Solutions for T5.

Deadline is Thu.Feb-13@13:59.

Last Update: Thu.Feb-13@13:30

1 by Aayushman-Raina Last Modified:Tue.Feb-11@20:08

Question:
Solution::
2 by Suchanda-Roy Last Modified:Thu.Feb-13@12:25

Question: For each of the following cases, give an example of a linear map Ti : R6 → R6 such
that the “spectrum” of eigenvalues satisfies the given table:

λ Alg. mult. Geom. mult.

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
−3 2 1 1 1 2 2 2
4 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Solution::
The matrix A1 corresponding to T1 is
 
2 0 0 0 0 0
0 −3 1 0 0 0
 
0 0 −3 0 0 0
 
0 0 0 4 1 0 
 
0 0 0 0 4 1
0 0 0 0 0 4

The matrix A2 corresponding to T2 is

 
2 0 0 0 0 0
0 −3 1 0 0 0
 
0 0 −3 0 0 0
 
0 0 0 4 1 0
 
0 0 0 0 4 0
0 0 0 0 0 4

The matrix A3 corresponding to T3 is

 
2 0 0 0 0 0
0 −3 1 0 0 0
 
0 0 −3 0 0 0
 
0 0 0 4 0 0 
 
0 0 0 0 4 0
0 0 0 0 0 4

The matrix A4 corresponding to T4 is

 
2 0 0 0 0 0
0 −3 0 0 0 0
 
0 0 −3 0 0 0
 
0 0 0 4 1 0 
 
0 0 0 0 4 1
0 0 0 0 0 4

1
The matrix A5 corresponding to T5 is
 
2 0 0 0 0 0
0 −3 0 0 0 0
 
0 0 −3 0 0 0
 
0 0 0 4 1 0 
 
0 0 0 0 4 0
0 0 0 0 0 4

The matrix A6 corresponding to T6 is

 
2 0 0 0 0 0
0 −3 0 0 0 0
 
0 0 −3 0 0 0
 
0 0 0 4 0 0 
 
0 0 0 0 4 0
0 0 0 0 0 4

For each of the above matrix consider the linear map Ti : R6 → R6 as Ti (x) = Ai x where
x ∈ R6 .
3 by Nirmal-Kumar Last Modified:Wed.Feb-12@12:07

Question: Let D : P3 (R) → P3 (R) be the differentiation map. Then, compute the eigenvalues,
their algebraic multiplicity and the geometric multiplicity and the corresponding eigenvector.
Solution::
Now D : P3 (R) → P3 (R) is defined by p(x) 7→ p′ (x). Let B = {1, x, x2 , x3 } be the standard
basis of P3 (R).
D(1) = 0  D(x)
= 1 D(x2 ) = 2x D(x3 ) = 3x2
0 1 0 0
0 0 2 0
Now, [D]B = A =  0 0 0 3


0 0 0 0
4
Since CA (λ) = λ , 0 is the only eigenvalue with algebraic multiplicity 4.
Also, nullity(A)=4-rank(A)=1
  shows that geometric multiplicity of 0 is 1.

 1 
  
0

Hence, E0 (A) = span   .

 0 
 
0
 
Note that in P3 (R), the set E0 (A) corresponds to the set of all constant polynomials.
Since, geometric multiplicity of 0 is less than algebraic multiplicity of 0, A is NOT diagonal-
izable.
4 by Pratham-Singh Last Modified:Wed.Feb-12@00:01

Question:
Solution:: The matrix is:  
1 −4 −4
A =  8 −11 −8
−8 8 5
The eigenvalues of A are the roots of the characteristic equation:

det(A − λI) = 0.

2
We compute:
1−λ −4 −4
8 −11 − λ −8 = 0.
−8 8 5−λ
Expanding along the first row and solving we get:

(1 − λ)(λ2 + 6λ + 9) = 0

we find the eigenvalues as:

λ1 = 1, λ2 = −3, λ3 = −3.
For each eigenvalue λi , we will solve (A − λi I)x = 0 to get the eigenvectors.
1. For λ1 = 1:
(A − I)x = 0.
 
1
Solving, we obtain eigenvector v1 =  2 .
−2
2. For λ2 = −3:
(A + 3I)x = 0.
 
4 −4 −4
A + 3I = 8 −8
 −8
−8 8 8
As, µ(A + 3I) = 2 we  eigenvectors corresponding to λ = −3 Solving, we obtain
 shall get two
1 1
eigenvector v2 = 1 and v3 = 0.
  
