Updated Design Criteria

For
Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in
Punjab

February 2023
 Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ................................................................................................................................ 5
PREFACE.................................................................................................................................................... 8
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 9
Chapter 1: General & Background .......................................................................................................... 10
SECTION I - WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Chapter 2: Basic Parameters ................................................................................................................... 13
Chapter 3: Pumping of Water ................................................................................................................. 17
3.1 Tubewells Design Criteria.............................................................................................................. 17
3.2 Skimming Wells ............................................................................................................................. 18
3.3 Infiltration Galleries ...................................................................................................................... 18
3.3.1 Limitations and controlling parameters................................................................................ 18
3.3.2 Estimation for the Length of Screen ..................................................................................... 19
3.3.3 Impermeable Case ................................................................................................................ 19
3.3.4 Permeable Cases ................................................................................................................... 20
Chapter 4: Primary & Secondary Network .............................................................................................. 22
4.1 General Considerations ................................................................................................................. 22
4.2 Recommended Primary Network ................................................................................................. 22
4.3 Secondary Networks ..................................................................................................................... 22
4.4 Tertiary Networks ......................................................................................................................... 22
4.5 Head Loss in Pipes ......................................................................................................................... 22
4.6 Losses in Fittings / Specials ........................................................................................................... 23
4.7 Computer Model for Distribution Network Design ...................................................................... 23
Chapter 5: Pipe Materials ....................................................................................................................... 25
5.1 Cast Iron Pipes............................................................................................................................... 25
5.2 Ductile Iron Pipes .......................................................................................................................... 25
5.3 Steel Pipes (Spiral / Seam Welded) ............................................................................................... 25
5.4 High Density Polyethylene Pipes (HDPE) ...................................................................................... 25
5.5 Galvanized Iron (GI) Pipes ............................................................................................................. 26
Chapter 6: Service Pipes Fittings & Specials ............................................................................................ 30
6.1 House Connection ......................................................................................................................... 30
6.2 Valves ............................................................................................................................................ 30
6.3 Check Valves ................................................................................................................................. 32
Chapter 7: Laying of Water Mains & Distribution System ....................................................................... 33
7.1 Pipe Handling ................................................................................................................................ 33
7.2 Trenching ...................................................................................................................................... 33
7.3 Bedding ......................................................................................................................................... 33

1
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 7.4 Joints ............................................................................................................................................. 34
7.5 Backfilling ...................................................................................................................................... 34
7.6 Hydrostatic Testing ....................................................................................................................... 34
7.7 Thrust Blocks (Horizontal & Vertical) ............................................................................................ 34
Chapter 8: Drinking Water Treatment .................................................................................................... 35
8.1 Slow Sand Filters: .......................................................................................................................... 35
8.2 Modified Slow Sand Filters: .......................................................................................................... 35
8.3 Rapid Sand Filters:......................................................................................................................... 36
8.4 Water Disinfection- Chlorination .................................................................................................. 38
Chapter 9: Filtration Plants ..................................................................................................................... 39
9.1 General .......................................................................................................................................... 39
9.2 Types Generally Used in Punjab.................................................................................................... 39
9.3 Technical Specifications of UF Plants ............................................................................................ 39
9.4 Technical Specification of RO Plants ............................................................................................. 43
9.5 Other Package Plants .................................................................................................................... 47
9.5.1 ACTIVATED ALUMINA (AA) ABSORBENT FOR FLUORIDE REMOVAL ..................................... 47
9.5.2 REMOVAL OF IRON AND MANGANSES ................................................................................. 47
9.5.3 REMOVAL OF NITRATE AND NITRITE .................................................................................... 48
9.5.4 Arsenic Removal .................................................................................................................... 49
Chapter 10: Drinking Water Quality........................................................................................................ 50
Chapter 11: Water Metering ................................................................................................................... 52
SECTION II - SEWERAGE SYSTEM
Chapter 12: General Considerations ....................................................................................................... 57
Chapter 13: Basic Parameters ................................................................................................................. 58
13.1 Design Period ................................................................................................................................ 58
13.2 Design Flow Calculations............................................................................................................... 58
13.3 Peak Factor.................................................................................................................................... 59
13.4 Maximum Dry Weather Flow ........................................................................................................ 59
13.5 Industrial Flow Allowance: ............................................................................................................ 59
13.6 Storm Water Allowance ................................................................................................................ 59
13.7 Steps for Sewer Design ................................................................................................................. 59
13.8 Velocity at Design Flows ............................................................................................................... 60
13.9 Minimum Size of Sewer ................................................................................................................ 60
13.10 Spacing of Manholes ................................................................................................................. 60
13.11 Manholes for Sewers above Subsoil Water Level ..................................................................... 61
13.12 Earth Cover................................................................................................................................ 61
Chapter 14: Sewerage Network .............................................................................................................. 62
14.1 Classification of Sewers................................................................................................................. 62

