7 Lenses

Q. 1 Match the columns in the following table and explain them.

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

Farsightedness Far away object can be seen clearly Convex lens
Presbyopia Problem of old age Bifocal lens
Nearsightedness Nearby object can be seen clearly Concave lens

 Nearsightedness: This defect is also known as

Myopia. It is a defect of vision in which a person
clearly sees all the nearby objects, but is unable to see
distant objects clearly.
There are two reasons for this defect:-
1.The curvature of the cornea and the eye lens
increases so that converging power of the lens
remains large.
2.The eyeball elongates so that the distance between
the lens and the retina increases.
This defect can be corrected by using spectacle with concave lens of proper focal length.

 Farsightedness: This defect is also known as

Hypermetropia. It is an eye defect in which a person is
unable to see nearby objects clearly but can see the far
away objects clearly.
There are two reasons for this defect:
1. The curvature of the cornea and the eye lens decreases
such that converging power of the lens becomes less.
2. The eyeball flattens so that the distance between the
lens and the retina decreases.
This defect can be corrected by using spectacles with convex lens of proper focal
length.

 Presbyopia: This is a common defect of vision, which generally occurs at old age. A
person suffering from this type of defect of vision cannot see nearby objects clearly and
distinctly.
There are two reasons for this defect:
1. Weakening of the ciliary muscles
2. Reduction in the flexibility of the eye lens.
This defect can be corrected by using spectacles with bifocal lens
Q 2 Draw a figure explaining various terms related to a lens.
Terms Associated with Lenses:

1. Centre of curvature (C) :

The centres of spheres whose parts form surfaces of the lenses are called centres of c
curvatures of the lenses.

2. Radius of curvature (R):

The radii (R1 and R2) of the spheres whose parts form surfaces of the lenses are called
the radii of curvature of the lens.

3. Principal axis
The imaginary line passing through both centers of curvature is called the principal axis
of the lens.

4. Optical Centre (O):

The point inside a lens on the principal axis, through which light rays pass without
changing their path.

5. Principal Focus (F)

When light rays parallel to the principal axis are incident on a convex lens, they
converge to a point on the principal axis. This point is called the principal focus of
the convex lens.
Rays travelling parallel to the principal axis of a concave lens diverge after refraction
in such a way that they appear to be coming out of a point on the pricipal axis. This point
is called the principal focus of the concave lens.

6. Focal length(f) :
The distance between the optical centre and principal focus of a lens is
called its focal length.
Q 3 At which position will you keep an object in front of a convex lens so as to get a real
image of the same size as the object? Draw a figure.
Ans :
When an object is placed at the centre of curvature 2F1 of a convex lens, we will get a real
image of the same size as the object.

Q 4 Give scientific reasons:

a. Simple microscope is used for watch repairs.
Ans :
(i) Simple microscope has convex lens which has the ability to produce 20 times larger as
well as erect image of an object.
(ii) This makes the watch makers to see the minute parts of the watch while repairing it. •
(iii) Hence simple microscope is used for watch repairs.

b. One can sense colours only in bright light.

Ans. :
(i) The retina in our eyes is made up of many light sensitive cells.
(ii) The rod like cells respond to the intensity of light and give information about
the brightness or dimness of the object to the brain.
(iii) The conical cells respond to the colour and give information about the colour
of the object to the brain.
(iv) Brain processes all the information received and we see the actual image of
the object.
(v) Rod like cells respond to faint light also but conical cells do not.
(vi) Thus we perceive colours only in bright light.

c. We cannot clearly see an object kept at a distance less than 25 cm from the eye.
Ans. :
(i) The ciliary muscles of our eyes are unable to contract beyond certain limit.
(ii) For a normal human eye, the near point is at 25cm.
(ii) If the object is placed at a distance less than 25 cm from the eye, then the object appears
blurred because light rays coming from the object meet behind the retina.
Q 5: Explain the workings of an astronomical telescope using refraction of light.
Ans. :
1. Telescope is used to see distant objects clearly in their magnified form.
2. The astronomical telescope consists of two lenses: objective and eyepiece.
3. Objective has larger focal length and diameter to accommodate the maximum amount of
light coming from the far away (astronomical) objects.
4. Eyepiece is smaller and hence smaller focal length.
5. Both the lenses are fitted inside a metallic tube in such a way that the distance between
them can be changed.
6. The principal axes of both the lenses are along the same straight line.
7. Using the same objective but different eyepieces, different magnification can be
obtained.

