CHAPTER – 2

FRACTIONS & DECIMALS

A fraction is a number which can be written

CONTENTS in the form , where both a and b are

 Definition : Fraction
natural numbers and the number 'a' is called
numerator and 'b' is called the denominator
 Pictures form of the fraction , b  0.

 Types of Fraction
For example, , are fractions.
 Simplest form of Fractions

 Addition & Subtraction of

Fractions A fraction represents a part of a whole,
where the denominator of the fraction
 Multiplication of Fractions represents the number in which equal parts
the whole is divided and the numerator
 Division of Fractional Numbers shows the number of equal parts taken.

 Simplifying Brackets in Fractions

 Decimals

 Definition : Decimals

 Comparing Decimals
For example, the shaded part of the figure
 Addition & Subtraction of
represents the fraction .
Decimals
 Conversion of a Decimal Number
into a Decimal Fraction
 Proper Fraction : A proper fraction is a
 Multiplication of Decimal fraction in which the numerator is smaller
Numbers than the denominator.

 Division of Decimal Numbers For example, ,..., etc. are proper

 Conversion of Units fractions.

 Improper Fraction : An improper
fractions is a fraction in which the
numerator is greater than the denominator.

For example, , ...... , etc. are

improper fractions.
 Like Fractions : The fractions with the
same denominator are called like fractions.
 For example, , ..... , etc. are For example : etc. are
like fractions. decimal fractions.
 Unlike Fractions : The fractions with  Vulgar fractions : A fraction whose
different denominators are called unlike denominator is a whole number, other than
fractions. 10,100,1000 etc. is called a vulgar
fractions.
For example, , .... , etc. are
For example , etc. are vulgar
unlike fractions.
fractions.
 Unit Fractions : The fraction with
numerator 1 are called unit fractions.

For example, , ...., etc. are If numerator and denominator of a fraction

unit fractions. have no common factor other than 1, then
the fraction is said to be in its simplest form
 Mixed Numerals : Mixed numerals are i.e. HCF of both is 1.
combination of a whole number and a proper
fraction. For example, , etc. are the

For example, fractions , etc. fractions in simplest form.

are mixed numerals or mixed fractions.

 Equivalent Fractions : If , then

There are two case of adding and
subtracting fractions :
the fractions and are called equivalent
1. Fractions with Similar Denominators.
fractions because they represent the same (Like fractions)
portion of the whole.
2. Fractions with Different Denominators
For example, ; (Unlike fractions)
 Fractions with Similar Denominators :
For example, the shaded parts of each of the
For example :
following figures are same but they are
represented by different fractional numbers. Ex.1 Solve the following :

(i)

(ii)

They are called equivalent fractions. Sol. (i) = = =1

So we write = = , etc. (ii) = =

 Decimal fractions : A fraction whose  Fractions with Different Denominators :

denominator is any of the number
10,100,1000 etc. is called a decimal Use of L.C.M. of denominators.
fraction. For example :
Ex.2 Solve the following :
 (i) (ii) = = =4

Sol. (i) [L.C.M. of 5 and 3 = 15] (v)

= = = =1 = [L.C.M. of 3 and 2 = 6]

(ii) [L.C.M. of 8 and 9 = 72] = = =6 .

= = = = (vi) [L.C.M. of 2, 5 and 10 =

10]
EXAMPLES 
Ex.3 Solve the following : = =

(i) (ii) (iii) = = = =

(iv) (v) (vi) Ex.4 Arrange the following in descending

order :

Sol. (i) = [L.C.M. of 1 and 5 = 5]

Sol. [L. C. M of 5, 7 and 10 =
70]
= = = =
= , ,
(ii) =
=
= =
Descending order is
= =
i.e.,
(iii) [L.C.M. of 11 and 15 =
165]  are in descending order.

= = =
Ex.5 A rectangular sheet of paper is 12 cm

(iv) long and 10 cm wide. Find its

perimeter.
= – [L.C.M. of 2 and 8 = 8]
Sol. Length of paper = 12 cm = cm

=
 i.e., Vaibhav finished colouring picture
Breadth of paper = 10 = cm in

Perimeter of rectangular paper sheet

= = hr.
= 2(length +
breadth) Vaibhav worked longer, because

= =
Vaibhav worked longer by =

= = = = 46 hr.

cm.
= = = hr.

Ex.6 Ritu ate part of an apple and the Ex.8 Write three equivalent fractions of .
remaining apple was eaten by her
brother Somu. How much part of the
apple did Somu eat ? Who had the Sol.
larger share ? By how much ?

Sol. Ritu ate = part of apple
So, three equivalent fractions of are
Somu ate = part of apple
, and .
So, Somu ate = part of apple
Ex.9 Identify proper, improper and mixed
Ritu ate more apple than Somu. fractions from the following numbers :

Ritu ate more share. Sol. Proper fractions are =

Improper fractions are =

i..e., Ritu ate more apple
than Somu.
Ex.7 Michael finished colouring a picture in Mixed fractions are =

hr. Vaibhav finished colouring the

same picture in hr. Who worked Rule : Product of fractions

longer ? By that fraction was it longer ? =
Sol. Michael finished colouring picture in =
hr.
(i) Whole number by a fraction
Vaibhav finished colouring picture in =
(ii) Fraction by a fraction
hr. (iii) Whole number by a mixed fraction
 (iv) Multiplication of two mixed fractions
= = = =9
 Whole number by a fraction : To multiply
a whole number by a fraction, we simply
multiply the numerator of the fraction by  Whole Number by a Mixed Fraction :
the whole number, keeping the denominator
same. Ex.13 Find 8 ×

EXAMPLES 
= 8 × (Converting the mixed
Ex.10 Find the product
fraction into an improper fraction).
(i) 3 × (ii) 3 × (iii) ×6
= (Multiplying the numerator by

Sol. (i) 3 × = = = the whole number)

= (Simplifying into lowest term).