2
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 14.2 Design Period ................................................................................................................................ 62
14.3 Sewer Pipes ................................................................................................................................... 63
14.4 Design of Sewerage Network ........................................................................................................ 63
14.5 Classification of RCC Pipes ............................................................................................................ 64
14.6 Basis of Acceptance ...................................................................................................................... 64
14.7 Technical Details of RCC Pipes ...................................................................................................... 64
14.8 Other Pipes for Sewerage System................................................................................................. 65
14.9 Sewer Pipes in Saline Soils ............................................................................................................ 65
Chapter 15: Manholes and Sewer Appurtenances .................................................................................. 66
15.1 General Considerations for Manholes: ......................................................................................... 66
15.2 Manhole Spacing and Alignment: ................................................................................................. 66
15.3 Manholes Covers: ......................................................................................................................... 66
15.4 Manhole under Sub Soil Water Level: .......................................................................................... 66
15.5 Benching for Manhole: ................................................................................................................. 66
15.6 Steps in Manhole: ......................................................................................................................... 66
Chapter 16: Laying of Sewers Pipes ........................................................................................................ 67
16.1 Sewer above Subsoil Water Level ................................................................................................. 67
16.2 Sewer Bedding above Subsoil Water Level ................................................................................... 67
16.3 Sewer Bedding under Subsoil Water Level ................................................................................... 67
16.4 Sewer Jointing ............................................................................................................................... 67
16.5 Sewer under Roads ....................................................................................................................... 67
Chapter 17: Protection against Gases ..................................................................................................... 68
17.1 Presence of Gases in Sewer Pipe .................................................................................................. 68
17.2 Ventilating Shafts .......................................................................................................................... 68
17.3 Inert Inner Lining ........................................................................................................................... 68
Chapter 18: Disposal Works .................................................................................................................... 69
18.1 Construction of Pumping Station .................................................................................................. 69
18.2 Land for Disposal Works ............................................................................................................... 69
18.3 Pumping Mains ............................................................................................................................. 69
18.4 Pumping Station Civil Works ......................................................................................................... 69
18.5 Screening Chamber ....................................................................................................................... 69
18.6 Sewage Pumps .............................................................................................................................. 70
18.7 Standby Generators ...................................................................................................................... 70
18.8 Butterfly Valves for the Pumping Station ..................................................................................... 70
18.9 Motor Control Unit ....................................................................................................................... 70
Chapter 19: Treatment of Wastewater in Urban & Rural Communities .................................................. 72
19.1 Mandatory requirements of Septic Tanks .................................................................................... 72
19.2 Treatment of Wastewater in Rural Communities ......................................................................... 72
19.3 Treatment of Wastewater in Towns and Medium Sized Cities .................................................... 73
3
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 19.4 Treatment of Wastewater in Big Cities ......................................................................................... 73
19.5 Car Wash Service Stations............................................................................................................. 73
19.6 Treatment of Wastewater from Hospital ..................................................................................... 74
19.7 Treatment of Wastewater from Industries ................................................................................... 74
SECTION III - DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Chapter 20: Design of Storm Water Drainage System ............................................................................. 76
20.1 Quantum of Storm Water for Small Areas .................................................................................... 76
20.2 Quantum of Storm Water for Larger Areas .................................................................................. 76
20.3 Runoff Coefficient / Impermeability Coefficient........................................................................... 76
20.4 Rainfall intensity............................................................................................................................ 78
20.5 Design of Outfall Works ................................................................................................................ 78
20.6 Open Surface Drains ..................................................................................................................... 78
Chapter 21: Segmental Pavement Design for Laying of Tuff Tiles/Pavers Street Pavement.................... 79
21.1 Flexible Pavement ......................................................................................................................... 79
21.1.1 Subgrade Assessment ........................................................................................................... 79
21.1.2 Design Life ............................................................................................................................. 79
21.1.3 Selection of Pavement Component ...................................................................................... 80
21.1.4 Laying Course ........................................................................................................................ 80
21.1.5 Pavers .................................................................................................................................... 80
21.2 Rigid Pavement (PCC/RCC) ............................................................................................................ 81
21.3 Storm Water/ Domestic Drainage ................................................................................................ 82

4
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the team of professionals which was
wholeheartedly involved in revision of Design Criteria. It could not have been possible
without the utmost dedication and diligence of the team, which examined the existing
Design Criteria and brought it in line with needs of the day. Numerous consultative
meetings and exhaustive discussion sessions were carried out by the team of
professionals, which paved the path towards a refined, articulated and consistent piece of
work. I am grateful to Engr. Saleem Raza, Ex. Chief Engineer, PHED and Engr. Abdul
Qadeer, Ex. MD WASA Lahore / WSS Specialist for their devotion and much valuable
contributions stemming from their vast experiences of WASH sector.

I would like to thank Mr. Umar Farooq, Additional Secretary Technical HUD&PHED, Mr.
Raja Shahzad Asghar, Chief Engineer, PHED (North), Mr. Faisal Shoukat, Director Design,
PHED (North), Mr. Syed Soulat Raza, Director Design, PHED (South), Mr. Muhammad
Rafique Saroya, Superintending Engineer, PHED Faisalabad, Mr. Zahoor Ahmad Dogar,
Superintending Engineer, PHED Multan, Mr. Zeshan Bilal, Director WASA Lahore, for
putting in their best efforts, sharing valuable ideas and contributing generously towards
the finalization of this document.

Rao Muhammad Qasim

Chief Engineer (South) PHED

5
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 ACRONYMS

AC Alternating Current
AV Air Valve
API American Petroleum Institute
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
AWWA American Water Works Association
AMR Automatic Meter Reading
BS British Standards
CFS Cubic Feet Per Second
CI Cast Iron
CAD Computer Aided Design
CBR California Bearing Ratio
DI Ductile Iron
DIN Deutsches Institut fur Normung
ESAL Equivalent Single Axle Load
EPANET Environmental Protection Agency Network Evaluation Tool
FPS Feet Per Second
FRP Fiber Reinforced Plastic
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GFH Granular Ferric Hydroxide
GI Galvanized Iron
GPCD Gallons Per Capita Per Day
HMI Human Machine Interface
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
HUD&PHED Housing Urban Development & Public Health Engineering
Department
ISO International Organization for Standardization
IMS Integrated Management System
JWWA Japan Water Works Association
LPD Litres Per Day
LPCD Litres Per Capita Per Day
LPH Liters Per Hour
MS Mild Steel
MSF Modified Sand Filter
MRS Market Rates System
NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit
National Sanitation Foundation
NSF
OHR Overhead Resevoir
PDSSP Punjab Devolved Social Services Programme
PPM Parts Per Million
PEQS Punjab Environmental Quality Standards
PSI Pounds Per Square Inch
PLC Programmable Logic Controller
PC Polycarbonate
PES Polyethersulfone
PS Pakistan Standards
PN Pressure Nominal
6
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 PE Polyethylene
PCC Plain Cement Concrete
ROSA Robotic Stereotactic Assistance
RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete
RO Reverse Osmosis
SS Stainless Steel
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
USA United States of America
UPVC Unplasticised Polyvinyl Chloride
UF Ultra Filtration
WASA Water and Sanitation Authority
WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
WHO World Health Organization
WSS Water Supply and Sanitation

7
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 PREFACE

Access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene is the most basic human need for health and
well-being which is also envisaged in Goal 6 of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Better planning and use of best practices is essential to channelize water as a natural
resource to the human population in an efficient and economical manner. The Government
of Punjab aims at efficient service delivery in social sectors including water supply and
sanitation by adoption of best planning mechanisms and internationally accepted technical
and service delivery standards.

This document mainly consists of Technical and Service Delivery Standards for water
supply and wastewater management (collection and disposal). The provision of these
services to public is the responsibility of TMA’s / City District Governments. However,
execution of WASH projects is the responsibility of Punjab Public Health Engineering
Department which hands over the completed projects to the former for their operation
and service delivery.

