Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DAGUPAN CITY
DAGUPAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
`City of Dagupan

Reading and Writing Skills

WHAT IS IT
Being a critical reader involves understanding that texts are always developed with a certain context. A text is
neither written nor read in a vacuum; its meaning and interpretation are affected by a given set of circumstances. Thus,
context is defined as the social, cultural, political, historical, and other related circumstances that surround the text and
form the terms from which it can be better understood and evaluated. Knowledge of the text’s context helps in
appreciating the text’s message more deeply. In discovering a reading’s context, you may ask the questions like:
• When was the work written?
• What were the circumstances that produced it?
• What issues does it deal with?

Hypertext is a nonlinear way to present information and is usually accomplished using “links”. Such links help
the readers navigate further information about the topic being discussed and may also lead to other links that can direct
the readers to various options. Hypertext also allows the readers to create their own meaning out of the material given
to them and learn better associatively. Hypertext is text displayed on a computer display or other electronic devices with
references to other text that the reader can immediately access. Hypertext documents are interconnected by hyperlinks,
which are typically activated by a mouse click, keypress set, or by touching the screen. Rather than remaining static like
traditional text, hypertext makes a dynamic organization of information possible through links and connections (called
hyperlink).
Source: https://commons.deped.gov.ph/documents/f8c8d53f-3d35-4dbd-b857-cc170784e090

For example, you are doing research about the Philippine eagle. A quick Google search would lead you to a
Wikipedia article on it. Information on it would include a picture and a brief, written description. While reading about
the Philippine eagle, you will also encounter links to its conservation status. This may lead you to more information
about conservation efforts. However, if you were interested in the appearance of the Philippine eagle because you
wanted to sketch it for your art class, the same page would provide its physical description and even give you links to
pictures and videos of the Philippine eagle. Thus, depending on your purpose and interests, the article on the Philippine
eagle could lead you to a variety of different, detailed paths. (Teongson and Rodriguez, p. 23)
The term hypertext was coined by Ted Nelson in 1963. Hypertext allows readers to access information
particularly suited to their needs. Example, if a reader still needs more background on a particular item that a text is
discussing, such as when a reader does not know a particular term being used, the reader can choose to highlight that
term and access a page that defines the term and describes it.
Why hypertexts?
• In a hypertext system, the reader is free to navigate information by exploring the connections provided.
• Hypertext is very different way of presenting information than the usual linear form.
• Text no longer flows in a straight line through a book. Instead, it is broken down into many smaller units
(lexias, to borrow a term from literary criticism), each addressing a few issues.
• It acts as a bridge between two basic, opposite, and complementing elements that may be called gender of
knowledge representation: free and shortcut.
Source: https://commons.deped.gov.ph/documents/f8c8d53f-3d35-4dbd-b857-cc170784e090
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DAGUPAN CITY
DAGUPAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
`City of Dagupan
Intertext or intertextuality is technically defined as a process of text development that merges two more
processes such as imitation and creation in doing a text. It involves imitation because the author as highly influenced by
another author comes up with his own version of the text consciously or unconsciously incorporating the style and other
characteristics of the text done by that author.
For example, intertextuality is seen in the local legend of folk hero Bernardo Carpio. Many version s of this tale
exist, but local folklore says he is a giant who is the cause of earthquakes. In Greek mythology, there is also Poseidon,
who is the god of sea and earthquakes. Many cultures also attribute natural disasters to legendary figures.
Intertextuality has rooted from the work of a Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913). Meanwhile, the
term itself was first used by Bulgarian-French philosopher and psychoanalyst Julia Kristeva in the 1960s.
Intertextuality is said to take place using four specific methods namely: retelling, pastiche, quotation, and
allusion.
1. Retelling - is the restatement of a story or re-expression of a narrative.
2. Quotation - is the method of directly lifting the exact statements or set of words from a text another author
has made.
3. Allusion In this method, a writer or speaker explicitly or implicitly pertains to an idea or passage found in
another text without the use of quotation.
4. Pastiche - is a text developed in a way that it copies the style or other properties of another text without
making fun of it unlike in a parody.
Questions Used to Validate Intertext
1. Are there two or more stories involved?
2. Does the text show a direct or an indirect connection to another piece of work?

