Translated from French to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.

com

Anouer Bennajeh 2LBC

Saoussen Anssi 2024 - 2025
Dalila Amara

Module: Database
Plan
1. Introduction

2. Boundariesof thefiles

3. Definitions (BD & DBMS)

4. Historicaldatabase

5. Database Features

6. Modelsdatabase

7. Componentsofbase ofdata

8. Level of representation of a comic

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 Introduction

RAM

Volatile memory

Variables
Variables
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 Introduction
 Volatile memoryis a type of storage whose contents are erased when
the power to the system is turned off or interrupted.

 When you work on a document, it is kept in RAM. If the computer you

are using is disconnected from power, your work is lost because it was
not stored in permanent memory (nonvolatile). For this reason,it is
recommended to recordyour documents or other data on a non-volatile
storage medium, such as aHard disk , a keyUSB.
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 Introduction
❑Datavolatile vs persistent

➢ Variablesin a program→ physical memory (RAM)

➢ ENDof execution→ disappearance of data
➢ Need for storage/archiving → Mass memory (disks)

Program

Program Data
➢ Solution: the files
Program
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 Limits of files
 In the treatment offiles,each user defines and implements the files needed for
a specific software application as part of application programming.
 Use of files requiredhasthe user to know the organizationof thefiles that he
uses in order to be able to access the information he hasneed.
 To writeprograms to be able to effectively manipulateinformation saved in
files.
 Addiction programs – data

➢ Change data structure→change ofcoded

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 Limits offiles
 Associated datato files are:
– poorly defined and poorly designated,

– redundant,

– not very accessible occasionally,

– unreliable.

 No software layer that offers

– Security
– Competitive access

– Data management language

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 Limits offiles
Ideally, there should be…
 Aonly one copy of each data element
 Allusers have access to data by communicating only with the
database (without an intermediary).
 Measuresprotection for confidential information
 ThereStorage complexity should not be apparent to the user.
Solution: a common, fully centralized database
➢ Baseof data

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 Definitions (BD & DBMS)
❑Database

“Structured set of information elements, often arranged in the

form of tables, in which the data is organized according to certain
criteria with a view to allowing their exploitation to meet the
information needs of an organization »[1].

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 Definitions (BD & DBMS)
 A database is a computerized system that contains organized
information. They facilitate thesearch, manipulation and filtering
Datas.
 A database is not the only way to store information, but it is one of
the most prolific. Indeed, in addition to storing information,
databases facilitate the management and understanding of data.
 THEdata base are more effective in terms of data recovery
compared to other methods.(For example, a file.)

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 Definitions (BD & DBMS)
❑Database Management System (DBMS))

“Software most often produced by a commercial publisher, which

manages and controls access to a database, thus ensuring a
standardized interface between applications and databases” [1].

The most famous :

OracleDatabase,DB2(IBM),SQLServer (Microsoft), MySQL

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 Database history
❑ Appearance in the 60s
➢ BD = files linked by pointers

➢ Development of IDS and IMS systems at IBM for the APOLLO program

❑Late 60s
➢ Appearance of network and hierarchical DBMS

➢ Separation of data description from manipulation by application programs

➢ TOTAL,IDMSnIDS2, IMS2…

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 Database history
❑ 70s
➢ Emergenceof the relational model in research laboratories

➢ Formulation of the SQL language, based on the algebraic language of CODD

❑80 years
➢ Marketingrelational DBMS (Oracle, DB2,Informix, Sybase, Ingres, SQL Server etc.)

➢ Extensionobject of the relational model

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 Database history
❑80 years(following…)
➢ Ajoint structuring of programs and data, while retaining relational knowledge
(tabular view of objects, and querying via SQL extended to objects).
➢ Distribution of architectures, for better collaboration between competing users

➢ Oracle 8, DB2 UniversalDatabase,InformixUniversal Server are thefirstsObject-

relational comics

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 Database history
❑90s and 2000s
➢ Support unstructured information from the Web, multimedia, etc.

➢ SGBDS oriented to aid decision-making and knowledge extraction (Data Mining)

➢ Adapting SQL to query this kind of data

❑2010s
➢ Data becomes very voluminous, varied and fast. We are talking about BIG DATA (we are
talking aboutpetabytesof data→ 250bytes).
➢ Conventional models and technologies are incapable of processing this data

➢ ApacheHadoop:frameworkJava allowing you to manipulatebigData

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 Database Features
❑Structured data anddescribed
– The fundamental characteristic of the database approach is that the

database system contains not only the data, but also the complete
definition and description of that data.