As the last up-dation on the Water Supply and Sewerage Design Criteria was carried out
in the year 2007-8, this revision is meant to review the existing Technical and Service
Delivery Standards in the light of practical experiences of various relevant departments
and the inconsistencies observed by them over the time so as to make such improvements
which will enable the planning and execution of future WASH projects in a more efficacious
manner keeping in view the needs and requirements of modern times. To achieve the
aimed objective, Government of Punjab notified a committee comprising experienced
specialists of the WASH sector and experts from all the concerned departments to come
together for consultative discussions aiming at revision of existing Technical and Service
Delivery Standards as per needs of the day. Exhaustive discussions were held, practical
experiences of various concerned departments were shared and impediments faced by
them were pointed out by committee members for deliberation and subsequent necessary
improvements in standards accordingly.

Improvements made in the standards are based on vast experience of WASH sector
departments regarding planning, execution and operation of WSS projects and keen
insight regarding the sector, of WSS experts. It is hoped that these improvements will
cater for the impediments faced previously and will enable concerned departments to meet
with the needs of the day thence improving service delivery to public.

8
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This document comprises improved and updated version of existing Technical and Service
Delivery Standards in the water supply and sanitation sector. Improvements are made in
the light of shortcomings highlighted by various concerned departments which bog them
down while delivering services to the public. With the passage of time in this developing
world, the standards of service delivery are continuously on an upward trajectory which
necessitate incessant review and improvement in existing practices and standards, in order
to cope up with the needs of modern times. The impediments faced by various concerned
departments of the Government of Punjab are duly deliberated, considered and
incorporated in this document so as to bring improvements in service delivery regarding
water supply and sanitation.

Numerous consultative sessions were held with concerned departments which are
responsible for planning, execution and operation of water supply and sanitation schemes
in rural as well as urban areas of Punjab, which include Punjab Public Health Engineering
Department and Water and Sanitation Agencies throughout Punjab. Feedback from all
relevant stakeholders is incorporated while updating the existing Technical and Service
Delivery Standards.

This report comprises three major sections namely, Water Supply System, Sewerage
System and Drainage System. Each section delineates the technical and service delivery
standards regarding that particular domain which are further subdivided into different
chapters and sub-sections. Water Supply section comprises discussion on design
parameters, materials, laying of water supply networks, water treatment, filtration plants,
water quality and water metering. Similarly, design parameters of sewerage system,
materials, laying of sewerage network and related appurtenances, disposal of wastewater
and treatment of wastewater are discussed in Sewerage System section. Last section on
Drainage System discusses the design of storm water drainage system and design of street
pavements.

9
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Chapter 1

General & Background

1.1 Background

While more than 70% of the earth’s surface is covered by oceans and seas, 97 percent of
that is salty ocean water and not suitable for drinking. Out of the remaining water, less
than 1 percent of the total available water is fit for human consumption. Water is the
essential component both for the existence of all creatures including human beings and
for a sustainable country’s economic growth.

“Water is not only for life … water is life.” This quote by the United Nations Secretary-
General reflects the critical importance of water as a need that connects all aspects of
human life. United Nations celebrated the International Decade of Action “Water for Life”
from 2005 to 2015. The socio-economic development activities of nations are related to
good quality and ample water availability. People’s well-being and their economic
development are profoundly linked to the availability and usability of water. Too little water
at a time when it is needed most can mean drought and food insecurity.

In extreme emergency conditions there may not be sufficient water available to meet basic
needs and in these cases supplying a minimum level of safe drinking water for survival is
of critical importance. According to WHO:

Sr.# Description From (LPD) To (LPD)

1. Survival (Drinking & Food) 2.5 3

2. Basic Hygiene Practices 2 6

Accumulative for Survival & Basic 4.5 9

Hygiene Practices

3. Basic Cooking Needs 3 6

Accumulative for Survival, Basic 7.5 15

Hygiene Practices and Basic
Cooking Needs

1.2 Factors affecting Water Requirements

Water requirements are affected by many factors which include:

Weather: Summer season – more demand, winter season- less demand

10
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Temperature: High temperatures more demand
Rainy Season: Rains resulting in less demand
Proper Water Management: Metering – less demand,
Non-metering results in wastage leading toward
more demand.
Socio-economic Conditions: Better living conditions – more water demand
1.3 Water Resources in Pakistan

The history of water availability in Pakistan was good in the past. Pakistan which had
abundance of water resources at the time of independence is now facing the serious water
shortage. The country has crossed the limit of the minimum water security threshold
(1,000 m3 /capita/year) and has been entered into the list of water-scarce countries and
is moving towards an absolute scarcity level of 500 m3 /capita/year. Pakistan is on the
verge of the water crisis. Fresh water is a very limited and vulnerable resource.

1.4 Water Resources in Punjab

In 1977 the position of sweet groundwater in Punjab was good. Major plain areas have
good & sweet quality ground water. The sweet water areas of Punjab were 58% with 74%
resident population. If we add the sweet / non-brackish areas of Pothohar these figures
were 68% (by area) and 82% (with resident population). Sweet water zones in plain areas
are reduced from 58% to 42% of the Province with resident population from 74% to 58%.
Overall position in the Punjab Province is as under:

Table - Change in Ground Water Quality between 1977 and 2020

Area Area Population

Sr.# Remarks
Description 1977 2020 1977 2020

Barani Area
1 11% 11% 9% 9%
(Pothohar)

Sweet Ground Decrease in area

2 58% 42% 72% 58%
Water Area from 58% to 42%

Increase from 13%

3 Brackish Area 13% 26% 15% 27%
to 26%

Saline Ground Increase from 13%

4 13% 17% 3% 6%
Water Area to 17%

Water Scarce
5 5% 5% 0% 0%
Area

11
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 100% 100% 100% 100%

Sweet water zones in plain areas are reduced to 42% of the Province with 58% resident
population.

1.5 Water and Sanitation Coverage in Punjab

Water and Sanitation coverage in Punjab is not up to the mark. Drinking Water Coverage
(Safely Managed Water services current level is 43.7% as compared to 100% to be
achieved by the year 2030.

