25/02/2025 12:14 Oracle Tutorial

Oracle Tutorial
Oracle is a relational database technology developed by Oracle.

PLSQL stands for "Procedural Language extensions to SQL", and is an extension of SQL that is
used in Oracle. PLSQL is closely integrated into the SQL language, yet it adds programming
constructs that are not native to SQL.

Our tutorial will start with the basics of Oracle such as how to retrieve and manipulate data. Then
we will move to the more advanced topics such as how to create tables, functions, procedures,
triggers, tablespaces, and schemas. We will conclude with a review of the functions that are
proprietary to Oracle.

With this tutorial, you should be on your way to becoming proficient in Oracle and PLSQL.

Prerequisites
There are no prequisities for this Oracle tutorial. You should be able to easily understand this
tutorial and learn the basic concepts of Oracle as you progress to the more advanced topics.

Now, let's get started!

Or jump directly to a topic in Oracle/PLSQL:

Oracle/PLSQL Functions
Functions - Alphabetical Oracle/PLSQL Functions listed alphabetically

Functions - Category Oracle/PLSQL Functions listed by category

Oracle Keys, Constraints and Indexes

Primary Keys Create, alter, drop, enable and disable primary keys

Foreign Keys Create, drop, enable and disable foreign keys

Unique Constraints Create, alter, drop, enable and disable unique constraints

Check Constraints Create, alter, drop, enable and disable check constraints
Indexes Create, rename and drop indexes (performance tuning)

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Oracle Privileges, Synonyms, Roles and Passwords

Grant/Revoke Privileges Grant or revoke privileges

Synonyms (create, drop) Create, replace and drop synonyms

Roles Set of privileges

Change Password Change a user's password

Oracle Database Administration

Tablespaces Allocated space where schema objects are created

Users Database accounts

Schemas Logically group objects with schemas

Oracle Programming
Functions Create and drop functions

Procedures Create and drop procedures

Triggers Create, drop, enable, and disable triggers

Cursors Create cursors within stored programs

Literals (Constants) Text, integer and number literals

Declaring Variables Declare variables and constants

Exception Handling Exception handling in code

Loops and Conditional

FOR Loop, WHILE Loop, IF-THEN-ELSE and others
Statements

Sequences (Autonumber) Create and drop sequences

Transactions Commits and rollbacks

Comments within SQL How to create comments within your SQL statement

Oracle Error Messages

Oracle Error Messages Oracle error message explanations and resolutions

Oracle System Tables

Oracle System Tables Oracle system tables and descriptions
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Oracle Comparison Operators

Comparison Operators Operators such as =, <>, !=, >, <, and so on

Oracle Query Types

SELECT Statement Retrieve records from a table

INSERT Statement Insert records into a table

INSERT ALL Statement Insert multiple records into one or more tables

UPDATE Statement Update records in a table

DELETE Statement Delete records from a table

TRUNCATE TABLE
Delete all records from a table (no rollback)
Statement

UNION Operator Combine 2 result sets (removes duplicates)

UNION ALL Operator Combine 2 result sets (includes duplicates)

INTERSECT Operator Intersection of 2 result sets

MINUS Operator Result set of one minus the result set of another

Subqueries A query within a query

PIVOT Clause Create a cross-tabulation query

Oracle Joins
JOIN Tables Inner and Outer joins

Oracle Aliases
ALIASES Create a temporary name for a column or table

Oracle Clauses
DISTINCT Clause Retrieve unique records

FROM Clause List tables and join information

WHERE Clause Filter results

ORDER BY Clause Sort query results

GROUP BY Clause Group by one or more columns

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HAVING Clause Restrict the groups of returned rows

Oracle SQL Functions

COUNT Function Return the count of an expression

SUM Function Return the sum of an expression

MIN Function Return the min of an expression

MAX Function Return the max of an expression

AVG Function Return the average of an expression

Oracle Conditions
AND Condition 2 or more conditions to be met

OR Condition Any one of the conditions are met

AND and OR Combine AND and OR conditions

LIKE Condition Use simple pattern matching (wildcards) in a WHERE clause

REGEXP_LIKE Condition Use regular expression matching in a WHERE clause

IN Condition Alternative to multiple OR conditions

NOT Condition Negate a condition

IS NULL Condition Test for a NULL value

IS NOT NULL Condition Test for a NOT NULL value

BETWEEN Condition Retrieve within a range (inclusive)

EXISTS Condition Condition is met if subquery returns at least one row

Oracle Tables and Views

CREATE TABLE Create a table

CREATE TABLE AS Create a table from another table's definition and data

ALTER TABLE Add, modify or delete columns in a table; rename a table

DROP TABLE Delete a table

GLOBAL TEMP Tables Tables that are distinct within SQL session

Tables that are distinct within modules and embedded SQL

LOCAL TEMP Tables
program

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VIEW Virtual tables (views of other tables)

Oracle Data Types

Data Types Data Types in Oracle/PLSQL

Oracle Question and Answer

Question & Answer Various questions and answers

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