(ii) 3 × = = =

= 41 (Converting the improper

(iii) ×6= = =
fraction into a mixed numeral).
To multiply a whole number by a
Ex.11 Show 3 × by picture.
mixed fraction, we follow the
following steps :
Sol.
Step 1.
Convert the mixed fraction into an
improper fraction.
Step 2.
Multiply the numerator by the whole
Note : Multiplication is commutative i.e. ab number keeping the denominator same.
= ba Step 3.
 Fraction by a fraction : After multiplication, the fraction should
Ex.12 Find the product : be converted in its lowest form.
Step 4.
(i) (ii) (iii) Convert the improper fraction (product
so obtained) into a mixed numeral.

EXAMPLES 

Sol. (i) = = Ex.14 Find 6 × 3

(ii) = = = = Sol. Step 1. 3 = =

Step 2. 6 ×3 =6× = =

(iii) =
 Therefore, weight of 20 packets of tea
Step 3. = 21; Hence, 6 ×3
= × 20 = 5 kg.
= 21
Ex.18 In a Cinema hall's parking, 90 cars can
be parked at a time. During a night
Ex.15 Find 5 × 4 .
show, of the parking lot was full.
Sol. 5×4 =5× = = How many cars were there at that
time ?
Sol. Total capacity of Parking place = 90
cars
 Number of cars during night show =
Hence, 5 × 4 = = 21
90 ×

Ex.16 Find 7 of 36.

= = 10 × 5 = 50 cars.

Sol. 7 of 36 = 7 × 36  Multiplication of two Mixed Fractions :

To multiply two or more mixed numerals,
= × 36 we follow the following steps :
Step 1. Convert the mixed fractions into
(Converting the mixed fraction into an improper fractions.
improper fraction)
Step 2. Multiply the improper fractions.
= Step 3. Reduce to lowest form.
Step 4.If the product is an improper
(Multiplying numerator by the whole fraction, convert it into mixed fraction.
number)
EXAMPLES 
= Ex.19 Find the product of :

(Writing the fraction into lowest term) (i) (ii) (iii)

(Multiplying 57 by 9)
Sol. (i) = = =1
= 256

(Converting the improper fraction into Thus, =1

a mixed numeral)
(ii) = = =
Ex.17 The weight of one packet of tea is
kg. What is the weight of 20 such =3
packets ?

Sol. Weight of one packet of tea = kg

 6. Proper fraction < Product of proper and
(iii) = = = improper fraction < Improper fraction

= 18 Eg. = 

Ex.20 Find

Sol. = = =
7. When the product of two fractional
numbers or a fractional number and a
= 27 whole number is 1, then either of them
is the multiplicative inverse (or
 Facts : reciprocal) of the other. So the
reciprocal of a fraction (or a whole
1. It is not necessary first to multiply the
number) is obtained by interchanging
fractions and then simplify. We may
its numerator and denominator.
simplify first then multiply. For
example, Note : Reciprocal of zero (0) is not
possible.
(i) = = =
EXAMPLES 
Ex. 21 Match the following :

(i) (a)
(ii) = =

= 15

2. Cancellation could use only for (ii) (b)

fractions are multiplied and could not
use for addition & subtraction of
fractions.
3. Double of 3 or half of 7 can be written (iii) (c)

as 2 × 3 and × 7 respectively.
(iv) (d)
 If word 'OF' is in between two fractions
then multiply those fractions.
4. Product of two proper fractions < Each
proper fraction.
Sol. (i) = (b); (ii) = (c); (iii) = (a); (iv) = (d)
Ex.  and
Ex.22 (i) Shade of the circles in a box.

5. Product of two improper fractions >

Each improper fraction.

Eg. =  > & >

 Sol. Total water = 5 litres.
(ii) Shade of the triangle in a box.
(i) Water consumed by Vidya = of 5
litres

= × 5 litres = 2 litres

(ii) Water drunk by Pratap = (5 – 2) = 3

litres.
The fraction of total quantity of water

Sol. (i) that Pratap drunk =

Ex.25 A car runs 16 km using 1 litre of petrol.

How much distance will it cover using
2 litres of petrol ?

(ii)

Sol. Car runs in 1 litre of petrol = 16 km

Ex.23 Find : Car will run in 2 litres of petrol

(i) of 16
= km
(ii) of
= km = km = 44
(iii) of 2 km.

Sol. (i) of 16 = × 16 = = Hence, car will go 44 km in 2 litres

= 12 of petrol.

(ii) of = = = Ex.26 Represent pictorially

Sol.
(iii) of 2 = = =

Ex.24 Vidya and Pratap went for a picnic.

Their mother gave them a water bottle
that contained 5 litres of water. Vidya
consumed of the water. Pratap
consumed the remaining water.
Ex.27 Find : (i) of a rupee in paise
(i) How much water did Vidya drink ?
(ii) What fraction of the total quantity of
water did Pratap drink ? (ii) of an hour in minutes
 (iii) of a year in months (i) (ii)

(iv) of a day in hours (iii)

Sol. (i) of a rupee = Rupee Sol. (i) = =

= paise (1 Rupee. = (ii) = =

100 paise)
(iii) = =
= 25 paise.
=
(ii) of an hour = hr
 Facts :
= min (1 hr = 60 minutes) 1. (Fractional number) ÷ 1 = same
fractional number
= (2 × 12) min
÷1= =
= 24 min.
2. 0 ÷ Fractional number = 0 (always)
(iii) of a year = year
3. non zero fractional number ÷ same number
= 1 (always)
= months (1 year = 12
= =1
months)
4. '0' cannot be a divisor ( reciprocal of
= 28 months
zero is not possible)
= 2 years 4 months.
EXAMPLES 
(iv) of a day = day
Ex.29 Simplify :
= hours (1 day =

24 hours)
= 9 hours
Sol. is same as

We know Division = Dividend ÷ Divisor

Now,
When a fraction number (or whole no.)
divide by fractional number (or whole no.)
then we multiply dividend to reciprocal of =  (Rewrite the mixed
divisor.
numerals as improper fractions)
EXAMPLES 
=  (Change ÷ to × and
Ex.28 Find the value of
replace the divisor by its reciprocal.)
 =  (Reduce to lowest form and Reciprocal of = 8 (whole
multiply the numerators and multiply number)
the denominators)
Reciprocal of = 11 (whole
= (Rewrite the improper
number)
fraction as mixed numeral)
Ex.30 Find : Ex.32 A piece of cloth of length 11 m is cut
into
(i) (ii) 9 pieces of equal length. Find the
length of each piece.