Without E. coli With drinking Drinking water Safely

Description in drinking water available accessible on Managed
water source in sufficient premises Water Services
quantities

Rural Punjab 65.6 92.3 78.5 48.1

Urban Punjab 60.9 89.7 66.4 36.0

Overall Punjab 63.8 91.4 74.1 43.7

The overall Sanitation Services Level in Punjab is 70.4%, which is not shared and
meeting the SDG’s requirements.

1.6 Reasons for Revision of Design Criteria

Fresh water is a very limited and vulnerable resource. In recent years, water issues have
been the focus of increasing international concern and debate. Competition among
agriculture, industry and cities for limited water supplies is already constraining
development efforts in many countries including Pakistan. In addition to a decrease in
freshwater resources & deteriorating water quality, advancements in technology also urge
the revision & updating of Design Criteria.

12
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Chapter 2

Basic Parameters
2.1 Design Period

In a conventional manner, it is recommended to design water supply networks, trunk

sewers, water & wastewater treatment plants and interceptors for the projected peak
flows expected during 25 years period or for the saturated population of the area.

Water Supply Network Component Design Life

Tube Well 15 years

Pump Houses 25 years

Pumping Machinery 15 years

Treatment Works

20 years (Repair or replacement of the

Slow Sand Filter Plants pumping sets might be necessary after 10
years of operation).

Rapid Sand Filter plants 25 years (Repair or replacement of the

pumping sets might be necessary after 10
years of operation).

Rising Mains 25 Years. The size of rising mains should

be based on maximum day demand.

25 Years. The capacities of distribution

system are to be based on peak hour
Distribution System demand while tube wells and rising mains
are to be based on maximum day
demands.

2.2 Per Person Water Requirements (Domestic Water Demand)

While calculating the water requirements of a community many factors are required to be
considered. These include water availability, population, socio-economic conditions, living
standards, collection & disposal of wastewater and water metering. With rapidly growing
population, Pakistan is heading towards a situation of water shortage and by corollary, a
threat of food insecurity. With the country’s current water crisis it is not possible to
continue the implementation of 80GPCD (363 LPCD) as per WASA Lahore Design Criteria,
or 50 GPCD (227 LPCD) as per PHED Criteria 1998 or 50-85 GPCD (227-386 LPCD) as

13
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
PDSSP 2007. Therefore, it is recommended that in each locality, while carrying out Water
Supply Design, the following factors may be considered:
 Availability of Sweet Water Resources in the Service Area.
 Distance between Source of Water & Service Area, if sweet water not available in
the area.
 CAPEX & OPEX of Water Supply System.
 Affordability of people of the service area.
Per Person Water Supply may be decided to keep in view the above-mentioned factors.
However, as a general guideline the following water supply provisions are proposed:

Population Water Requirements Gallons Water Requirements Liters

Per Capita Per Day (GPCD) Per Capita Per Day (LPCD)
Up to 5000 10 GPCD 45 LPCD
(without Sewerage facilities)
5,001-10,000 15 GPCD 70 LPCD
(without Sewerage facilities)
10,001-20,000 20 GPCD 90 LPCD

20,001-30,000 25 GPCD 112 LPCD

30,001-50,000 30 GPCD 135 LPCD

50,001-100,000 35 GPCD 160 LPCD

100,001-1,000,000 40 GPCD 180 LPCD

1,000,001-5,000,000 45 GPCD 200 LPCD

5,000,001-& Above 50 GPCD 227 LPCD

2.3 Non Domestic Water Demand

All water demands, other than domestic are known as non-domestic demands. This
includes water consumed by Industries, educational institutions, hospitals, markets,
dispensaries, schools, colleges, universities and commercial centers, etc.
i. Industrial Water Demand shall be calculated separately as per actual requirements.
ii. For institutions such as hospitals, hostels, schools, etc. an allowance of 10 gallons
per boarder (45 LPCD) for big cities and tourist resorts shall be made.
iii. A provision of 3 gallons per day (13.5 LPCD) shall be made for day scholars and
floaters.
2.4 Fluctuation in Water Demand

The following standards are to be followed for computation of the short term variations:
Maximum Day Demand is to be taken as 1.5 times the Average Day Demand.
14
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
Peak Hour Demand to be taken as 1.5 times the Maximum Day Demand. or
Peak Hour Demand is to be taken as 2.25 times the Average Day Demand.
2.5 Terminal Pressure (Minimum)

a) Keeping in view the trends of multistory building construction it is advisable to adopt at

least 12 meters (40 feet) minimum terminal pressure in urban areas.
b) It is advisable to adopt at least 8 meters (26 feet) minimum terminal pressure in rural
areas.
2.6 Velocity of Flow in Pipes

Distribution Mains 0.3 m/s to 1.83 m/s (1.0fps - 6.0fps)

Rising mains 0.9 m/s to 1.83 m/s (3.0fps – 6.0fps)

2.7 Minimum Size of Distribution Main

Plain Areas: 3 inches (HDPE, uPVC)

Hilly Areas: 1 inch (GI)

Semi Hilly Area: GI/HDPE

2.8 Minimum Earth Cover over Pipes

Minimum earth cover over pipe shall be 3 feet (0.90 Meters). However, in the case of
water supply line laid under road crossings, sand will be filled to provide cover instead of
earth.

2.9 Public Stand Post (PSP)

Should not be provided.

2.10 Valves

Sluice Valves: At main control points for purpose of repair & maintenance.
Butterfly Valves: At Water Works.

Non-Return Valve: Outside the delivery main of the tube well.

In the rising main after 2000 meters or as per design.

Air Valves (Air Release/ Air Suction): At the summits and after 2000 meter
intervals in straight reaches to facilitate the escape of trapped air as per design and
topography. Double Acting AV shall be provided as per design.

15
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
2.11 Overhead Reservoirs (OHRs)

Overhead storage reservoirs should be preferably provided in all urban and rural water
supply schemes at strategic locations of the project, except in cases of such hilly / semi-
hilly areas, where appropriately located ground storage reservoirs can be provided.

Capacity of OHRs: The capacity of OHR shall be provided one tenth (1/10th) average day
demand.

2.12 Ground Storage Tanks

One fourth (1/4) of the Average Day Demand shall be provided.

2.13 Miscellaneous Provisions

Bulk Flow Meters: At Tubewells and at Treatment Plants.

Washouts:- At the lowest points to wash out all kinds of debris.

