1,

Expl
aint
hedi
ff
erencebet
ween
a,
Sampl
eandPopul
ati
on
Sampl
e:Sampl
eisasubsetoft
hepopul
ati
ont
hati
ssel
ect
ed
f
orthepurposeofconduct
ingast
udy.I
tisusedt
omake
i
nfer
encesaboutthepopul
ati
onwit
houthavi
ngtocol
l
ectdat
a
f
rom ever
ymember .

•Exampl
es:
Agr
oupof100r
esi
dent
srandoml
ysel
ect
edf
rom a
ci
ty.

•Acl
assof30st
udent
schosenf
rom aschool
dist
ri
ct.

•50i
temst
akenf
rom apr
oduct
ionl
i
nef
orqual
i
tyt
est
ing.

Popul
ati
on:Apopul
ati
oni
stheent
ir
egr
oupofi
ndi
vi
dual
sor
i
temsthatyouarei
nterest
edinstudy
ing.I
tincl
udesal
lpossi
ble
subj
ect
sthatfi
tacertai
ncrit
eri
a.

•Exampl
es:
All
resi
dent
sofaci
ty.

•Ev
eryst
udenti
naschool
dist
ri
ct.

•Al
lmanuf
act
uredi
temsf
rom apr
oduct
ionl
i
ne.

.
KeyDi
ff
erences
•Scope:
Thepopul
ati
onencompassesal
lmember
s,whi
l
ea
samplei
ncl
udesonl
yaporti
on.

•Purpose:Thepopulat
ioni
swhatyouwanttounder
standordr
aw
conclusi
onsabout;
thesamplei
sthepract
ical
meanstodoso.
•DataColl
ecti
on:Study
inganent
ir
epopul
ati
oncanbei mpract
ical
orimpossibl
e,sosamplesar
eoft
enusedforef
fi
ciencyandcost-
eff
ecti
veness.

Understandi
ngthesedi
ffer
encesi
scr
uci
alf
ordesi
gni
ngst
udi
es
andinterpr
eti
ngdataaccur
atel
y.

b,
Stat
ist
icsandPar
amet
ers
I
nst at
ist
ics,t
heterms"st
ati
sti
cs"and"
par
ameter
s"r
efer
t
ot wodiffer
entconcept
srel
atedtodat
aanal
ysi
sand
i
nference

Par
amet
ers:Aparamet
eri
sanumer
ical
val
uet
hat
summar i
zesacharact
eri
sti
cofapopul
ati
on.Iti
saf i
xed
val
ue,al
thoughi
tisoft
enunknownbecauseitty
pical
ly
cannotbemeasureddir
ectl
y.
•Exampl
es:
Themean(
aver
age)i
ncomeofal
lhousehol
ds
i
nacity.
•Thepr
oport
ionofvot
erswhosuppor
tapar
ti
cul
ar
candi
dat
einanenti
recount
ry.
•Thestandarddev
iat
ionofhei
ght
sofal
ladul
tmal
esi
na
speci
fi
cregion.

St
ati
sti
cs:Ast
ati
sti
cisanumer
ical
val
uet
hat
summarizesacharact
eri
sti
cofasampl
e.I
tiscal
cul
ated
fr
om sampledataandusedtoest
imat
ethecorr
espondi
ng
popul
ati
onpar
amet
er.
•Examples:
Themeanincomeofasampl
eof100
househol
dstakenf
rom t
heci
ty.
•Thepr
opor
ti
onofv
oterssuppor
ti
ngacandi
dat
ebased
onapoll
of1,
000i
ndi
vidual
s.
•Thest
andar
ddevi
ationofhei
ght
sfr
om asampl
eof
adul
tmalesi
nther
egion.