Sol. Length of cloth = 11 m = m

(iii) (iv)
Number of equal pieces = 9
Sol. (i) = = = = 16
Length of each piece = m

(ii) = =
= m
= = =1
= = =
(iii) = = = = =1 m

Hence, length of each piece = 1 m.

(iv) = = = =
Ex.33 The area of a rectangle is 50 sq. cm.

If its breadth is 2 cm. find its length.

Ex.31 Find the reciprocal of each of the
Sol. Area of rectangle = length × breadth
following fractions. Classify the
reciprocals as proper fractions,
improper fractions and whole 50 = length × 2  =
numbers :
length ×
(i) (ii) (iii)

(iv) = length

cm = length
Sol. Reciprocal of (mixed
fraction)
Length = cm = = 22
Reciprocal of (proper cm
fractional)
Hence, length of rectangle = 22 cm.
 EXAMPLES 
=
Ex.34 Simplify :

=
Sol. Let us first solve bar brackets :

= =

= = = =
=

=
=

=
Let us consider 6598302

= =

When we move from right to left place

value is increase (by 10 times) but from left
= = to right, place value is decreasing (by one
tenth of place value)
Again consider 9321
= = =
Let us proceed from 9 to the right.
The place value of 9 is 9 thousand.
The place value of 3 is 3 hundred
Ex.35 Simplify :
The place value of 2 is 2 tens.
The place value of 1 is 1 ones.
So, a number right to 1 must have for
Sol. We have its value on-tenth of one. This
fractional part is usually separated
from the whole number by means of
a dot (.) called the decimal point.
Consider 9321.6,
 For example, in 8.3, 6.23, 10.145 all the
The place value of 6 is 6 tenths or . numbers have one, two three digits in
decimal parts respectively.
Consider, 9321.65,
 Types of Decimals :
The place value of 5 is 5 hundredths or
(i) Like decimals :
. Definition : Decimals having the same
number of decimal places.
Consider, 9321.654,
For example, 2.37, 9.01, 14.23 are like
The place value of 4 is 4 thousandths or decimals, having 2 decimal places.
. (ii) Unlike decimals :
Definition : Decimals having the
So the expanded form of 9321.654 is different number of decimal places.
9 thousand + 3 hundred + 2 tens + 1 For example, 1.12, 2.329, 42.8 are
ones unlike decimals having 2, 3 and 1
+ 6 tenths + 5 hundredths + 4 decimal places respectively.
thousandths. Note : 2.7 = 2.70 = 2.700 = 2.7000 = ......
or 9321.654 i.e. we can put any number of zero after
extreme right decimal part.
= 9000 + 300 + 20 + 1 + + +

 Methods :
9321.654 is read as "Nine thousand (i) Convert the given decimals into like
three hundred twenty one" point six decimals if it is unlike.
hundred and fifty four.
(ii) First compare the whole numbers.
Place value table represents the value
of the places : (iii) If whole-number parts are equal,
compare the tenths digits.
Thousands Hundreds Tens ones Tenths Hundredths Thousandths
(iv) If tenth's digit are equal, compare the
1,000 100 10 1 hundredths' digits and so on.

EXAMPLES 
Ex.36 Compare : (i) 173.856 and 173.456
The numbers expressed in decimal forms (ii) 235.67 and 254.98
are called decimals. For example, 5.2,
21.32, 8.469, ... etc. are decimals. Sol. (i) 1, 7, 3, 5 and 6 are same in both
numbers but
Decimal has two parts :
8>4  173.856 > 173.456
(i) whole number part (ii) decimal
part. (ii) In whole part ten's place 3 < 5 but
hundreds place is same.
For example, in 21.32
21  whole part  235.67 < 254.98

32  decimal part Ex.37 Which is greater :

and read as twenty one point three two. (i) 0.5 or 0.05 (ii) 0.7 or 0.5

 Decimal places : The number of decimal (iii) 1.37 or 1.49 (iv) 0.8 or
places is equal to the number of digits 0.88
contained in decimal part of a decimal.
Sol. (i) Digits on the left side of decimal in 0.5 the same procedure as we in addition. Let
and 0.05 are same i.e., 0. At tenths place us recall the procedure :
5 > 0, 0.5 > 0.05.
Step 1 : We arrange the decimals in column
(ii) Digits on the left side of decimals in form by keeping the decimal points in the
0.7 and 0.5 are same i.e., 0. At tenths same column.
place 7 > 5, so, 0.7 > 0.5.
Step 2 : We subtract as usual ignoring the
(iii) Digits on the left side of decimals in decimal points. Then finally, we put the
1.37 and 1.49 are same i.e., 1. Now the decimal point in the difference in the
digits at tenths place (3 < 4), so 1.49 > column of decimal points.
1.37.
EXAMPLES 
(iv) 0.8 or 0.88  0.80 or 0.88
Ex.38 Subtract 0.7342 from 1.
Digits at the left side of decimals are
same i.e., zero.
Now digits at tenths place are same i.e. Sol.
eight (8)
Now digits at hundredth place is (8 > Ex.39 Evaluate :
0), so (0.88 > 0.80)
(i) 3.21 + 2.34
(ii) 0.0345 + 6.124
(iii) 6.9 + 32.26
Sol. (i) 3.21 + 2.34
 Addition of Decimals :
Let us add 24.06 and 8.2.
Here the first number has two decimal
places and the second has one decimal (ii) 0.0345 + 6.124 = 0.0345 + 6.1240
place. So, the maximum number of decimal
places is 2.
Hence we write each of them as two place
decimal by putting zeroes wherever
necessary at the right of the numbers as (iii) 6.9 + 32.26 = 6.90 + 32.36
shown below :
24.06 and 8.2 as 8.20
To add these, we write the decimals in
columns keeping the decimal points in the Ex.40 Evaluate the following :
same column.
(i) 4.12 – 2.22 (ii) 62.7 –
60.74

While adding, we put the decimal point in Sol. (i) (ii)

the column of the decimal points.
Note : It must be noted that the carried digit
from tenths place may to beyond the
decimal point to reach ones place.
To convert a decimal number into a decimal
 Subtraction of Decimals : To subtract a fraction, we follow the steps given below :
decimal from another decimal, we follow Step 1 :
 Count the decimal places in the decimal  Multiplication of a decimal by a whole
number. number
Step 2 : Method : Multiply the whole number by
Ignore the decimal point and write all the decimal (without the decimal point). Mark
digits of the decimal number as the the decimal point in the product from right
numerator for the decimal fraction. side to have as many decimals as there are
Step 3 : in the given decimal.