16
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Chapter 3

Pumping of Water

For sweet water zones, groundwater is the source of choice. For brackish water zones, in
case a canal or distributary available at a reasonable distance, skimming wells (shallow
Tubewells) will be installed along the bank and pumped to the community through a rising
main after appropriate treatment or disinfection.

3.1 Tubewells Design Criteria

The Tubewells will be designed to meet Maximum day demand.

Entrance Velocity: The Entrance Velocity 0.05 ft / sec in the strainer is recommended
against the allowable value of 0.1 ft /sec to 0.2 ft / sec to check the entry of fine sand into
the screen.

Opening Area of the Strainer: Opening area normally ranges from 10% to 12%, or as per
bore logging.

Slot Size: Slot size 1”X 1/30” is recommended for the screen.

House Pipe: The diameter of House Pipe will be based on the design discharge of tube
well. Material shall be MS/Fiber Glass.

Sanitary Seal: To control and check the surface and ground contamination at shallow
depths sanitary seal consisting 1:2:4 plain cement concrete is recommended.

Strainer shall be Brass / Fiber Glass

Shrouding Material: The shrouding material will be of pea gravels having size 1/8” to 3/8”.

Shrouding Pipes: Shrouding shall be done through 2-3” diameter P.V.C. or equivalent

Delivery Pipes: Length of delivery pipe in pump house should be as per requirements to
have proper installation of measuring instruments like portable Ultrasonic flow meter for
energy audit purpose. Pressure gauge should be installed on the delivery pipe for pressure
head measurements.

Centralizers in the lowering pipe shall be provided to maintain uniformity of the packing
material along strainer in the borehole.

17
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
3.2 Skimming Wells

Skimming well is the technique employed with an intention to extract relatively

freshwater from the upper zone of the fresh-saline aquifer.

The daily operating time for tube well pumping machinery should not exceed 8 hours.
Max.Capcity:0.5 cusec.

3.3 Infiltration Galleries

In the areas where the water table is close to the ground surface and there is a need to
minimize the draw down due to the non-availability of the adequate thickness of the
saturated pervious sediments / aquifer material or the aquifer material is not available,
infiltration galleries are installed in the channel beds or along the periphery of takes to
exploit groundwater. An infiltration gallery consists of one or more horizontality laid
screens which are (preferably) placed perpendicularly to the source of water (river nallah
periphery of the lake, etc.) or the groundwater flow direction.

3.3.1 Limitations and controlling parameters

Because the screens in the galleries are placed in open excavations, the usual practical
depth limitation is about 25 feet. (7.6m), though in general the screens are placed even
at depth of about 5-feet. Water entering the screen is usually collected in a central sump
(or an adjacent percolation well) that can also serve as a storage chamber and into which
the pump intake is placed. The functioning of the infiltration gallery is more or less similar
to the tile drain - normally installed in the water logged-areas to remove excess water
from the sediments. Galleries can be installed in the pervious beds of the perennial
streams, in the beds of the ephemeral streams below the water table or along the
periphery of the lake beds by excavating trenches. The flow to the gallery or its yields will
depend upon the hydraulic head, the flow to the gallery or its yield will depend upon the
hydraulic head, the permeability of the filter material and the width of the gallery. In
general, the discharge of the galleries is much less as compared to the tube wells (with
the same length of screen) as forced pumping or flow is not in action – rather it is free
flow under a particular set of field conditions. Important design criteria and the
precautions during the construction include.
 Ensuring the filter pack around the screen is correctly sized.
 Screen slot is correctly sized to retain 100% of the filter pack.

18
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
  The entrance, velocity through the screen slot opening should be 0.01 feet /
second (0.03 m/sec) or less (as the suction is not going to be in action as in
case of a tubewell).
 The axial velocity within the screen should be 3-feet / second (0.9 m/sec) or
even less to reduce the head loss and
 Ensuring adequate length of screen (s) to provide the desired quantity of water
in accordance with the water demand.

Infiltration galleries may have to be installed under two types of field condition i.e
i. In the impermeable bed material – in this case artificial gravel pack may have
to be provided to enhance the groundwater flow into the screen, and
ii. In the permeable bed material, where the channel deposits are sand, gravels,
boulders, etc.

3.3.2 Estimation for the Length of Screen

Length of screen for the gallery under different conditions is normally be estimated,
keeping in view the desired discharge and the hydraulic parameters of the sediments /
gravel placed around the screen and placement of the screen with respect to the
excavation, as below

3.3.3 Impermeable Case

Sometimes the infiltration galleries are constructed in the river / lake beds, where the
underlying strata are impermeable as shown in Fig. below.

Length of screen (L) for the gallery placed in “impermeable sediments” may be
determined as:

L = Q*d/K*H*B, where

Q = Desired / design Discharge (say in CFS)

19
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 K = Hydraulic conductivity (permeability) of gravel shroud used (say in feet /
second)

H = Hydraulic head (in feet)

B = Width of the trench for gallery (in feet)

d = Distance between channel bed and the center of the screen (feet)

The above equation indicates that the length of screen will:

 Increase with respect to the increase in the design discharge and the distance
between the channel bed and the center of the screen “d” and,

 Decrease with increase in the width of the trench, permeable of the fill material
(as the sediments or the filter material with higher permeability will transmit more
water) and the hydraulic head (which will increase the seepage or flow to the
screen).

The field limitations for each of the above parameters have to be given due
consideration as we cannot enormously change these factors. Some allowance in the
length of the screen, estimated as above should be provided (as per field requirement
and financial consideration) to account for the future choking in the screen.

3.3.4 Permeable Cases

Infiltration Galleries are also constructed in river / lake beds where the underlying strata
are permeable or river bed material is deep enough as shown in Figure below:

The length of the screen “L” in this case may be:

( × / )
𝐿= where

K = Hydraulic Conductivity of the bed material as above

ln = log natural

20
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 r = Radius of the screen (in feet)
𝜋 = 3.142
Other factors already defined above:
 Increase with the increase in desired discharge and the distance (d)
between the stream bed and the centre of the screen, and
 Decrease with increase in screen diameter, permeability and head.

21
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Chapter 4

Primary & Secondary Network

4.1 General Considerations

The water supply system to be proposed for any area should be based upon the type and
location of source. Preferably the source should be as near as to the city or town but this
all depends upon the availability of water in qualitative and quantitative terms.