– These descriptions are essentially details about the extent, structure, type

and format of all data and, furthermore, the relationship between the data.
This type of stored data is called metadata ("data about data").
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 Database Features
❑Separation of data and applications
– The application software does not need any knowledge about

physical data storage like encoding, format, storage location, etc.

It communicates only with theSystemofManagementof
aBaseofData (DBMS) via a standardized interface using a
standardized language like SQL.

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 Database Features
❑Data integrity
– Data integrity means the quality and reliability of data in a database

system.

– In a broader sense, data integrity also includes protecting the

database against unauthorized access (confidentiality) and

unauthorized modifications. Data reflects real-world facts.

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 Database Features
❑Persistence ofdata
– Data persistence means that in a DBMS all data is retained until

it is explicitly deleted.

– Data lifetime should be determined directly or indirectly by the

user and should not depend on system functionality.

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 Database Features
❑Persistence ofdata
– THEData once stored in a database should not be lost. Changes

to a database made by a transaction are persistent.

– When a transaction is completed, even a system crash cannot

put the data at risk.

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 Database Models
❑ Hierarchical model
A hierarchical database is a form of DBMS that links records in a tree
structure so that each record has only one owner (for example, a product is
only delivered by one Supplier).

➢ Does not take into account some real-world cases. Example; a patient can be
treated by several doctors

➢ The hierarchical model only models “1 to N” relationships

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 Database Models
❑ Modelhierarchical

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 Database Models
❑ Modelhierarchical:Disadvantages

 RepetitionDatas;

 Editinformation on all occurrences during an update;

 Allthe queries depend on the root (traverse the tree starting from the root

to find the information).

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 Database Models
❑ Network model
 Models “N to N” type relationships (a doctor can have several
patients and a patient can be treated by several doctors.

 The problem with hierarchical and network models is that

applications depend on the logical structures of the data.

❑ On the market
IMS (hierarchical),Codasyl(network)…
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 Database Models
❑ Relational model
▪ ThereBD is represented in the form of tables (rows and columns).

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 Database Models
❑ Relational model
▪ ThereBD is represented in the form of tables (rows and columns).

▪ Developmentof a non-procedural data management language (SQL). The user or programmer

no longer has to navigate in the database, they formulate their requests and it is the DBMS
which is responsible for executing them and returning the result to them.
❑ On the market

Oracle (Oracle),Informix, DB2 (IBM), Sybase (Sybase), SQL SERVER (Microsoft),Postgress,Mysql…

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 Database Models
❑ Relational model
▪ Structuregraph (resembles the hierarchical model)

▪ Allowto use complex structures.

▪ Containsentities that have the characteristics of a record;

▪ Containspointers which make the links between the different records

Onthe market
Oracle (Oracle),Informix, DB2 (IBM), Sybase (Sybase), SQL SERVER
(Microsoft),Postgress,Mysql…
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 Database Models
❑ Object Oriented Model
▪ Registrationdata in the form of “objects” (in the sense defined by OOP).

▪ So, the data is saved with the functions/procedures that manipulate it.

▪ THEpublishers who were interested in this model found themselves in an

impasse (some have disappeared) given the success and incessant demand for
RDBMS (vs. RDBMS).
❑ On the market
O2,Objectivity,Objectstore…(did not succeed)
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 Componentsofdatabase
Although different types of databases vary in terms of schema, data structure,
and the data types that suit them best, they are all made up of the same five
basic components.

 Material. This is the physical device on which the database software runs.
Database hardware includes computers, servers, and hard drives.

 Software. The database software or application gives users control of the

database. Database management system (DBMS) software is used to
manage and control databases.
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 Levels of DB representation
 Data. This is the raw information that the database stores. Basic
administratorsorganize data to make it more meaningful.

 Data access language. It is the programming language that controls the

database. The programming language and the DBMS must work together.
One of the most common database languages ​is SQL.

 Procedures. These areruleswhich determinehow the database works and

how it manages data.
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 Levels of DB representation
There are 3 levels of representation of a comic book:
 The conceptual level: the conceptual diagram is the fundamental part in the
architecture of a comic book.
o Its aim is to describe an organization (company, school, etc.) and its management
processes which require the implementation of a BD.
o The transition from the real world to the conceptual diagram corresponds to a
modeling process.
 The internal level: this level defines the physical diagram which aims to
specify how the data will be stored on the peripheral organs.
 The external level: it is specific to each user or rather to each application
programmer.
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Levels of DB representation

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Levels of DB representation

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 [1] Gilles Roy.“Database design with UML”. Presses de l’Université du
Québec, 2009.

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