Write the denominator as 1 with as many For example, 12 × 3.82

zeroes at the right as the number of decimal First find the product of 12 and 382
places.
(ignoring decimal) 382 × 12
Step 4 :
382
The decimal fraction thus obtained may be
reduced to its simplest form. ×12
EXAMPLES  764

Ex.41 Convert 56.432 into a decimal fraction. 382×

Sol. Decimal places = 3 4584
Numerator = 56432 Now, 3.82 × 12 = 45.84 (mark the point
3 after two digits from right).
Denominator = 10 = 1000
 Multiplication of a decimal by a decimal
Decimal fraction = = Method :

= 1. Multiply the decimal numbers as of

ordinary number (ignoring decimal
points)
2. Mark the decimal point in the product
after as many places (from the right) as
Shreyansh purchased 2.5 kg sugar at the the sum of the decimal places in the
rate of each number.
22.50 per kg. How much money should For example, 82.53 × 7.4
he pay? Certainly it would be (2.5 ×
22.50). Both 2.5 and 22.50 are decimal First find the product of 8253 and 74
numbers. So, we have come across a (ignoring decimal point)
situation where we need to know how to 8253 × 74
multiply two decimals. There are three
cases of multiplication of decimals which 8 2 5 3
are : × 7 4
 Multiplication of a decimal by 10, 100, 3 3 0 1 2
1000 etc.
5 7 7 7 1 ×
Method : On multiplying a decimal
6 1 0 7 2 2
number by 10, 100, 1000, … the decimal
point is shifted to the right by one, two, Now, 82.53 × 7.4 = 610.722 (mark the
three, … places respectively. decimal point after (2 + 1 = 3) digits
from right).
For example,
Ex.42 Multiply : (i) 1.6 by 0.3 (ii) 8.03 by
673.234 × 10 = = 6732.34 2.9
(iii) 0.657 by 27
673.234 × 100 = = 67323.4
Sol. (i) We write it as 1.6 × 0.3
673.234 × 1000 = = 673234.0
 Multiply the multiplicand by the
= = = 0.48 multiplier without bothering about the
decimal point.
Hence, 1.6 × 0.3 = 0.48
Step 2 :
(ii) We write it as 8.03 × 2.9
The multiplicand has 3 places of
decimal. Count three digits from the
= = = unit place of the product and put the
23.287 decimal point.
Hence, 8.03 × 2.9 = 23.287 Therefore, 2.325 × 25 = 58.125
(iii) We write it as 0.657 × 27 Ex.44 Multiply 6.7 × 4.25 × 12.3
Sol. (i) 6.7 × 4.25 × 12.3 = (6.7 × 4.25) × 12.3
= × 27 =
= 28.475 × 12.3 = 350.2425

= = 17.739
Hence, 0.657 × 27 = 17.739
Ex.43 Find the following products :
(i) 23.25 × 5 (ii) 2.325 ×
25
Sol. (i) 23.25 × 5 Also we can make the grouping as
(ii) 6.7 × 4.25 × 12.3
= 6.7 × (4.25 × 12.3) = 6.7 × 52.275
= 350.2425
So, 23.25 × 5 = 116.25
Step 1 :
Multiply the multiplicand by the
multiplier without bothering about the
decimal point.
Step 2 :
Count the number of digits in the
multiplicand after decimal point. It is 2 We find that
in this case. Count two digits from the (6.7 × 4.25) × 12.3 = 6.7 × (4.25 ×
unit place in the product and put a 12.3)
decimal point.
Hence,
Therefore, 23.25 × 5 = 116.25
To find the product of three decimal
(ii) 2.325 × 25
fractions, we can regroup them in any
order, the result is the same in both
cases. Thus, multiplication of decimals
is associative.
Ex.45 Find
(i) 10.05 × 1.05 (ii) 100.01 ×
So, 2.325 × 25 = 58.125 1.1

Step 1 : Sol. (i) First multiply 1005 by 105

 Ex.48 If 625 × 5 = 3125, find value of
(i) 6.25 × 5
(ii) 62.5 × 5 orally.
Sol. As 625 × 5 = 3125  6.25 × 5 = 31.25
Sum of decimal places in the given As 625 × 5 = 3125  62.5 × 5 = 312.5
decimal
Tip : Squaring of a number with decimal or
= (2 + 2) = 4 without decimal ending with 5.
So, product will contain 4 places of Eg. (i) 1.5 × 1.5
decimals from the right side.
= ( 1 . 5 )2
10.05 × 1.05 = 10.5525
= 2 . 25
(ii) 100.01 × 1.1
(1 × 2) (square of 5)
First multiply 10001 by 11.
Eg. (ii) ( 2 . 5 )2
= 6 . 25
(2 × 3) (square of 5)
Eg. (iii) ( 0. 35 )2
= 0.12 25
Sum of decimal places in the given (3 × 4) (square of 5)
decimals
Eg. (iv) ( 7 5 )2
= (2 + 1) = 3
= 56 25
So, product will contain 3 places of
decimals from the right side. (7 × 8) (square of 5)

