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Grade8 Science Q3 Reviewer

This Grade 8 Chemistry reviewer covers essential topics including the states of matter, atomic structure, the periodic table, chemical bonding, chemical reactions, acids and bases, and the mole concept. Key concepts such as the properties of matter, types of chemical bonds, and the pH scale are explained. It also includes formulas for converting between moles, particles, and mass.

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11 views3 pages

Grade8 Science Q3 Reviewer

This Grade 8 Chemistry reviewer covers essential topics including the states of matter, atomic structure, the periodic table, chemical bonding, chemical reactions, acids and bases, and the mole concept. Key concepts such as the properties of matter, types of chemical bonds, and the pH scale are explained. It also includes formulas for converting between moles, particles, and mass.

Uploaded by

jestanislao588
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GRADE 8 SCIENCE – QUARTER 3 (CHEMISTRY) REVIEWER

This reviewer covers key topics in Chemistry for Grade 8, Quarter 3 in the Philippine
education system. It includes atomic structure, the periodic table, chemical bonding,
reactions, acids and bases, and the mole concept.

I. The Particulate Nature of Matter


Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. It exists in three main states:

1. **Solid** - Definite shape and volume, particles are tightly packed.

2. **Liquid** - No definite shape but has definite volume, particles are less packed and can
move.

3. **Gas** - No definite shape and volume, particles are far apart and move freely.

Changes in State:
1. **Melting** - Solid to liquid (ex. ice to water)

2. **Freezing** - Liquid to solid (ex. water to ice)

3. **Evaporation** - Liquid to gas (ex. water turning into vapor)

4. **Condensation** - Gas to liquid (ex. water droplets on a cold glass)

5. **Sublimation** - Solid to gas (ex. dry ice)

6. **Deposition** - Gas to solid (ex. frost formation)

II. Atomic Structure


Atoms are the smallest unit of matter, composed of three subatomic particles:

1. **Proton (p⁺)** - Positive charge, found in the nucleus.

2. **Neutron (n⁰)** - No charge, found in the nucleus.

3. **Electron (e⁻)** - Negative charge, orbits around the nucleus.

Atomic properties:

- **Atomic Number (Z)** = Number of protons in an atom.

- **Mass Number (A)** = Sum of protons and neutrons.

III. The Periodic Table


The periodic table organizes elements based on atomic number and properties. Elements
are classified into:
- **Metals** (left side, good conductors)

- **Nonmetals** (right side, poor conductors)

- **Metalloids** (between metals and nonmetals, semi-conductors)

Trends in the periodic table:

1. **Atomic size** - Increases down a group, decreases across a period.

2. **Electronegativity** - Ability to attract electrons, highest in fluorine.

3. **Ionization Energy** - Energy needed to remove an electron, increases across a period.

IV. Chemical Bonding


Atoms form bonds to achieve stability. There are three main types:

- **Ionic Bond** - Transfer of electrons (Metal + Nonmetal). Ex: NaCl (salt).

- **Covalent Bond** - Sharing of electrons (Nonmetal + Nonmetal). Ex: H₂O (water).

- **Metallic Bond** - Sea of electrons among metal atoms.

V. Chemical Reactions and Equations


Chemical reactions involve breaking and forming bonds. Types include:

- **Synthesis:** A + B → AB

- **Decomposition:** AB → A + B

- **Single Replacement:** A + BC → AC + B

- **Double Replacement:** AB + CD → AD + CB

- **Combustion:** Fuel + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O

**Balancing Equations:**

Step 1: Count atoms of each element on both sides.

Step 2: Add coefficients to balance.

Example: H₂ + O₂ → H₂O becomes **2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O**.

VI. Acids, Bases, and pH


- **Acids**: pH < 7, produce H⁺ ions (ex: HCl).

- **Bases**: pH > 7, produce OH⁻ ions (ex: NaOH).

- **pH Scale**: Ranges from 0-14 (Neutral = 7).


- **Indicators**: Litmus paper (red for acid, blue for base).

VII. Mole Concept


The **mole** is a unit representing **6.022 × 10²³** particles.

Formulas:

- **Moles to Particles:** Moles × Avogadro’s number.

- **Moles to Mass:** Moles × Molar Mass.

Example: How many atoms in 2 moles of carbon?

Solution: 2 × (6.022 × 10²³) = 1.204 × 10²⁴ atoms.

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