KeyDi
ff
erences
•Scope:Par
ametersr
efert
opopul
ati
ons,
whi
l
est
ati
sti
cs
ref
ertosamples.
•Fixedv
s.Vari
able:
Parameter
sarefi
xedval
ues(t
hough
oft
enunknown),whereasst
ati
sti
cscanvar
ydependi
ngon
thesamplechosen.
•Purpose:Stat
ist
icsar
eusedtoinf
eroresti
mat
e
parameter
s, al
l
owingresear
cher
stodrawconcl
usi
ons
aboutpopulati
onsbasedonsampleddata.
Understandi
ngthedi sti
ncti
onbet
weenparameter
sand
stat
ist
icsisessenti
al f
orconduct
ingst
ati
sti
cal
analy
ses
andmaki ngvali
dinferences.

c,
Descr
ipt
iveandI
nfer
ent
ial
stat
ist
ics
Descr
ipt
iveSt
ati
sti
cs:Descr
ipt
ivest
ati
sti
csi
nvol
ves
summar izi
ngandor gani
zi
ngdatat
odescri
beit
smain
feat
ures.Itpr
ovidessimplesummar
iesaboutt
hesampl
e
andthemeasur es.
•Purpose:Topresentquant
it
ativ
edescr
ipt
ionsina
manageableform,makingiteasi
ert
ounderstandt
he
char
acteri
stcsofdata

•KeyComponent
s:Measur
esofCent
ral
Tendency
,Measur
esofDi
sper
sion,Gr
aphsandChar
ts.

Exampl
es:
Repor
ti
ngt
heav
eraget
estscor
eofacl
ass.

•Summari
zingdemographi
cinf
ormat
ion(
e.g.
,age,
gender
)
ofsur
veyr
espondent
s.
•Cr
eat
ingahi
stogr
am t
oshowt
hedi
str
ibut
ionofhei
ght
s
i
nasample

I
nfer
ent
ial
Stat
ist
ics:
Inf
erent
ial
stat
ist
icsi
nvol
ves
usi
ngarandom sampleofdat atakenf
rom apopul
ati
onto
makeinf
erencesorgenerali
zati
onsaboutt
hatpopul
ati
on.
I
tofteni
nvol
veshypothesistest
ingandest
imati
on.
•Pur
pose:Todr awconcl
usionsaboutapopul
ati
onbased
onsampledata,assessr
elati
onshi
psbet
weenv ar
iabl
es,
andmakepredicti
ons.
•KeyComponent
s:Est
imat
ion,
Hypot
hesi
s
Test
ing,
Conf
idenceI
nter
val
sandRegr
essi
onAnal
ysi
s.

Exampl
es:
Conduct
ingat
-t
estt
odet
ermi
nei
fther
eisa
si
gni
fi
cantdi
ff
erencebet
weent
hemeansoft
wogr
oups.
•Esti
matingt
hepropor
ti
onofapopulati
ont
hatsuppor
tsa
part
icul
arpol
i
cybasedonsurv
eyresult
s.
•Usingregr
essi
onanal
ysi
stopr
edi
ctsal
esbasedon
advert
isi
ngspend
Summar
y
•Descr
ipt
iveStat
ist
ics:Summari
zesanddescri
besdata
wit
houtmakingpredict
ionsori
nfer
encesaboutal
arger
popul
ati
on.
•Inferenti
alStati
sti
cs:Usessampledatatomake
generalizat
ionsorpredict
ionsaboutapopul
ati
on,
oft
en
i
nv olv
inghy pothesi
stesti
ngandestimati
on.
Bot
hbranchesareessent
ial
foreff
ecti
vedataanalysi
s,
pr
ovidi
nginsi
ght
sintodat
awhi l
eall
owingresearcher
sto
makeinfor
meddecisi
onsbasedont hei
rfi
ndings.

2,Classi
fythef
oll
owingsentencesasbelongi
ng
totheareaofdescri
pti
vestati
sti
csori
nferent
ial
stat
isti
cs.
a.Asar
esultofrecentcutbacksbyoil
-pr
oduci
ngnati
ons,
wecanexpectthepriceofgasoli
netodoublei
nthenext
year
.
*
Answer
:Inf
erent
ial
stat
ist
ics
b.Atl
east5%ofal
lki
l
li
ngsrepor
tedl
asty
eari
nci
tyof
Ji
nkawereduetot
ouri
sts.
*
Answer
:Descr
ipt
ivest
ati
sti
cs
c.Ofall
pati
ent
swhor ecei
vedadrugtramadol
atacl
i
nic
Yua,75%lat
erdev
elopedsigni
fi
cantsi
deeff
ect.
*
Answer
:Descr
ipt
ivest
ati
sti
cs
d.Adaneconcludest
hathischanceofpassi
ngthefir
st
yearthi
sacademicyearisatl
east80%basedont he
stat
isti
cst
hat75%oft hefr
eshmenpassedlastyear
.
*
Answer
:Inf
erent
ial
stat
ist
ics

3,Cl
assif
yeachoft hefoll
owi
ngf i
rstas
qual
it
ati
veorquantitati
veandsecondas
nominal(
categor
ical)ordi
nal
,i
nterval
,orr
ati
o
measure.
a,
Timesf
orswi
mmer
stocompl
etea50-
met
err
ace.