100.01 × 1.1 = 110.011 In general (a5)2 = a(a + 1)25

Ex.46 Find the area of rectangle whose length We can set correct position of decimal.
is Note : In multiplication of two numbers a
5.7 cm and breadth is 3 cm. & b is
Sol. Length of rectangle = 5.7 cm a × b = ab
Breadth of rectangle = 3 cm here a = multiplier,
Area of rectangle = length × breadth b = multiplicand,
2
= (5.7 × 3)cm = 17.1 ab = product
cm2
Ex.47 A two-wheeler covers a distance of
55.3 km in one litre of petrol. How
much distance will it cover in 10 litres  Dividing a decimal by 10, 100, 1000 etc.
of petrol ? Method : On dividing a number by 10,
Sol. Distance covered in one litre petrol = 100, 1000, … the digits of the number and
55.3 km quotient are same but the decimal point in
the quotient shifts to left by one, two, three,
Distance convered in 10 litres of petrol … places.
= 55.3 × 10 km For example,
= 553.0 km = 553 km 3.27  10 = 0.327
 3.27  100 = 0.0327 Thus if the decimal point is moved to
two places towards right in the divisor
3.27  1000 = 0.00327
then the decimal point is also moved to
 Dividing a decimal by a whole number the right in dividend by same number
of places.
Method :
Ex.50 Find 50.76 ÷ 9.4
(i) Divide the dividend considering it as a
whole number.
Sol. = = =
(ii) When the division of whole-number
part of the dividend is complete, mark
= 507.6 ÷ 94
the decimal point in the quotient and
proceed with the division as in case of
whole number. Hence, 50.76 ÷ 9.4 = 507.6 ÷ 94

For example, Thus, we note that we can make the

divisor as a whole number by shifting
149.236  8 the decimal point to right by as many
places as the number of the decimal
places in the divisor. This way, the
 Dividing a decimal by a decimal divisor is changed into a whole
Method : number.

(i) Convert the divisor into a whole Ex. 51 Divide (i) 15.225 by 0.35 (ii) 50.76 ÷
number by multiplying it by 10, 100, 9.4
1000, … etc, depending upon the Sol. (i)
number of decimal places in it. Also we
multiply the dividend by the same
multiplier.
Thus, 15.225 ÷ 0.35 = 43.5
(ii) Divide the new dividend by the whole
number obtained above. (ii)
For example, 22.08  1.5

Thus, 50.76 ÷ 9.4 = 5.4

Ex.52 Find the quotient of 0.06688 ÷ 0.038
Sol. Make the divisor a whole number by
EXAMPLES  shifting the decimal point in dividend
Ex.49 Find 15.225 ÷ 0.35 to the right by three places, we have
0.06688 ÷ 0.038
Sol. We can write it as
=
= [Writing decimal
fractions as fractions]
Thus, 0.06688 ÷ 0.038 = 1.76
[Change ÷ by × and replace the divisor
by its reciprocal] Ex. 53 Find 0.024 ÷ 0.6

= = 1522.5 ÷ 35 Sol. 0.024 ÷ 0.6 =

Thus, we note that = = 0.04

15.225 ÷ 0.35 = 1522.5 ÷ 0.35 = 1522.5
÷ 35
Ex.54 Find 64 ÷ 0.08
Sol. 64 ÷ 0.08 = = Ex. 57 If 21.875 litres of oil is in cans of tin
of equal capacity, find the capacity of oil
in each can.
=

= 800 Sol. Number of cans = =3+

[Shift the decimal points two places to = 3 + 0.5 = 3.5

the right in both the numbers] Total quantity of oil = 21.875 litres
 Dividing of a whole number by a decimal
For example, Therefore, capacity of one can
9  0.3 = 21.875 ÷ 3.5 litres.
= 218.75 ÷ 35 = 6.25 litres
=

= Units of length :

9  0.3 = 30

EXAMPLES 
Ex.55 Find the quotient of :
(i) 34 ÷ 1.36 (ii) 1032 ÷ 2.064
Sol. (i) Step 1 : Make the divisor as a whole
number, we have
34 ÷ 1.36 = 3400 ÷ 136
Step 2 : Divide 3400 ÷ 136

Thus 34 ÷ 1.36 = 25
Note : Centimetres (length), grams (weight),
(ii) Step 1 : Make the divisor as a whole litres (capacity) belonges to a set of
number 1032 ÷ 2.064 = 1032000 ÷ units. This set is called Metric system
2064 of units.
Step 2 : Divide the new dividend by Fact : The metric system was developed in
new divisor : France in 1790, so as that units in the
system would be related to each other
by a multiple of 10.
Therefore, 1032 ÷ 2.064 = 500
Tip : To learn the order of units of length, we
Ex.56 Alka gets 89.25 as daily allowance can use
for tea in 7 days. How much money
does she get in 1 day? " Kaha Ho Daddy Mumma, Didi, Call Me
"
Sol. Money received in 7 days = 89.25
K  km ; H  hm ; D  dam ; M 
Therefore, money received in 1 day metre ;
= 89.25 ÷ 7 D  dm ; C  cm ; M  mm
Also,
Therefore, money received in 1 day =
12.75
 42 g + 745 mg = 42 g + g
= 42 g + 0.745 g = 42.745 g
 3 × 42g 745 mg = 3 × 42.745g =
128.235 g
(ii) Now, 5t 5460 kg = 5t + 5460 kg
EXAMPLES 
Ex.58 Express the given quantity in terms of = 5t + t = 5t + 5.46 t = 10.46 t.
the units given in brackets :
 3 × 5t 5460 kg = 3 × 10.46 t = 31.38 t
(i) 45.93 km to (m)
 Other Units of Length (Imperial Units of
(ii) 73.72 kg to (cm) Length) :
(iii) 225 m 37 cm to (cm)
12 inches = 1 foot (ft)
(iv) 9.432 g to (mg)
3 feet = 1 yard (yd)
Sol. (i) 45.93 km = 45.93 × 1000 m = 45930 m
1760 yards = 1 mile
(ii) 73.72 km = 73.72 × 100000 cm =
7372000 cm Ex.61 Express the given quantity in the units
given in brackets :
(iii) 225 m 37 cm = 225 × 100 cm + 37 cm
(i) 549 inch (into ft)
= 22500 cm + 37 cm
(ii) 2 miles 9504 yards (into miles)
= 22537 cm
(iii) 1285 inch (into ft and inches)
(iv) 9.432 g to mg = 9.432 × 1000 mg =
9432 mg Sol. (i) We know 12 inches = 1 foot
Ex.59 Express the given quantity in terms of
the units given in brackets :  1 inch = foot

(i) 24.43 mg to (cg) (ii) 6795 g to

(kg)  549 inch = feet = 45 feet
(iii) 4203 mm to (hm) (iv) 15.89 m
to () = 45 feet and 9 inch.