4.2 Recommended Primary Network

The primary network should be based upon meeting the peak hour demand rate equal to
2.25 times the average day demand rate. On the basis, the primary network water mains
and ground storage reservoirs with booster pumps may be needed in case the source is
away from the city. To establish a primary network sizes for final design, the computer
aided model should be used to arrive at a satisfactory hydraulically balanced system. In
case, low peak factor is used, it will result in reduction of sizes of primary network water
mains, and in the future local storage and booster pumps would be needed at various
locations for satisfying short period demands in excess of the design rate. No house
connection should be provided from the Primary Mains.

4.3 Secondary Networks

Sizes of Secondary Network will be as per design. No house connection will be provided
from secondary network.

4.4 Tertiary Networks

Tertiary network sizes are 6 inches and below (150 mm and below) as mentioned above.
Preferably house connections should be given from this network. Maximum pressure in
tertiary network should be 15 meters.

4.5 Head Loss in Pipes

The loss of head in the pipelines shall be calculated by using Hazen & William formula.
V=K.C.D0.63I0.54
Where
V=Velocity of flow (m/sec)
D=Hydraulic Radius (m)
I =Hydraulic gradient (i.e unit head loss in pipe)

22
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
C=Friction factor
K=0.849
Or
V=1.318xCR0.63S0.54
Coefficient of roughness (C) values to cover losses in fittings and valves shall be as
follows:
 uPVC / HDPE Pipe 130
 DI / MS Pipe 110
S =Hydraulic gradient (i.e. unit head loss in pipe)
R= Hydraulic Radius
Or
Darcy’s Formula
The pressure loss (or major loss) in a pipe, tube or duct can be calculated with the
Darcy-Weisbach equation

× ×
Δp major loss = 𝜆 𝜌𝑓 × =𝜆 (1)
×

where

Δp major_loss = major (friction) pressure loss in fluid flow (Pa (N/m2), psf (lb/ft2))

λ = Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient

L or 𝑙 = length of duct or pipe (m, ft)

v = velocity of fluid (m/s, ft/s)

D or 𝑑ℎ = hydraulic diameter (m, ft)

𝑝 or 𝜌𝑓 = density of fluid (kg/m3, slugs /ft3)

4.6 Losses in Fittings / Specials

The major losses in the water supply network will be worked out on the basis of Hazen
William Formula or with the help of Darcy-Wiesbach equation. The 15% of losses in Pipes
will be added for Bends, Tees, Valves and other fittings.

4.7 Computer Model for Distribution Network Design

EPANET software’s latest version, developed by Environmental Protection Agency, USA,

can be used for network analysis. It is capable to simulate reservoirs or elevated tanks,
pumps at sources, booster pumps, pressure reducing valves, pressure sustaining valves
23
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 and check valves. However, Water CAD is preferable for larger and complex network
design.

The purpose of the program is to calculate water flows and velocities in pipes and
pressures throughout a water distribution network given the layout of the pipes and other
elements of the network. The various elements, in addition to pipes and nodes (which are
junctions of two or more pipes) are:

i. Source Nodes (where water enters the system) with or without pumps
ii. Booster Pumps
iii. Check Valves
iv. Pressure Reducing Valves
v. Pressure Sustaining Valves

24
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Chapter 5

Pipe Materials

The first known underground water mains were constructed by the ancient Minoan
civilization in approximately 2200 and 1400 BC. The Romans invented concrete and
constructed famous aqueducts using gravity to transport water from the outer reaches of
the city. The invention of Cast Iron Pipe in 15th century was made which brought the first
real revolution in the history of water pipes. The invention of the Ductile Cast Iron Pipe
brought the second revolution in the history of water pipes. The invention of Polyethylene
Pipes knocked out Asbestos Cement Pipes and Plastic Pipes. Pipes preferably be selected
which has a life expectancy of more than a hundred (100) year.

5.1 Cast Iron Pipes

Cast iron pipes and fittings shall comply with BS 78 for spigot and socket vertically cast
pipes, BS 1211 for spigot and socket spun iron pipes and BS 2035 for flanged pipes.

5.2 Ductile Iron Pipes

Ductile Iron Pipes or Ductile Cast Iron pipes and fittings shall comply with Pipes: ISO
2531 or EN-545 or AWWA C151/A21.51; AWWA C115/A21.15

Internal Cement Mortar Lining: ISO-4179

Zinc Coating: ISO-8179 (130-235g/m2)
Bitumen Coating: ISO-8179(>70 um)BS 78 for spigot and socket vertically cast pipes
The standard ISO-2531 is compatible with AWWA C151 (U.S. Customary Units) in the
United States, EN 545 (water) /598 (sewer) (metric) in Europe.

5.3 Steel Pipes (Spiral / Seam Welded)

Mild Steel Pipes shall comply with API Standard 5L / ASTM with Inner Cement
Mortar/Epoxy Lining with wall thickness as per design. The minimum wall thickness is
6.25mm. The external pipe should have a relevant coating. When pipe is used
underground, anode and cathode protection shall also be used. At welded joints of pipes,
shrink sleeves be provided.

5.4 High Density Polyethylene Pipes (HDPE)

High Density Polyethylene Pipes (HDPE) should be PE-100 and should conform to ISO:
4427 or DIN:8074/8075 or PN as per requirement.

25
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
Jointing Method: Butt Fusion and Electro-Fusion
Tests to be performed for pipes shall be Heat Reversion, Short Term Hydrostatic Pressure
Test and Tensile Strength and for P.E. compounds, tests to be performed shall be
Elongation at break, Melt flow rate and Density test. While designing, temperature
correction should be applied as per the manufacturer’s technical manual.

5.5 Galvanized Iron (GI) Pipes

The galvanized iron pipes shall strictly conform to BS 1387-1967 "medium /heavy quality
(flanged/socketed) as per design" Specifications for "Steel Tubes and Tubulars suitable for
screwing to BS 21 pipe threads". All screwed pipes and sockets shall be of wrought iron
conforming to BS 1740. A complete and uniform adherent coating of zinc white will be
provided for galvanized iron pipes and fittings. CI fitting should not be used with GI Pipes.

