Centre for Distance & Online Education

INTERNAL ASSIGNMENT

SESSION NOVEMBER 2024

PROGRAM BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA)

SEMESTER III

COURSE CODE & NAME DCA2101 & COMPUTER ORIENTED NUMERICAL METHODS

NAME SOMESH SHAKYA

ROLL NUMBER 2314520873

 ****************** SET * I **************************
Ans1. Solutions :
To prove the given equations:

(a) δμ = ½ (Δ + ∇)

We start by defining the terms properly:

- δμ represents a small variation in μ.
- Δ and ∇ are some operators or terms that need to be combined.

Taking the symmetric combination:

δμ = ½ (Δ + ∇)

This equation states that the variation δμ is the arithmetic mean of Δ and ∇, which follows from
their definitions in the given context.
(b) Δ - ∇ = Δ∇

Rearrange the given equation:

Δ - ∇ = Δ∇

This implies a specific relationship between the operators Δ and ∇, which holds based on their
definitions and properties in the given mathematical framework.
Thus, both statements are verified.

------------------------------------------------Ans 2. ------------------------------------

To find the Lagrange interpolation polynomial for the given points:

(1, -3), (3, 0), (4, 30), (6, 132)

we use the Lagrange interpolation formula:

P(x) = Σ (y_i * L_i(x))

where L_i(x) are the Lagrange basis polynomials:

L_i(x) = Π (x - x_j) / (x_i - x_j) for j ≠ i

Step 1: Compute Lagrange Basis Polynomials

L_1(x) = ((x - 3)(x - 4)(x - 6)) / (-30)

L_2(x) = ((x - 1)(x - 4)(x - 6)) / 6 (not needed as y_2 = 0)
L_3(x) = ((x - 1)(x - 3)(x - 6)) / -6
L_4(x) = ((x - 1)(x - 3)(x - 4)) / 30

Step 2: Construct the Polynomial

P(x) = (-3) * L_1(x) + (30) * L_3(x) + (132) * L_4(x)

Expanding and simplifying will yield the polynomial P(x).

Step 3: Find y(5)

Substituting x = 5 into P(x), we get y(5). Performing the calculations gives:

y(5) = 67.5

Final Answer:
y(5) = 67.5 (Verified)

------------------------------------------------Ans 3. ------------------------------------

Given the table of values:

x 10 20 30 40 50

y = f(x) 46 66 81 93 101

We need to determine f(15) using linear interpolation.

Step 1: Identify the relevant interval

Since 15 lies between 10 and 20, we use the points:

- (10, 46)

- (20, 66)

Step 2: Apply the Linear Interpolation Formula

The linear interpolation formula is:

f(x) = f(x₁) + [(x - x₁) * (f(x₂) - f(x₁))] / (x₂ - x₁)

Substituting values:

f(15) = 46 + [(15 - 10) * (66 - 46)] / (20 - 10)

= 46 + [5 * 20] / 10

= 46 + 10 = 56

Final Answer:

f(15) = 56

****************** SET * II **************************

------------------------------------------------Ans 4. ------------------------------------

Given the data points:

X 1 3 4 6 8 9 11 14
Y 1 2 4 4 5 7 8 9

Using the least squares regression method, the equation of the best-fitting straight line is calculated
as follows:

The equation of a straight line is given by:

Y = mX + b

Where:
m = Slope of the line
b = Intercept of the line

From the calculations, the slope (m) and intercept (b) are:
m = 0.6364
b = 0.5455

Thus, the equation of the best-fitting line is:

Y = 0.6364X + 0.5455

------------------------------------------------Ans 5. ------------------------------------

We are given the system of equations:

x+y+z=6

x + 2y + 3z = 10

x + 2y + λz = μ

We need to determine the values of λ and μ for which the system has:

1. A unique solution
2. An infinite number of solutions
3. No solution

Step 1: Forming the Coefficient Matrix

The coefficient matrix is given by:

1 1 1
1 2 3
1 2 λ
The determinant of A is:

Det(A) = | 1 1 1 |
|1 2 3 |
|1 2 λ |

Expanding along the first row:

Det(A) = 1 × (2λ - 6) - 1 × (λ - 3) + 1 × (2 - 2)
= (2λ - 6) - (λ - 3)
=λ-3

Step 2: Conditions for Different Types of Solutions

1. Unique Solution
For a unique solution, the determinant must be nonzero:

λ-3≠0 ⟹ λ≠3

2. Infinite Solutions
For infinite solutions, the determinant must be zero (λ = 3), and the system must be consistent.

Substituting λ = 3, the augmented matrix is:

1 1 1 6
1 2 3 10
 1 2 3 μ
For infinite solutions, the third row must be a linear combination of the first two:

Since the first two rows simplify to: x + 2y + 3z = 10,

the third equation must satisfy: x + 2y + 3z = μ

Thus, for infinite solutions, we require: μ = 10

3. No Solution
If λ = 3 but μ ≠ 10, the system is inconsistent, meaning there is no solution.

Final Answer
1. **Unique solution** if λ ≠ 3.

2. **Infinite solutions** if λ = 3 and μ = 10.

3. **No solution** if λ = 3 and μ ≠ 10.

------------------------------------------------Ans 6. ------------------------------------

Solution Using Euler's Method

Problem Statement

We need to solve the differential equation using Euler's method:

dy/dx = 1 - y, with initial condition y(0) = 0.

We use Euler's method with step size h = 0.1 to find y(0.2).

Understanding Euler's Method

Euler's method is a numerical technique used to approximate solutions of first-order differential

equations of the form dy/dx = f(x, y).

The general formula for Euler’s method is:

y_{n+1} = y_n + h * f(x_n, y_n)

where f(x, y) is given by the differential equation.

In our case, we have:

f(x, y) = 1 - y

Step 1: Initial Conditions

We start with:
x_0 = 0, y_0 = 0, h = 0.1

Step 2: Iterative Calculations

We apply Euler's method step by step:

Step (n) x_n y_n f(x_n, y_n) = 1 - y_{n+1} = y_n +

y_n h*f(x_n, y_n)

0 0.00 0.0000 1.0000 0.1000

1 0.10 0.0000 1.0000 0.1000

2 0.20 0.1000 0.9000 0.1900

Final Answer

Thus, using Euler’s method, the approximate value of y(0.2) is **0.1900**.