Q 6 Distinguish between:

a. Farsightedness and Nearsightedness

Farsightedness Nearsightednes
1. The eye can see distant objects clearly 1. The eye can see nearby objects clearly
but cannot see nearby objects distinctly. but the distant objects appear indistinct.

2. It is caused due to decrease in 2. It is caused due to increase in curvature

curvature of the eye lens or decrease in of the lens or increase in length of eyeball.
length of eyeball.

3. Image is formed behind the retina. 3. Image is formed in front of the retina.

4. It is corrected using a convex lens. 4. It is corrected using a concave lens.

 b. Concave lens and Convex lens
Concave lens Convex lens

1. It is a diverging lens because it 1. It is a converging lens because it

diverges the rays falling on it. converges the rays falling on it.

2. It is thin at the center and bulged 2.It is thin at the edge and bulged at the
at the edge. centre.

3. The image formed by is always 3. The image formed by convex lens can
diminished and virtual. be real as well as virtual.

4. Focal length is negative 4. Focal length is positive

Q 7 What is the function of the iris and the muscles connected to the lens in human eye?
Ans. :
Function of Iris:
 The iris is a muscular diaphragm that controls the size of the pupil, which,
in turn, controls the amount of light entering the eye.
 It also gives colour to the eye.
Function of ciliary muscles:
 The eye lens is held in position by the ciliary muscles.
 The focal length of the eye lens is adjusted by the expansion and contraction of the
ciliary muscles.

Q 8. Solve the following examples:

1. Doctor has prescribed a lens having power +1.5 D. What will be the focal length of the
lens? What is the type of the lens and what must be the defect of vision?
Given: Power of lens (P) = +1.5 D
To find: focal length (f) = ?
1
Solution: f =
𝑃

Since the focal length is positive, the lens prescribed for correction is convex lens. The defect
of vision is farsightedness or hypermetropia.
2. 5cm high object is placed at a distance of 25cm from a converging lens of focal length
of 10cm. Determine the position, size and type of the image.
Given: Height of the object (h1) = 5cm
Object distance (u) = -25cm
Focal length (f) = 10cm (convex lens)
Solution :

The image formed is real, inverted and diminished.

3. Three lenses having power 2, 2.5 and 1.7D are kept touching in a row. What is the total
power of the lens combination?
Given: P1= 2D, P2 = 2.5D, P3 = 1.7D
To Find: Total power of lens (P) = ?
Solution: P = P1 + P2 + P3
= 2 + 2.5 + 1.7 = 6.2D
4. An object kept 60cm from a lens gives a virtual image 20cm in front of the lens. What is the
focal length of the lens? Is it a converging lens or diverging lens?
Given: Object distance (u) = -60cm
Image distance (v) = -20cm
To find: Focal length (f) = ?
Solution:

Since the focal length is negative, the lens is a diverging lens (Concave lens).

Extra Questions
Q. 1 Write the correct alternative
1. The minimum distance of distinct vision for a normal eye is ________ cm. Or
For a normal human eye, the near point is at ______ cm.
A) 25 B) 20 C) 10 D) 30
2. When an object is placed at 2F1 of a convex lens, its image is formed ______
A) at F1 B) at 2F2 C) beyond 2 F2 D) at infinity
3. The power of a concave lens of focal length 25cm is _______
A) +4.0 D B) +0.25 D C) -4.0 D D) – 0.4 D
4. In a relaxed state, the focal length of healthy eye is ______ cm.
A) 2 B) 2.4 C) 25 D) 0.2
5. The diameter of eyeball is about ______ cm.
A) 2 B) 2.4 C) 25 D) 0.2
6. ________ controls the amount of light entering the eye.
A) iris B) retina C) pupil D) cornea
7. For a normal human eye , the far point is at ______ .
A) 25cm B) 20cm C) 10cm D) infinity
Q.2 Complete the analogy :
1. Myopia : concave lens : : Presbiopia : bifocal lens
2. Rod cells : intensity of light : : cone cells: colour
3. Focal lenth : metre : : Power of lens : diopter
4. Observation of stars and planet : telescope : : observation of minute living beings :
compound microscope
5. Convex lens : real or virtual image : : concave lens : virtual image

Q.3. Find odd man out :

1. Torch, the peep hole in door, scanner, projector –
projector (Convex lens is used in projector while concave lens is used in others)

2. Compound microscope , astronomical telescope, simple microscope, flood light

flood light (It contains light bulb while others contain lens)

3. Projector , spectrograph, camera, CD player

CD player (Concave lens is used in CD player while convex lens is used in others)

Q.4 Write the uses of concave lens.