Sol. (i) 24.43 mg = cg = 2.443 cg

(ii) 2 miles 9504 yards
(ii) 6795 g = kg = 6.795 kg In order to change 2 miles 9504 yards,
we have to change number of yards
into miles.
(iii) 4203 mm = hm = 0.04203
 2 miles 9504 yards = 2 miles +
hm
9504 yards
 1760 yards = 1 mile
(iv) 15.89 m = = 0.01589 
Ex.60 Find the following products in the units 1 yard = mile
given in brackets :
(i) 3 × 42 g 745 mg in (g)  9504 yards = = 5.4
(ii) 3 × 5 t 5460 kg in (t)
miles
Sol. (i) Before multiplying, change the unit in
the required unit  2 miles + 9504 yards = 2 miles +
5.4 miles
 = 7.4 miles
So, 7 paise = × 7 Rupees =
(iii) 1285 inches
12 inches = 1 ft 7 paise = 0.07 Rupees
(ii) 7 Rupees and 7 Paise = 7 + 7
1285 inches = ft = 107 ft Paise

= 107 ft and 1 inch = 7+

Ex.62 How many metres are there in 6728

cm? =

Sol. We know that 100 cm = 1 m

= (7 + 0.07) = 7.07
 1 cm = m
(iii) 235 paise = ( 100 paise =
So, 6728 cm = (6728  100) m 1)
6728 cm = 67.28 meters 235 paise = 2.35
Ex.63 How many decimeters are there in 23.7 Ex.67 Express 5 cm in metres and kilometers.
cm ?
Sol. We know that 10 cm = 1 dm  1 cm = Sol. 5 cm = × 5 metres

dm
( 100 cm = 1m and 1 cm = m)
So, 23.7 cm = (23.7  10) dm
23.7 cm = 2.37 decimeters = metres
Ex.64 How many grams are there in 725.65
hectograms ? 5 cm = 0.05 metres

Sol. We known that 1 hectogram = 100 5 cm = 5 × km

grams
So, 725.65 hectograms = (725.65 × ( 100000 cm = 1 km  1 cm =
100) grams
km)
725.65 hectograms = 72565 grams
Ex.65 How many milliliters are there in 5 cm = 0.00005 km.
6.1072 litres? Ex.68 Express in kg
Sol. We know that 1 litre = 100 ml. (i) 200 g
6.1072 litres = (6.1072 × 1000) ml (ii) 3470 g
6.1072 litres = 6107.2 ml (iii) 4 kg 8 g
Ex.66 Express as rupees using decimals :
(i) 7 paise (ii) 7 rupees 7 paise Sol. (i) 200 gm = kg

(iii) 235 paise ( 1000 gm = 1 kg  1 gm =

Sol. (i) We know that 100 paise = 1 Rupee
kg)
 1 paise = Rupees
 200 gm = 0.200 kg
(ii) 3470 g = kg

( 1000 gm = 1 kg  1 gm =
kg)

 3470 gm = 3.470 kg

(iii) 4 kg 8 gm = 4 kg + kg

( 1000 gm = 1 kg  1 gm =
kg)

= (4 + 0.008) kg
 4 kg 8 g = 4.008 kg
 EXERCISE # 1
Q.10 If 256  16 = 16 then value of 2.56 
16 is equal to
Q.1 5.5 km is equal to
(A) 1.6 (B) 16.0
(A) 5.5 hm (B) 0.55 hm
(C) 0.16 (D) none of
(C) 550 hm (D) 55 hm
these
Q.2 0.8 g is equal to
Q.11 ______ is improper fraction
(A) 8 dg (B) 0.8 dag
(C) 8 hg (D) none of (A) (B) (C) (D)
these

Q.3 16 m is equal to
(A) 1600  (B) 16 
Q.12 The fraction in which the numerator is
(C) 1.6 c (D) none of
less than the denominator is called
these
________ fraction
Q.4 0.088  2.2 is equal to (A) like (B) unlike
(A) 4 (B) 0.4 (C) improper (D) proper
(C) 0.04 (D) none of
Q.13 The value of product of two proper
these
fractions is always________ than each
Q.5 0.8007 × 1000 is equal to of the fractions.
(A) 800.7 (B) 8.007 (A) greater (B) equal
(C) 8007.0 (D) none of (C) less (D) none of
these these

Q.6 The value of 25.75  100 is equal to

Q.14 The reciprocal of is
(A) 2.575 (B) 257.5
(C) 0.2575 (D) none of
(A) (B)
these
(C) (A) and (B) both (D) none of
Q.7 The value of 2.2 × 0.2 × 0.001 is equal
these
to
(A) 4.2 (B) 0.00044
Q.15 of a week is ___ days
(C) 4.4 (D) none of
these (A) 5 days (B) 7 days
(C) 2 days (D) none of
Q.8 If 14 × 4 = 56 then value of 0.14 × 4 is
these
(A) 5.6 (B) 0.056
(C) 0.56 (D) none of Q.16 7.235 kg is equal to ______
these (A) 72.35 gm (B) 7235 gm
(C) 0.7235 gm (D) none of
Q.9 0.35 × 0.2 is equal to
these
(A) 7.0 (B) 0.7
(C) 70.0 (D) 0.070 Q.17 7204 m is equal to ______
(A) 7.204 km (B) 72.04 km
 (C) 0.7204 km (D) none of
(iv) 5 – (v) (vi)
these

Q.18 1245  100 is equal to ______

(A) 12.45 (B) 1.245
(C) 124.5 (D) none of ` (vii) (viii)
these

Q.19 Write the fraction for each of the

Q.22 Arrange the following fractions in
following figures
ascending order :

(i) (ii)
(i) (ii)

(iii) (iv)

Q.23 Use signs >, <, = in the following

boxes :

(i) (ii)

(iii) (iv) (iii) (iv)

Q.24 Multiply and write the following in

Q.20 Shade/colour on the basis of given
simplest form :
fractions below :
(i) (ii) (iii)

(iv) (v) (vi)

(i) Part (ii) Part (iii)

Part
Q.25 Match the following :

Q.21 Simplify the following : (i) (a)

(i) (ii) (iii)

(ii) (b)
 (iii) (c) Q.30 Multiply and write the following in
simplest form :