Answer
:Quant
it
ati
ve(
measur
abl
equant
it
y)
Rat
ioscal
e(hasat
ruezer
opoi
nt)
b)Mont
hsoft
hey
earMesker
m,Ti
ki
mit
..
.

Answer
:Qual
i
tat
ive(
descr
ipt
ivequal
i
ties)

Nomi
nal
scal
e(cat
egor
ieswi
thnoi
nher
entor
der
)
c)Soci
oeconomicst
atusofafami
l
ywhencl
assi
fi
edas
l
ow, mi
ddleanduppercl
asses.

Answer
:Qual
i
tat
ive(
descr
ipt
ivequal
i
ties)

Or
dinal
scal
e(cat
egor
ieswi
thacl
earor
der
)
d)Bl
oodt
ypeofi
ndi
vi
dual
s,A,
B,ABandO

Answer
:Qual
i
tat
ive(
descr
ipt
ivequal
i
ties)

Nomi
nal
scal
e(cat
egor
ieswi
thnoi
nher
entor
der
)
e)Poll
encountsprovi
dedasnumber sbet
ween1and10
where1impli
esthereisalmostnopoll
enand10thati
tis
rampant,
butforwhichthevaluesdonotr
epr
esentan
actual
countofgrai
nsofpollen

Answer
:Quant
it
ati
ve(
measur
abl
equant
it
y)

Or
dinal
scal
e(cat
egor
ieswi
thacl
earor
der
)
f
)Regi
onsnumber
sofEt
hiopi
a(1,
2,3et
c.)

Answer
:Quant
it
ati
ve(
measur
abl
equant
it
y)
I
nter
val
scal
e(equal
int
erv
als,
butnot
ruezer
opoi
nt)
g)Thenumberofst
udent
sinacol
l
ege.

Answer
:Quant
it
ati
ve(
measur
abl
equant
it
y)

Rat
ioscal
e(hasat
ruezer
opoi
nt)
h)Thenetwagesofagr
oupofwor
ker
s.

Answer
:Quant
it
ati
ve(
measur
abl
equant
it
y)

Rat
ioscal
e(hasat
ruezer
opoi
nt)
i
)Thehei
ghtoft
hemeni
nthesamet
own.

Answer:
Quant
it
ati
ve(measur
abl
equant
it
y)

Rat
ioscal
e(hasat
ruezer
opoi
nt)

4.Whati sIoTDataColl
ecti
on?Note:Your
cl
arif
icati
on/exampleshouldbebasedonyour
studyarea/Depart
ment'susecases.
*
IoTDat
aCol
l
ect
ioni
nGI
S
IoT(InternetofThi ngs)datacollecti
onr eferstot he
processofgat heri
ngdat afrom interconnecteddev i
ces
andsensor sthatcommuni cat
eov ertheinternet.Inthe
contextofGeogr aphicInformati
onSy stems( GIS),IoTcan
signi
ficantlyenhancedat acollecti
on, analysi
s,and
v
isual
i
zat
ioncapabi
l
iti
es.
Ex
ampl
esofI
oTDat
aCol
l
ect
ioni
nGI
S

1.Env
ironment
alMoni
tor
ing:
Sensor
sdepl
oyedi
n
vari
ouslocat
ionscanmonit
orenvir
onmental
paramet
ers
suchasairquali
ty,
temper
atur
e,humidi
ty,
andsoil
moistur
e.

•Exampl
e:Anet
wor
kofai
rqual
i
tysensor
scol
l
ect
s
dat
aonpol l
utantsi
nurbanareas.Thisdatacanbe
vi
suali
zedonGI Spl
atf
ormstoi denti
fypol
luti
onhot spot
s
andinf
orm urbanpl
anningorpublicheal
thini
tiat
ives.