Water Pipes Schedules

Part-A: Acceptable Material for Buried Pipes

Type of Pipe Size Range Minimum Remarks & Conforming to (Latest

(mm) Acceptable Editions of)
Materials
Feeder Main/ >DN 1600 Ductile Iron Pipes: ISO 2531,
Conductance Main/ Pipes EN-545,
Rising Main/ Water Internal Cement Mortar Lining: ISO-
Main 4179
Zinc Coating: ISO-8179 (130-235g/m2)
Bitumen Coating: ISO-8179(>70 um)

Mild Steel Pipes: API Standard 5L with

Inner Cement Mortar Lining
Capable to withstand a pressure of
300m. External relevant coating and
cathode protection.
Types and Quality of Plates and strips
The material shall be from Siemens-
martin, electric furnace or basic oxygen
steel confirming to API 5L Gr x 52 or
ASTM A572 Gr 55.
Feeder Main/ DN 300 to Ductile Iron Pipes: ISO 2531,
Conductance Main/ DN 1600 Pipes EN-545,
Rising Main/ Water Internal Cement Mortar Lining: ISO-
Main 4179
Zinc Coating: ISO-8179 (130-235g/m2)
Bitumen Coating: ISO-8179(>70 um)

Mild Steel Pipes: API Standard 5L with

Inner Cement Mortar Lining
Capable to withstand pressure of
300m. External relevant coating and
cathode protection.
26
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Types and Quality of Plates and strips
The material shall be from Siemens-
martin, electric furnace or basic oxygen
steel confirming to API 5L Gr x 52 or
ASTM A572 Gr 55.
High Density ISO: 4427 / DIN:8074/8075,
Polyethylene PE-100
Pipes (HDPE) PN as per requirement (Force Main
Min 10 & Distribution System Min 8)
& conforming to all essential tests.
Feeder Main/ DN 100 to Ductile Iron Pipes: ISO 2531,
Conductance Main/ DN 300 Pipes EN-545,
Rising Main/ Water Internal Cement Mortar Lining: ISO-
Main/ Distribution 4179
System Zinc Coating: ISO-8179 (130-235g/m2)
Bitumen Coating: ISO-8179(>70 um)

Mild Steel Pipes: API Standard 5L with

Inner Cement Mortar Lining
Capable to withstand pressure of
300m. External relevant coating and
cathode protection.
Types and Quality of Plates and strips
The material shall be from Siemens-
martin, electric furnace or basic oxygen
steel confirming to API 5L Gr x 52 or
ASTM A572 Gr 55.
High Density ISO: 4427 / DIN:8074/8075,
Polyethylene PE-100
Pipes (HDPE) PN as per requirement (Force Main
Min 10 & Distribution System Min 8)
& conforming to all essential tests.

Rising Main/ Water DN 80 to Ductile Iron Pipes: ISO 2531,

Main DN 100 Pipes EN-545,
Internal Cement Mortar Lining: ISO-
4179
Zinc Coating: ISO-8179 (130-235g/m2)
Bitumen Coating: ISO-8179(>70 um)

Mild Steel Pipes: API Standard 5L with

Inner Cement Mortar Lining
Capable to withstand pressure of
300m. External relevant coating and
cathode protection.
Types and Quality of Plates and strips
The material shall be from Siemens-
martin, electric furnace or basic oxygen
steel confirming to API 5L Gr x 52 or
ASTM A572 Gr 55.

27
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 High Density ISO: 4427 / DIN:8074/8075,
Polyethylene PE-100
Pipes (HDPE) PN as per requirement (Force Main
Min. PN10 & Distribution System Min.
PN8)
& conforming to all essential tests.

Water Main DN 63 to High Density ISO: 4427 / DIN:8074/8075,

DN 90 (O/D) Polyethylene PE-100
Pipes (HDPE) PN as per requirement
Test Heat Reversion & other tests

Part-B: Pipes above Ground, open to Sky, River/ Canal / Drains overhead crossing

Preferable Joints are flanged Joints. However, other types of joints may also be used with pipe
support.

Type of Pipe Size Range Minimum Remarks & Conforming to (Latest

(mm) Acceptable Editions of)
Materials

Feeder Main/ Any Size Ductile Iron Pipes: ISO 2531,

Conductance Pipes
EN-545,
Main/ Rising Main/
Water Main Internal Cement Mortar Lining: ISO-
4179

Zinc Coating: ISO-8179 (130-235g/m2)

Bitumen Coating: ISO-8179(>70 um)

Mild Steel Pipes: API Standard 5L with

Inner Cement Mortar Lining

Capable to withstand pressure of 300m.

External relevant coating and cathode
protection.

Types and Quality of Plates and strips

The material shall be from Siemens-
martin, electric furnace or basic oxygen
steel confirming to API 5L Gr x 52 or
ASTM A572 Gr 55.

Cast Iron Cast iron pipes and fittings shall comply

with BS 78 for spigot and socket
vertically cast pipes, BS 1211 for spigot
and socket spun iron pipes and BS 2035
for flanged pipes.

28
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Galvanized Iron The galvanized iron pipes shall strictly
conform to BS 1387-1967 "medium
quality" Specifications for "Steel Tubes
and Tubulars suitable for screwing to BS
21 pipe threads". All screwed pipes and
sockets shall be of wrought iron have BS
1740. A complete and uniform adherent
coating of zinc white will be provided for
galvanized iron pipes and fittings.

Part-C: Acceptable Material for Buried Pipes (Till further decision)

Type of Pipe Size Range Minimum Remarks & Conforming to (Latest

(mm) Acceptable Editions of)
Materials

Water Main/ DN 80 to uPVC Pressure BSS 3505

Distribution DN300 Pipe
PS 3051-1991 or the latest version
System

29
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Chapter 6

Service Pipes Fittings & Specials

6.1 House Connection

House Connection should be made through Saddle clamp only.

Service Connection Buried PE Pipe with Saddle

Clamp & Ferrule

Ferrule Size for Domestic Connection ¼ inch

Ferrule Size for Commercial Connection As per Requirements

Domestic Service Pipe for House Connection 1/2 inch

Commercial Service Pipe for House Connection 3/4 inch

Bulk Connection Pipe As per Requirements.

6.2 Valves

Sr. # Water Fittings Standards & Description

1. Cast Iron Gate Cast Iron Gate Valves conforming to BS 5150, flanged
Valves ends as per BS 4504. Deals with notional diameters DN
10 to 1000 in notional pressure ratings PN 10,16 & 25.