(i) (ii) (iii)

(iv) (d)

(iv) (v)

Q.26 Multiply and give the answer in the Q.31 Simplify the following :
lowest term.
(i) of
(i) (ii)
(ii) of
(iii) (iv) of 21
(iii) of
Q.27 Find :
(iv) of
(i) of 24 = ........... (ii) of 36 =

......... (v) of

(iii) of 96 = ............
Q.32 Complete the following :

Q.28 Ankita organised a picnic and invited (i)

of all her classmates. If of the

(ii)
classmates invited were girls, find how
many boys were there at Ankita's
(iii)
picnic, if there were 60 students in her
class.
(iv)
Q.29 Simplify the following :
(v)
(i) (ii) (iii)

(vi)
(iv) (v)

(vi) of Q.33 Find the multiplicative inverse

(reciprocal) of each of the following :

(vii) of (viii) of
 (i) (ii) 6 (iii) Q.39 Which of the following are true, write
T in the box otherwise write F ?

(i)
(iv) (v)
(ii)
Q.34 Find the quotient of the following
divisions : (iii)

(i) (ii)

Q.40 Sheela's mother bought kg of

(iii) (iv)
toffees. She distributed the toffees to
Q.35 Find : some children. If each child was given

(i) (ii) kg toffees, find how many children

were distributed the toffees ?

(iii) (iv)

Q.41 How many boards of length feet

Q.36 Rohan caught 5 fishes. Their total
can be cut from a piece of a wooden
weight was kg. If all fishes have
log that measures feet in length ?
equal weight, find the weight of one
fish. Q.42 Fill in the blanks using the properties of
division.
Q.37 Divide :
(i)
(i) by (ii) by

(ii)
(iii) by (iv) by

(iii) 0 ÷
Q.38 Find the quotient in each of the
following : (iv) 0 ÷ =0

(v)
(i) (ii)

(iii) (iv)
 ANSWER KEY
1. D 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. A 6. C
7. B 8. C 9. D 10. C 11. B 12. D
13. C 14. C 15. A 16. B 17. A 18. A

19. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

21. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii)

22. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

23. (i) > (ii) > (iii) > (iv) =

24. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 10 (v) 21 (vi) 2

25. (i) b (ii) d (iii) c (iv) a

26. (ii) 49 (iii) (iv) 7

27. (i) 4 (ii) 4 (iii) 84
28. 5 boys

29. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii)

(viii)

30. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

31. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

32. (i) 5, 1 (ii) 9, 99 (iii) 5, 3, 15 (iv) 5, 1 (v) 4, 20, 20 (vi) 9, 18

33. (i) (ii) (iii) 7 (iv) (v)

34. (i) (ii) (iii) 35 (iv)

35. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

36. kg

37. (i) (ii) (iii) 1 (iv)

38. (i) 5 (ii) (iii) 2 (iv)

39. (i) T (ii) F (iii) F

40. 6 children 41. 15 boards

42. (i) (ii) 1 (iii) 0 (iv) is not defined (v) 0

EXERCISE # 2

Q.3 A cook adds 4 cups of water to a

Q.1 Ramesh can iron a shirt in

minutes, how long will he take to iron stew. If the cup holds of a litre,
16 shirts ?
how many litres of water were added ?

Q.2 A bags of flour weighs 35 kg. What

Q.4 It takes 3 minutes for a cub scout to
is the weight of 105 bags ?
clean a pair of shoes. If he cleans 36
pairs of shoes to raise money for a
charity, how long does he spend to this
job ?
Q.5 A pharmacist counts 24 tablets and put
them into a bottle. Each tablet weighs

of a gram and the weight of the

bottle is 112 grams. What is the total

weight ? Q.12 Find the perimeter of the rectangle

shown in fig.
Q.6 A car travels 5 km north, then 2

km west and finally 4 km north. What

is the total distance travelled (in

kilometers) ? What fraction of the
journey was travelled in a northerly Q.13 A piece of webbing is 17.6 m long. If
direction ? 2.37 m is cut off, how much is left ?

Q.7 State whether each of the following Q.14 The bill for three meals was 1443.90.
statements is true or false : The first meal costs 338.30 and the
second 645.75. What was the cost of
(i)
the third ?

(ii) Q.15 Fill in the blanks :

(i) 3.432 × 6 = ........................
(iii) (ii) 1.07 × 1 × 3 = ........................
(iii) 1.26629 × 9 = ........................

Q.8 Simplify each of the following : Q.16 Find the following products :
(i) 512 × 0.947
(i)
(ii) 756.329 × 6.3429 × 0
(iii) 26.004 × 45
(ii)
Q.17 Fill in the blanks :
Q.9 Write each of the following decimals in (i) 2.45 × 10 = ........................
words : (ii) 7.2 × 10 = ........................
(i) 7.26 (ii) 247.893 (iii) 19.25 × 100 = ........................
(iii) 240.004 (iv) 9.007 Q.18 Find the multiplier :
Q.10 Simplify each of the following : (i) 17.03 × ........................ = 17030
(ii) 92.125 × ...................... = 92125
(i) 4.032 – 3.947 – 3.472 + 0.943
(iii) 7.25 × .......................... = 725
(ii) 9.069 – 10.2 + 12.321 – 27.957
Q.19 Find the multiplicand :
Q.11 In the given figure the perimeter (the
(i) ............... × 100 = 621.6
distance all round) of the triangle is 6.5
(ii) ............... × 1000 = 245.7
cm. What is the length of third side ?
(iii) ............... × 10 = 240.7
Q.20 Multiply the decimal numbers with the
Q.32 Divide the following :
given powers of 10.
(i) 0.1008 ÷ 0.9 (ii) 20.28 ÷ 0.26
S. No. Number 10 102 10
(i) 6.943 Q.33 Divide the following :
(ii) 76.001 (i) 83.4412 ÷ 0.8 (ii) 0.2136 ÷ 0.006
(iii) 0.0029
Q.34 Divide each of the following :
Q.21 If the length of side of a square is 14.32
cm, then find (i) area (ii) perimeter. (i)

