar ar -r libfirst.a file1.o file2.o
-q Append an object file to an existing archive.
ar -q libfirst.a file3.o
-d delete object modules from an existing archive
ar -d libfirst.a file2.o
-x extract object modules in your PWD

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ar -x /usr/lib/libm.a
-t display table of contents of an archive
ar -t /usr/lib/libm.a
-c Without it if an archive is not already existing then a
warning will be displayed.
-s To maintain files in particular order w.r.t to functions to
avoid errors
ranlib utility generates an index to the contents of an archive and stores it
ranlib in the archive.
List dynamic dependencies displays the shared libraries that an executable (or
ldd
a shared library) requires to run.
Conf igure dynamic linker run time bindings. Creates necessary links to the
ldconfig
most recent shared library verions
This command can be used to obtain various information, including disassembled
objdump binary machine code from an executable file, compiled object or shared library.
-d To disassemble
This command lists the set of symbols def ined within an object library or
nm
executable program
objcopy Copy and translate object files.
addr2line Convert addresses into file names and line numbers
GNU Compiler: gcc [options] file-list
-o Specify the name of executable file (default a.out)
-save-temps To save all intermediate files: (*.i, *.s, *.o, a.out)
-E Perform preprocessing only and generate file with .i
extension
-S Generate Assembly code with .s extension for the specific
processor
-c Suppress linking phase and keep object files with .o
extension
gcc -static To force static linking
-lxxx All libraries except std I/O, need to be explicitly linked
with -l option.
-Lpath By default, linker looks for libraries in /usr/lib/x86_64/
and /lib/ directories. If you want to link libraries
located somewhere else, use -L option
-Ipath By default, preprocessor first searches for include files
in directory containing the source file, then in the
directory named with -I option to gcc, and finally in
/usr/include/ or /usr/include/c++/4.1.1
GNU Compiler
we can also specify exe file with it to load it at startup, then we won’t have
gdb to use file command
-tui to open gdb in ncurses-interface mode (default 2 panels
{code,command})
To generate core file in case of abnormal termination.
ulimit -c unlimited
gdb -q ex2 core

GDB Debugger Commands

Command Description
file To load program in GDB
attach to load already running program in gdb using PID
run to execute loaded program
info registers to view contents of memory registers
info all- to view contents of all memory registers
registers
to view all current gdb session inferiors (loaded programs)
info inferiors • inferior is used by GDB to manage all loaded programs. Each inferior has a
number assigned to it.
to add new inferior (load another program)
add-inferior add-inferior -exec a.out
info break to view all breakpoints in focused inferior
list to view source code inside GDB (it also displays line number)
to get help inside gdb
help o It shows 12 classes of commands

Resource Person: Muhammad Arif Butt (PUCIT)

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o help all: to view all commands in gdb

o help command: to view info about a gdb command
o help class: to view commands inside a gdb commands class
disassemble used to dump assembly of specified function in AT&T format
backtrace used to get info about function stack frames (FSF
It completes execution of current function, returns value to parent function
finish
and stop there after copying address of next instruction from FSF to rip.
layout-split to view an addition assembly code panel in -tui interface mode of gdb
Breakpoints
break command is used to set breakpoint
break break 10 sets breakpoint at line-10
st
Break main sets breakpoint at 1 line of function main
executes only next instruction (of HLL code) and if that instruction contain
next/n /ENTER
function call it will also execute that function code implicitly
continue/c executes program till end or next breakpoint
ni/si moves to next instruction of assembly code
to disable a breakpoint temporarily by specifying its number
disable
disable 2 #disables breakpoint with number-2
to view contents of a variable during execution (at breakpoint)
print /x i #displays value in HEX
print print /o i #displays value in Octal
print /t i #displays value in Binary
print i #displays value in datatype format
whatis to view datatype of variable
to change variable value at breakpoint. It has 2 syntax:
o set (i=10)
set
o set variable i=10
o set $rax=9 #to change register values precede name with $

Commonly used Git Commands

Command Description
git init Initializes local git repository in PWD
st
git clone <Link> For cloning remote repository for the 1 time
git pull <Link> Used after clone
git remote rm name Removes remote repository named “name”
git remote add name <Link> Adds remote repository named “name”
git push origin master Pushes master branch to remote repository origin
git branch <name> Creates new branch named “name”
git branch -l List all branches
git checkout <branch> Switches to specified branch
git checkout -b <name> Creates new bracnch and switches to it
git branch -m <old> <new> Rename a branch
git branch -d <branch> Deletes a branch
git branch -D <branch> Delete a branch with unmerged changes
git push origin <Branch_Name> Pushes specified branch to remote repository origin
• git diff <file> # with staging index
• git diff HEAD <file> # with local repo
For COMPARISON • git diff --satged <file> # cmp file in staging index with
local repo
• git diff <b1> <b2> # cmp t2o branches
• diff -c file1 file2 >new.patch
o the differences are identified such that the first file
PATCHING could be modified to make it match the second file
• patch -i new.patch
o in dir of file1 to change this to file2
• System: /etc/gitconfig
Config Files
• User: ~/.gitconfig

Resource Person: Muhammad Arif Butt (PUCIT)

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• Project: ProjectDir/.git/config
• ./.git/HEAD (tell branch)
• ./.git/refs/heads/master (master=branch)
HEAD
• .git/refs/remotes/origin/master (remote master
HEAD)
• Project Level: .git/info/exclude
Excluding files
• Directory Level: ./.gitignore

Resource Person: Muhammad Arif Butt (PUCIT)

Downloaded by Usman Ahmad ([email protected])