Task 1
Directions: Below are some descriptions of different stories. Write I if the context of each story is in Intertext; write H if
it is in Hypertext.
____ 1. Snow, Glass, Apples is a short story by Neil Gaiman. This piece tells the story of Snow White from the point of
view of her stepmother, who was actually trying to save the kingdom from her bloodthirsty stepdaughter.
____ 2. Wicked by Gregory McGuire revolves around the story of the Wicked Witch of the West from Frank Baum’s The
Wizard of Oz and reimagines her as the misunderstood protagonist, Elphaba.
____ 3. Fast City by Don Bosco is an interactive narrative which presents a set of conflicts and psychological landscapes
placed within a technology-obsessed urban space.
____ 4. The Museum by Adam Kenny emulates the experience of being in a museum by allocating a page to each part of
the museum and giving the reader free rein as to where he/she wants to go by providing links to different ‘areas’ of the
museum.
____ 5. Bridget Jone’s Diary by Helen Fielding is written in a diary format and chronicles events within a year in the life of
protagonist Bridget in the 90s; it is loosely based on Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice.

Task 2
Directions: Encircle the letter of the best answer
1. Who coined the term ‘intertextuality’ in 1960s?
A. Ferdinand de Saussure B. Laurent Jenny C. Julia Kristeva D. Graham Allen
2. It is a text developed in a way that copies the style or other properties of another text without making fun of it unlike
a parody.
A. allusion B. pastiche C. quotation D. retelling
3. Norse mythology of Europe was the inspiration of Victor Magtanggol, an action-fantasy series of GMA Network. What
text development was used in crafting this story?
A. hyperlink B. intertext C. analysis D. context
4. Which of the following is not an example of intertextuality?
A. The song Love Story by Taylor Swift was described as one of the modern versions of Romeo and Juliet due to
its lyrics.
B. Clueless was the basis of Iggy Azalea’s music video Fancy.
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DAGUPAN CITY
DAGUPAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
`City of Dagupan
C. Harry Potter was originally written by J. K. Rowling.
D. None of the above
5. Intertextuality is important because _______________ .
A. It allows the writer to reshape a text to be in a better form.
B. It enables the readers to see how original the text is.
C. It is way of showing creativity.
D. It promotes originality.
6. Which of the following is not a characteristic of hypertext?
A. Text flows in a straight line through a book.
B. It acts as a bridge between two basic, opposite, and complementing elements: free and shortcut.
C. In a hypertext system, the reader is free to navigate information by exploring the connections provided.
D. Hypertext is very different way of presenting information than the usual linear form.
7. Which of the following does not describe hypertext?
A. It allows readers to access information particularly suited to their needs.
B. It permits the readers to create their own meaning out of the material given to them and learn better
associatively.
C. It is a text displayed on a computer display or other electronic devices with references to other text that the
reader can immediately access.
D. It is a linear way to present information and is usually accomplished using “links”.
8. Which of the following statements is not true about hypertext?
A. All textual information is easily presented in a linear form.
B. A hypertext environment gives the learner control over paths of learning.
C. Hypertext allows readers to analyze information from multiple perspectives.
D. As the learner uses hypertext, they determine the focus or center of investigation by choosing to move
outside the limits set up by the author's navigational structure.
9. Which of the following statements is true?
A. Hypertext is usually read in a linear manner.
B. A link may stock the reader to only a brief sentence, to a paragraph, or to whole pages of new text.
C. User follows a link from its source to its destination, usually by clicking on source with the mouse.
D. Hypertext refers to "links" on a computer screen that, when inactivated, will bring the reader immediately to
a new site of text, audio and video.
10. In 1963, the term hypertext was coined by __________.
A. Ned Nelson B. Ted Jackson C. Ted Nelson D. Ned Jackson

Task 3
Directions: In your notebook, write a short paragraph of not more than seven (7) sentences on the importance of
intertext and hypertext in your daily life.

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