Q.22 The length of a side of a regular 6-sided (ii)

polygon (hexagon) is 10.9 cm. Find the
perimeter of the polygon.
(iii)
Q.23 Add 3.42 and 6.409 and multiply the
result by 2.3. Q.35 15 slabs of milky bar weigh 5.652 kg.
How much does each slab weight ?
Q.24 Take 9.632 from 11 and multiply the
result by 11. Q.36 If 15 pencil boxes cost 190.80. What
is the cost of one pencil box ?
Q.25 The cost of 1 metre water pipe is
5.80. What will be the cost of 8.5 Q.37 The total cost of 68 tape recorders is
metres of the pipe ? 78373.40. What is the cost of one tape
recorder ?
Q.26 A bottle holds 0.750  of a cold drink.
How much of cold drink will be there Q.38 If 35.4 litres of petrol cost 1053.15,
in 21 such bottles ? find the price of one litre of petrol.
Q.27 A litre of milk costs 15.25. What will Q.39 The perimeter of a square is 244.56 cm.
be the cost of 100 litres of milk ? What is the length of one side ?
Q.28 Sheela brought 5.5  of oil. If each litre Q.40 Divide 132.6 into 12 equal parts.
costs 73.50. How much did she
spend ? Q.41 Share 143.45 equally among 8
people.
Q.29 Find the quotient in each of the Q.42 Express each of the following in metres
following : (i) 4.5 km (ii) 63 cm
(i) 2.16 ÷ 9 (ii) 2.25 ÷ 15 (iii) 319.2 ÷ (iii) 8 cm (iv) 4 mm
288 (v) 169 dm (vi) 0.235 km
Q.30 Divide the following : Q.43 Express each of the following in litres
(i) 98.01 ÷ 10 (ii) 32.24 ÷ (i) 42.3 dal (ii) 235.2 ml
1000 (iii) 0.123 kl (iv) 34.25 hl
(iii) 300.4 ÷ 100 (v) 2.312 kl (vi) 68.6 cl
Q.31 Fill in the blanks : Q.44 Find the sum of 7m 50 cm and 500 cm
(i) 79.84 ÷ = 0.7984 in metres.
(ii) 125.1 ÷ = 1.251
(iii) 2593.7 ÷ = 2.5937
Q.45 Find the sum of 2 kg, 270 g and 580 g sides are equal) is 162.34 cm. What is
in grams. the length of one side ?

Q.46 Find the perimeter of a square if each Q.54 Simplify :

side of length is 4.4 cm. Give your (i) 5.5 of 3.67 – (1.67 +
answer in metres. ) ÷ 0.2
(ii) 4.4 ÷ 1.1 – [3.3 + {1.1 × 4.4 – (1.1
Q.47 Find in kilograms, the total mass of a
÷ 2.2
bag of flour of mass 2.5 kg, a jar of jam
+
of mass 360 g and a packet of rice of
of 1.1)}]
mass 400 g.
(iii) 6.5[3.5 {14.5 – (2.8 –
Q.48 While helping father put in a new )}]
driveway, Shyam carried 14 bags of (iv) 1.5{3.9 – (4.5 – 3.2 × 0.5)}
sand from the garage to the cement (v) 6.5 [2.4 + (1.5 + 7.2)]

mixer. If each bag weighed 25 kg ,

what was the total weight of all the

sand that Shyam carried ?

Q.49 A mail train travels from Delhi to

Chennai in 2 days. A jet plane makes

the trip from Delhi to Chennai in 5

hours. How many hours longer does the
train take to make this trip ?

Q.50 Mother had 2 cups of ice cream left

in the refrigerator. She decided to serve

it to Priyanka and her 3 friends. If she
divided the ice cream equally, how
much would each child get ?

Q.51 Shahina has a 7 metres long ribbon.

How many 1 metres long pieces can

she cut from the ribbon ?

Q.52 On a trip last summer, Shashi drove

100 km in 2 hours. How many km

did she run in one hour ?

Q.53 The perimeter of a regular pentagon (a

five-sided closed figure with all the
 ANSWER KEY

1. 76 minutes or 1 Hour 16 minutes 2. kg 3. litre

4. 117 minutes or 1 Hour 57 minutes 5. g 6. km; km

7. (i) T (ii) T (iii) F 8. (i) (ii)

9. (i) seven point two six (ii) Two hundred forty seven point eight nine three
(iii) Two hundred forty point zero zero four (iv) Nine point zero zero seven
10. (i) – 2.444 (ii) –16.767
11. 2.6 cm 12. 22.6 cm 13. 15.23 cm
14. 459.85 15. (i) 20.592 (ii) 3.21 (iii) 11.39661
16. (i) 484.864 (ii) 0 (iii) 1170.18
17. (i) 24.5 (ii) 72 (iii) 1925
18. (i) 1000 (ii) 1000 (iii) 100
19. (i) 6.216 (ii) 0.2457 (iii) 24.07
20. (i) 69.43, 694.3, 6943 (ii) 760.01, 7600.1, 76001 (iii) 0.029, 0.29, 2.9
2
21. (i) 205.0624 cm (ii) 57.28 cm
22. 65.4 cm 23. 22.6067 24. 15.048 25. 49.30
26. 15.750  27. 1525 28. 404.25
29. (i) 0.24 (ii) 0.15 (iii) 1.108
30. (i) 9.801 (ii) 0.03224 (iii) 3.004
31. (i) 100 (ii) 100 (iii) 1000
32. (i) 0.112 (ii) 78
33. (i) 104.3015 (ii) 35.6
34. (i) 0.3 (ii) 400 (iii) 4.8
35. 0.3768 kg 36. 12.72 37. 1152.55 38. 29.75
39. 61.14 cm 40. 11.05 41. 17.93 each
42. (i) 4500 m (ii) 0.63 m (iii) 0.08 m (iv) 0.004 m (v) 16.9 m (vi) 235 m
43. (i) 4.23  (ii) 0.2352  (iii) 123  (iv) 3425  (v) 2312  (vi) 0.686 
44. 12.50 m 45. 2850 g 46. 0.176 m 47. 3.26 kg

48. kg 49. 55 hours 50. cups 51. 5 ribbons

52. 40 km 53. 32.47 cm

54. (i) 5.885 (ii) –2.43 (iii) 379.925 (iv) 1.5 (v) 72.15