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Bearing
(mechanical)
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Introduction
Bearing is a member designed to
support a load while permitting relative
motion between two elements of a
machine.
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Bearings have several purposes, they:

1. Support engine parts.
2. Minimize friction.
3. Minimize wear.
4. Allow freedom of movement.
5. Carry loads.
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What is the Function of the Bearings?

1. Carry the rotating shaft.

2. Support the moving parts.

3. Reduce the friction between moving and

stationary machine parts.

4. Moving parts include rotating shafts and

parts moving in straight lines, such as the
carriage on a lathe moving along the ways.

5. The bearing must provide this support and

must also hold the part in proper alignment
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with other parts of the machine and do so with

minimum friction.
The primary loads that act on main
bearings are:

1. Weight of the rotating mass

(compressor, turbine, etc.)

2. Axial forces of power or load change

3. Compression and between stationary

parts tension loads and

4. rotating parts caused by thermal

expansion and misalignment.
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Types of Bearing: -

 Plain bearing.
 Fluid bearing.
 Magnetic bearing.
 Jewel bearing.
 Flexure bearing.
 Roller bearing.
 Ball bearing.
 Taper bearing.
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 Cylinder bearing.
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1) Plain bearing: -

A plain bearing, also known as a sliding contact

bearing or slide bearing, is the simplest type of
bearing that consists of just a bearing surface
and no rolling elements. It is designed to
support a load and allow sliding or rotational
motion between two machine components.
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Plain bearings are commonly used in various

industrial applications and offer a simple design
with high load-carrying capacity.

Materials Used in Plain Bearings:

Plain bearings must be made from durable,

low-friction, low-wear materials that are
resistant to elevated temperatures and
corrosion. The choice of material depends on
the specific application requirements. Some
common materials used in plain bearings
include:(Babbitt, BI-material , cast iron )
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2) Fluid bearin

Fluid bearings are bearings in which the load is

supported by a thin layer of rapidly moving
pressurized liquid or gas between the bearing
surfaces. [ Since there is no contact between
the moving parts, there is no sliding friction,
allowing fluid bearings to have lower friction,
wear and vibration than many other types of
bearings. Thus, it is possible for some fluid
bearings to have near-zero wear if operated
correctly.
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They can be broadly classified into two

types: -

1. H hydrostatic bearings.

2. fluid dynamic bearings (also

known as hydrodynamic bearings)
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 Hydrostatic bearings: are externally

pressurized fluid bearings, where the fluid is
usually oil, water, or air, and is pressurized by
a pump.

 Hydrodynamic bearings: rely on the

high speed of the journal (the part of the
shaft resting on the fluid) to pressurize the
fluid in a wedge between the faces. Fluid
bearings are frequently used in high load,
high speed or high precision applications
where ordinary ball bearings would have
shortened life or caused high noise and
vibration.
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3) Magnetic bearing.

Magnetic Bearings are devices used to support

(levitate) objects using magnetic forces. Some
magnetic bearings provide a full non-contact
support of an object, whereas others provide
only a partial support working together with
more conventional mechanical bearings.
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Magnetic bearings typically consist of two main

components: the stationary part, known as
the stator, and the rotating part, called the
rotor. The stator contains electromagnets that
generate a magnetic field, while the rotor
contains permanent magnets or soft magnetic
material.
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The magnetic field generated by the stator

interacts with the magnets or magnetic
material in the rotor, creating forces that
counteract the weight and other external loads
on the shaft. These forces allow the rotor to
levitate and rotate without physical contact,
resulting in frictionless rotation.
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4) Ball and roller bearings

due to low rolling friction these bearings are

aptly called.
“antifriction” bearing.
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⚫ Frictional resistance considerably less than in

plain bearings
⚫ Rotating – non-rotating pairs separated by
balls or rollers
⚫ Ball or rollers has rolling contact and sliding
friction is eliminated and replaced by much
lower rolling friction.
⚫ In plain bearing the starting resistance is
much larger than the running resistance due to
absence of oil film.
⚫ In ball and rolling bearings the initial
resistance to motion is only slightly more than
their resistance to continuous running.
⚫ Hence ball and rolling bearing are more
suitable to drives
subject to frequent starting and stopping as
they save power.
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⚫ Owing to the low starting torque, a low

power motor can be used for a line shaft
running in ball bearing.
 Types of rolling bearing: -
⚫ Single row deep-groove ball bearing:
⚫ Incorporating a deep hardened raceway
which makes them suitable for radial and
axial loads in either direction, provided the
radial loads are greater than the axial loads.

⚫ Single row roller bearing:

⚫ Roller bearing have a greater load-carrying
capacity than ball bearing of equivalent size
as they make line contact rather than point
contact with their rings.
⚫ Not suitable for axial loading, cheaper to
manufacture, used for heavy and sudden
loading, high speed, and continuous service.
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Bearing Type Selection:

1-Available space.
2-Loads.
3-Misalignment.
4-Precision.
5-Lubricating method.