Ans.: 1. Medical equipment, scanner, CD player – These instruments use laser light. For
proper working of these equipments concave lenses are used.
2. The peep hole in door – This is a small safety device which helps us see a large area
outside the door. This uses one or more concave lenses.
3. Spectacles – Concave lenses are used in spectacles to correct nearsightedness.
4. Torch – Concave lens is used to spread widely the light produced by a small bulb
inside a torch.
5. Camera, telescope and microscope – These instruments mainly use convex lenses. To
get good quality images a concave lens is used in front of the eyepiece or inside it.

Q.5. Write the uses of concave lens.

Ans. : 1. Convex lenses are used in various other optical instruments like camera, projector,
spectrograph etc.
2. Watch repairers use simple microscope which has convex lens.
3. To correct hypermetropia, a spectacles of convex lens is used.
4. Astronomical telescope, compound microscope are the optical instruments having
convex lens each.
Q.6. What is persistence of vision?
Ans.: 1. An object is seen because the eye lens creates its image on the retina.
2. The image is on the retina as long as the object is in front of us.
3. The image disappears as soon as the object is taken away.
4. This is not instantaneous and the image remains imprinted on our retina for 1/16 th
of a second after the object is removed.
5. The sensation on retina persists for a while. This is called persistence of vision.

Q.7.State the Cartesian sign convention for image formation by a lens.

Ans.: 1. The object is always placed on the left of the lens, All distances parallel to the
Principal axis are measured from the optical centre (O).
2. The distanced measured to the right of O are taken to be positive while those
measured to the left are taken to be negative.
3. Distances perpendicular to the principal axis and above it are taken to be positive.
4. Distances perpendicular to the principal axis and below it are taken to be negative.
5. The focal length of a convex lens is positive while that of a concave lens is negative.

Q.8. Write a note on compound microscope.

Ans.:
1. Minute objects like blood cells of plants and
animals and minute living beings like bacteria
cannot be magnified sufficiently by simple
microscope, compound microscope is used to
study these objects.
2. A compound microscope is made of two
convex lenses: objective and eyepiece.
3.The objective has smaller cross-section and smaller focal length.
4. The eyepiece has bigger cross-section and hence bigger focal length.
5. Higher magnification can be obtained by combination of these two lenses.
6. The magnification occurs in two stages – the image formed by the first lens acts as the
object for the second lens.
7. The lenses are fitted inside a metallic tube in such a way that the distance between them
can be changed.

Q.9. Define the following

1. Power of a lens -
The capacity of a lens to converge or diverge incident rays is called its power.
2. Power of accommodation -
The capacity of the lens to change its focal length as per need is called its power of
accommodation.
Q. 10 Complete the following table.
Sr.no Position of object Position of image Nature of image
1 Beyond 2F1 Between F2 and 2F2 Real and inverted
and smaller
2 At focus F1 At infinity Real and inverted
and very large
3 At 2F1 At 2F2 Real and inverted,
same size

Q.11. Draw a scientifically correct labelled diagram of human eye answer the
questions based on it.
i. Name the type of lens in the human eye
ii. Name the screen at which the maximum amount of light is refracted?
iii. State the nature of the image formed on the object on the screen inside the eye.
Ans.:
i) a double convex transparent crystalline lens.

ii) Retina
iii) real and inverted image.

Q.12. Raj from std. X uses spectacles. The power of the lenses in his spectacles is
0.5D.
Answer the following questions from the given information.
i) Identify the type of lenses used in his spectacle. –
Convex lens
ii) Identify the defect of vision Malhar is suffering from?
Hypermetropia
iii) Find the focal length of the lenses used in his spectacle.
1
f=
P
1
=
0.5
f=2m
 focal length is 2 m
 Images formed by convex lenses for different positions of the object

 Images formed by concave lenses for different positions of the object

a. At Infinity b. Anywhere between optical centre O

and infinity