0 1
The matrix P is formed using eigenvectors as columns:
 
1 1 1
P =  2 1 0 .
−2 0 1
 
1 −1 −1
P −1 = −2 3 2 .
2 −2 −1
The diagonal matrix D will be determined as D = P −1 AP
 
1 0 0
D= 0  −3 0  .
0 0 −3

hence we can write:

A = P DP −1
A10 = P D10 P −1
 
1 0 0
D10 = 0 (−3)10 0 .
0 0 (−3)10
Thus,
A10 = P D10 P −1 .

3
Multiplying these matrices gives the final result.
5 by Anuj-Narode Last Modified:Thu.Feb-13@13:04

Question: (a) Show that every 2 × 2 orthogonal matrix is of the form

   
a −b a b
or
b a b −a
 
a
where is a unit vector.
b

(b) For θ ∈ R, let  

cos θ − sin θ
ρθ = .
sin θ cos θ
For ϕ ∈ R, let  
cos 2ϕ sin 2ϕ
τϕ = .
sin 2ϕ − cos 2ϕ
Using (a), show that a matrix A is orthogonal if and only if the map fA is of the form ρθ for
some θ or τϕ for some ϕ.

(c)

(i) Show that ρθ ρθ′ = ρψ . Determine ψ.

(ii) Show that ρθ τϕ = τψ . Determine ψ.

(iii) Show that τϕ τϕ′ = ρψ . Determine ψ.

Solution::
   2   
p q T p + r2 pq + rs 1 0
(a) Let A = be a 2×2 orthogonal matrix. Then A A = = .
r s pq + rs q 2 + s2 0 1
 t  t
Form this, one can conclude that p r and q s are unit vectors. We also get

pq + rs = 0 (1)
p2 + r 2 = 1 (2)
q 2 + s2 = 1 (3)

Using Equation (1) we get

pq = −rs
(1 − r2 )q 2 = r2 (1 − q 2 )
q2 = r2
q = ±r

Similarly we can obtain p = ±s. Case 1: q = r = 0. If q = r = 0 then we get p = s = 1

and A = I. I is an orthogonal matrix. Case 2: q = r ̸= 0. In this case we get r(p + s) = 0
p r
this implies p = −s. and the matrix A = . Case 3: q = −r ̸= 0. In this case we
r −p  
p −r
get r(−p + s) = 0 this implies p = s and the matrix A = .
r p

4
      
a −b a b a
b) Suppose A is a orthogonal matrix then by (a) A = or A = and is
  b a b −a b
a
a unit vector. Let α be an angle made by with positive x-axis. Then a = cos(α) and
  b  
cos(α) − sin(α) cos(α) sin(α)
b = sin(α). Thus A = or A = . Therefore A = ρα
sin(α) cos(α) sin(α) − cos(α)
or A = τ α2 . Conversely, map fA is of the form ρθ for some θ or τϕ for some ϕ. Then clearly
ρθ and τϕ are orthogonal matrices.

cos(θ′ ) − sin(θ′ )
     
cos(θ) − sin(θ) cos(ψ) − sin(ψ)
c(i) ρθ ρθ′ = · = where ψ = θ + θ′ .
sin(θ) cos(θ) sin(θ′ ) cos(θ′ ) sin(ψ) cos(ψ)
     
cos(θ) − sin(θ) cos(2ϕ) sin(2ϕ) cos(θ + 2ϕ) sin(θ + 2ϕ)
c(ii) ρθ τϕ = · = .
sin(θ) cos(θ) sin(2ϕ) − cos(2ϕ) sin(θ + 2ϕ) − cos(θ + 2ϕ)
where ψ = 2θ + ϕ.

cos(2ϕ′ ) sin(2ϕ′ ) cos(2ϕ − 2ϕ′ ) − sin(2ϕ − 2ϕ′ )

    
cos(2ϕ) sin(2ϕ)
c(iii) τϕ τϕ′ = · = .
sin(2ϕ) − cos(2ϕ) sin(2ϕ′ ) − cos(2ϕ′ ) sin(2ϕ − 2ϕ′ ) cos(2ϕ − 2ϕ′ )
Thus we get ψ = 2ϕ − 2ϕ′ .

6 by Arijit-Pal Last Modified:Wed.Feb-12@10:04

Question: Using the Gram-Schmidt procedure, convert the basis {(−1, 1, 1), (1, −1, 1), (1, 1, −1)}
of R3 into an orthonormal basis of R3 .
Solution::
Gram–Schmidt Procedure:
Suppose v1 , . . . , vm is a linearly independent list of vectors in V . Let f1 = v1 .
For k = 2, . . . , m, define fk inductively by:
k−1
X ⟨vk , fj ⟩
fk = vk − fj .
j=1
∥fj ∥2

For each k = 1, . . . , m, let:

fk
ek = .
∥fk ∥
Then e1 , . . . , em is an orthonormal list of vectors in V such that:

span(v1 , . . . , vk ) = span(e1 , . . . , ek )

for each k = 1, . . . , m.
Applying Gram-Schmidt to Convert a Given Basis to an Orthonormal Basis:
Given the basis {(−1, 1, 1), (1, −1, 1), (1, 1, −1)} of R3 , we apply the Gram-Schmidt procedure.
Define:

v1 = (−1, 1, 1),
v2 = (1, −1, 1),
v3 = (1, 1, −1).