Code:
1-Prefix:
1-S: Roll body of stainless.
2-w: stainless deep groove ball
bearing.
3-R: ring with roller set.
4-L: removable bearing ring.
5-K: cage with roller element.
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2-Number:
1-Frist Number: Type of bearing
6 Deep groove.

7 single row angular contact.

2-Second Number: thickness
9: Very thin section.
0: Extra light.
1: Extra light thrust.
2: light.
3: Medium
4: Heavy.
3-Third Number: inner
00:10mm
01:12mm
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02:15mm
03:17mm

Greater than (3) multiplying by (5).

3-suffix: cover
2Rs: Rubber seal on both sides.
Rs: Rubber seal on one side.
2Z or ZZ: Metal seal on both sides
Z: Metal seal on one side.

W-6306-2z-C3
W: stainless steel deep groove ball bearing.
6: Deep groove.
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3: Medium.
06: Multiplying *5 =30mm.
2Rs: Rubber seal on both sides.
C3: clearance ratio.
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Bearing Failure:
1-Lubrication issues.
a) In correct lubrication.
b) Inadequate maintenance.
c) Over lubrication.
2- Corrosion.
3- Contamination.
4- Excessive loading.

Case Study about Bearing

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Failure 1. First case study: Bearing Failure in a Pump

Introduction:
Bearing failure in pumps is a common problem that can lead to significant downtime,
maintenance costs, and even safety hazards. Pumps rely on bearings to support rotating shafts
and ensure smooth operation, but wear and tear can cause them to fail over time.
In a pump, the bearing failed due to misalignment, which caused excessive stress on the
bearing and led to its failure.
The failure was identified during regular maintenance checks, and the bearing was
replaced along with the motor and pump alignment. The root cause analysis revealed that the
motor's shaft and the bearing were not properly aligned. The corrective action taken was to
properly align the motor's shaft and the bearing to reduce stress on the bearing.

Factors that can contribute to bearing failure in pumps:

• Overloading: Pumps are designed to operate within certain parameters, such as flow
rate and pressure. If the pump is subjected to conditions outside of these parameters, such as
high flow rates or pressure spikes, the bearings can become overloaded and fail.
• Misalignment: If the pump shaft is not properly aligned with the bearings, it can cause
uneven wear and tear, leading to premature failure
• Contamination: Dirt, dust, and other contaminants can enter the bearings and cause
damage to the rolling elements and raceways.
• Lubrication issues: Proper lubrication is essential to the smooth operation of
bearings. If there is not enough lubrication, or if the wrong type of lubricant is used, the
bearings can experience excessive wear and failure.
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To prevent bearing failure in pumps:

To prevent bearing failure in pumps, regular maintenance and inspection are essential.
This includes monitoring the condition of the bearings, checking for alignment issues, ensuring
proper lubrication, and addressing any contamination or corrosion issues.
In addition, it is important to operate the pump within its designed parameters and to address
any issues promptly to prevent further damage.

2. Second case study: Bearing Failure in a Wind Turbine

Introduction
Bearing failure in wind turbines is a common problem that can cause significant
downtime and maintenance costs.
A wind turbine's bearings are responsible for supporting the weight of the rotor and
allowing it to rotate smoothly, but over time, wear and tear can cause them to fail in a wind
turbine, the bearing failed due to insufficient lubrication, which caused overheating and wear.
The failure was identified during regular maintenance checks, and the bearing was
replaced along with the lubrication system.
The root cause analysis revealed that the lubrication system was not functioning
correctly, and the oil level was low.
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The corrective action taken was to repair the lubrication system, maintain it regularly, and
ensure adequate lubrication.
Factors that can contribute to bearing failure in wind Turbine.
• Overloading: Wind turbines are designed to operate within certain parameters,
such as wind speed and rotor speed. If the turbine is subjected to conditions outside of these
parameters, such as high winds or sudden gusts, the bearings can become overloaded and fail.
• Misalignment: If the bearings are not properly aligned, they can experience
uneven wear and tear, leading to premature failure.
• Contamination: Dirt, dust, and other contaminants can enter the bearings and
cause damage to the rolling elements and raceways.
• Lubrication issues: Proper lubrication is essential to the smooth operation of
bearings. If there is not enough lubrication, or if the wrong type of lubricant is used, the
bearings can experience excessive wear and failure.
To prevent bearing failure in wind turbine
To prevent bearing failure in wind turbines, regular maintenance and inspection are
essential.
This includes monitoring the condition of the bearings, checking for alignment
issues, and ensuring that the bearings are properly lubricated.
In addition, it is important to operate the turbine within its designed parameters
and to address any issues promptly to prevent further damage.
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