2.Smar
tAgr
icul
tur
e:I
oTdev
icessuchassoi
lmoi
stur
e
sensor
sandweat
herstat
ionscanpr
ovi
der
eal
-t
imedat
a
toopti
mizef
armi
ngpract
ices.
•Exampl e:FarmersuseIoTsensorstomonitorsoil
condi
tionsandweat herpatt
erns.Thi
sdataisi
ntegrated
i
ntoaGI Sappl
icat
iontoanalyzecropheal
thandyield
predi
ctions,al
l
owingforpreciseir
ri
gat
ionandfert
il
izati
on.

3.Di
sast
erManagement
:I
oTdev
icescanbeusedt
o
col
lectdat
aonnat
uraldi
sast
erssuchasf
loods,
ear
thquakes,
orwi
l
dfir
es.

•Exampl
e:Sensor
spl
acedi
nfl
ood-
pronear
eascan
det
ectr
isi
ngwat
erl
evel
s.Thecol
l
ect
eddat
acanbe
analy
zedandv i
sual
izedi
naGI Ssyst
em t
opredi
ctf
loodi
ng
eventsandassi
stinemergencyr
esponsepl
anni
ng.

4.Tr
anspor
tat
ionandTr
aff
icManagement
:
.IoTdevi
cesli
keGPStrackersandt
raf
fi
ccamerascan
provi
dereal
-t
imedataontraff
icfl
owandroadcondi
ti
ons.

•Exampl
e:Aci
tyusesI
oT-
enabl
edt
raf
fi
csensor
sto
monitorcongest
ionlevel
s.Thisdataisint
egr
atedintoa
GISplatf
ormtovisuali
zetraf
fi
cpat t
ernsandopti
mi ze
t
raff
icsignalt
imingsorplannewr oadinfr
ast
ruct
ure.

5.Ur
banPl
anni
ng:Smar
tci
tyi
nit
iat
ivesut
il
izeI
oT
dev
icest
ogatherdat
aonenergyusage,
wast
e
management
,andpubli
ctr
anspor
tati
on.

•Exampl
e:Wast
ebi
nsequi
ppedwi
thsensor
srepor
tfi
l
l
l
ev els.Thi
sdat acanbemappedusi
ngGISt
ooptimize
collecti
onroutesandschedul
es,
impr
ovi
ngeff
ici
encyand
reducingcosts.

5,
100schoolsdeci
dedtopl
ant100tr
eesi
nthei
r
gardensonworl
denvi
ronmentday
.TheData
aregivenbel
ow.
95,
67,
28,
32,
65,
65,
69,
33,
98,
96,
76,
42,
32,
38,
42,
40,
40,
69,
95,
92,
75,
83,
76,
83,
85,
62,
37,
65,
63,
42,
89,
65,
73,
81,
49,52,
64,
76,
83,
92,
93,
68,
52,
79,
81,
83,
59,
82,
75,
82,
86,90,
44,
62,
31,
36,
38,
42,
39,
83,
87,
56,
58,
23,
35,
76,
83,
85,30,
68,
69,
83,
86,
43,
45,
39,
83,
75,
66,
83,
92,
75,
89,
66,91,
27,
88,
89,
93,
42,
53,
69,
90,
55,
66,
49,
52,
83,
34,
36
a.Constr
uctanappr
opr
iat
efr
equencydi
str
ibut
ionusi
ng
si
xclasses?
St
ep1:
FrequencyDi
str
ibut
ion
Dat
aSummar
y:
•Tot
alnumberofschool
s=100
•Mi
nimum v
alue=23
•Maxi
mum v
alue=98
RangeCal
cul
ati
on:
Range=Maxi
mum -Mi
nimum =98-23=75
Cl
assWi
dthCal
cul
ati
on:
Todet
ermi
net
hecl
asswi
dthf
orsi
xcl
asses:
Cl
assWi
dth=Range/NumberofCl
asse}=75/6≈12.
5
Wecanr
oundt
hisupt
o13f
orconv
eni
ence.
Cl
ass Fr
eqy
ency
I
nter
val

23-
35 8
36-
48 10
49-
61 9
62-
74 16
75-
87 30
88-
100 27

b.Fi
ndthenumberofschool
sthatcanpl
ant50%oft
he
pl
antsormore?

c.Const
ructhi
stogr
am andOgi
vecur
esaf
terconst
ruct
ing
thefr
equencydi
stri
but
ion.