Step 1: Compute f1 :
f1 = v1 = (−1, 1, 1)
√
∥f1 ∥ = 3.

5
Thus,  
f1 −1 1 1
e1 = = √ ,√ ,√ .
∥f1 ∥ 3 3 3
Step 2: Compute f2 :
⟨v2 , f1 ⟩ = (−1)(1) + (1)(−1) + (1)(1) = −1.
⟨v2 , f1 ⟩ 1
2
=− .
∥f1 ∥ 3
     
−1 1 −1 −1 2 −2 4
f2 = v2 − f1 = (1, −1, 1) − , , = , , .
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
√
2 6
∥f2 ∥ = .
3
Thus,  
1 −1 2
e2 = √ ,√ ,√ .
6 6 6
Step 3: Compute f3 :
⟨v3 , f1 ⟩ = (−1)(1) + (1)(1) + (−1)(1) = −1.
2 −2 4 4
⟨v3 , f2 ⟩ = (1)( ) + (1)( ) + (−1)( ) = − .
3 3 3 3
⟨v3 , f1 ⟩ 1
2
=− .
∥f1 ∥ 3
⟨v3 , f2 ⟩ − 43 1
2
= 24 = − .
∥f2 ∥ 9
2
       
−1 1 1 −1 −1 1 1 2
f3 = v3 − f1 − − f2 = (1, 1, −1) − , , − − , ,− = (1, 1, 0) .
3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
√
∥f3 ∥ = 2.
Thus,  
1 1
e3 = √ , √ ,0 .
2 2
Hence, the resulting orthonormal basis is:
     
−1 1 1 1 −1 2 1 1
e1 = √ , √ , √ , e2 = √ , √ , √ , e3 = √ , √ ,0 .
3 3 3 6 6 6 2 2

7 by Anindita-Saha Last Modified:Thu.Feb-13@00:18

Question:
When we apply the Gram-Schmidt Procedure on a basis of Rn , without normalizing the per-
pendicular part at each stage, we get an orthogonal basis of Rn . Assume you have applied
this “modified” procedure to convert a basis {v1 , ..., vn } into the orthogonal basis {w1 , ..., wn }.
Show that the n-volume of these bases are equal.
Solution::

6
By applying (modified) Gram-Schmidt Procedure:

w1 = v1
v2 · w1
w2 = v2 − w1
∥w1 ∥2
v3 · w1 v3 · w2
w3 = v3 − 2
w1 − w2
∥w1 ∥ ∥w2 ∥2
..
.
n−1
X vn · wi
wn = vn − w
2 i
i=1
∥w i ∥

and therefore,

v1 = w1
v2 · w1
v2 = w2 + w1
∥w1 ∥2
v3 · w1 v3 · w2
v3 = w3 + 2
w1 + w2
∥w1 ∥ ∥w2 ∥2
..
.
n−1
X vn · wi
vn = wn + wi
i=1
∥wi ∥2

The n-volume of the basis {v1 , . . . , vn } is | det V | and n-volume of {w1 , . . . , wn } is | det W |,
where V = [v1 v2 · · · vn ] and W = [w1 w2 · · · wn ]. Now,

V = [v1 v2 · · · vn ]
n−1
v2 · w1 v3 · w1 v3 · w 2 X vn · w i
= [w1 2
w1 + w2 2
w1 + 2
w2 + w3 · · · w + wn ]
2 i
∥w1 ∥ ∥w1 ∥ ∥w2 ∥ i=1
∥w i ∥
= [w1 w2 · · · wn ]An

where,
v2 ·w1 v3 ·w1 vn ·w1 
1 ···

∥w1 ∥2 ∥w1 ∥2 ∥w1 ∥2
v3 ·w2 vn ·w2 
0
 1 ∥w2 ∥2
··· ∥w2 ∥2 
vn ·w3 
An = 0
 0 1 ··· ∥w3 ∥2 
. .. .. ... .. 
 .. . . . 
0 0 0 ··· 1
is an upper triangular matrix whose diagonal entries are 1 and therefore det An = 1. Thus,
det V = det W · det An = det W . Hence, the n-volume of these bases are equal.