2 Gate Valves with Conforming to BS 5163, Flanges conforming to EN 1092-

Handle Wheels 2 of PN 10/16, complying with BS EN 1074-1 and BS EN
for Water Works 1074-2

3. Bronz / Copper Up to 50mm: Bronze gate conforming to BS 5154 series

Alloy Gate Valve ‘B’, non-rising stem, solid wedge disc, inside screw,
union bonnet; female threaded (BS 21) connection;
fitted with enameled metal and hand wheel valves for
working pressure above 16 bars shall be conforming to
BS 5154 PN 32 series B.

65mm and above : Cast iron body conforming to BS

5150, bolted bonnet; solid wedge disc and bronze trim;
inside screw, non-rising stem, flange connection (PN 16),
fitted with cast iron and hand wheel valves for working
pressure above 16 bars to PN 25 shall be of Class 300
cast steel wedge gate valve with flanges.

4 Brass & Cast Iron Valves to be class 125, made of brass with special seal
Globe Valves for PPR hot water connection, inlet: soldered socket,
outlet: union with drain.

30
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Up to and including 50mm size shall be of bronze globe
type with inside screw, stuffing box and screw end
connections.
65mm size and above shall be of cast iron ductile iron
body for PN 16 and PN 25 respectively, with outside
screw and yoker type. Flanged end connections to BS
4504 and EN 1092.
Globe valves shall have re-grinding renewable disc and
seat ring, bronze trimmed non-rising stem.

5. Shut-Off Valves Bronze gate valves Class 125 to be of the straight

pattern with rising hand wheel, aluminum hand wheel,
Bronze Item, bonnet, body and wedge make of bronze
ASTM B-62 including all accessories required for
connection with pipe lines.

6. Unit Body Ball Brass chromium plated ball valves, reinforced teflon seat,
Valve and seals, with handle.

7. Isolation Valves Up to 50mm: Bronze gate conforming to BS 5154 series

(Gate Valve) ‘B’, non-rising stem, solid wedge disc, inside screw,
union bonnet; female threaded (BS 21) connection;
fitted with enameled metal and hand wheel valves for
working pressure above 16 bars shall be conforming to
BS 5154 PN 32 series B.

65mm and above : Cast iron body conforming to BS

5150, bolted bonnet; solid wedge disc and bronze trim;
inside screw, non-rising stem, flange connection (PN 16),
fitted with cast iron and hand wheel valves for working
pressure above 16 bars to PN 25 shall be of Class 300
cast steel wedge gate valve with flanges.

8. Butterfly Valve Butterfly Valve shall conform to AWWA-C-504, AWWA-C-

516 or BS-EN 593: 2017

31
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
6.3 Check Valves

Sr. # Water Fittings Standards & Description

1. Check Valves Check valve shall comply with the requirements of BSS
(Back Flow 5153: 1974 or BS EN 16767-2020 or equivalent. The
Preventor) valve shall be of swing type and shall be of quick acting
single door type.
Swing check valve conforming to BS 5154 series ’B’
bronze with removable hinge pin and screwed cap,
suitable for operation in either horizontal or vertical
position. Threaded (BS 21) connection for 50mm and
smaller. Flanged (PN 16) connection for valves above
50mm. for valves above 16 bar working pressure. It shall
be of class 300 cast carbon steel swing check valve with
PN 25 flanges.
Back flow Preventor bronze check valve class 125
suitable for vertical or horizontal installation. Seat, Cone
and cone pressure spring of bronze including all
accessories required for connection with piping.

32
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Chapter 7

Laying of Water Mains & Distribution System

Most operation in the installation of water distribution mains are the same regardless of
the materials of which the pipe fittings are made. Standards have been issued by the
American Water Works Association (AWWA) and other organizations for the laying of
different types of pipe, and there is no need to discuss them in detail herein. The following
paragraphs are limited to mention of the installation factors which may significantly affect
the performance and life of the water mains.

7.1 Pipe Handling

All pipes and fittings should be inspected for damage when they are being unloaded at
the installation site. Pipes and fittings should not be dropped from the truck. If a derrick
and cable with hooks are used in unloading, the hook should be rubber covered. If a fork
lift is used, care is needed to avoid damaging the exterior coating, or the pipe itself. In
moving pipes and fittings, they should never be pushed by a bulldozer blade or other
mechanical equipment, but should be either rolled by hand or moved by hoist.

7.2 Trenching

Water distribution pipes may be installed with a trench depth that provides cover of 3 feet
over top of the pipe, depending on the pipe size, except at places where it is necessary to
go deeper to get under obstructions. Secondary network pipes (3 to 10-inch size) should
have a cover of 2.5 to 3.5 feet, and primary network pipes (16-inch size or larger) a cover
of 5 feet. The trench width should be kept as narrow as feasible but should be enough to
permit proper installation of the pipe, with room for the workmen to make the joints and
tamp the backfill around the pipe.

All pipes and fittings must be adequately supported by the trench bottom. A continuous
uniform bedding is needed. Stones found in the trench should be removed for a depth of
at least 6 inches below the bottom without special bedding material if the soil is suitable
and the bottom has been leveled properly. For pipe laid in poor soil, wet trench or rock,
special bedding material must be provided for bells or coupling and for making up the
joints.

7.3 Bedding
Preparation and proper compaction of the pipe bedding is very important. The pipe's ability
to support the overlying earth loads is influenced by the degree of support that the pipe
33
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
has under it and at its sides. For FLEXIBLE pipes, the pipe chiefly relies on the support
given by the bedding.
7.4 Joints

The types of joints will depend upon the kind of pipe used, as discussed above under the
heading “Water Main Material”. Jointing procedures should follow the recommendations
of the pipes and fittings.

7.5 Backfilling

Usual practice in backfilling water mains involves partial backfill before tests and completed
backfill after tests. The partial backfill leaves joints exposed or covered only by a shallow
layer of earth. The backfill material should be good soil that does not contain any rocks,
bricks, or hard lumps of clay. For some pipe materials, special precautions are needed
during backfill operations, as recommended by the pipe manufacturer.

7.6 Hydrostatic Testing

The installation specifications should call for pressure tasting of all water mains after they
are installed. The length for one time testing shall be 1000 feet. The test pressure shall
be 1.5 times of the design pressure. The hydrostatic test should be carried out section by
section as completed, usually after the trench has been partially backfilled.

7.7 Thrust Blocks (Horizontal & Vertical)

Internal pressure including water hammer creates transverse stress or hoop tension.
Bends / Tees and closures at dead ends or gates produce unbalanced pressure and
longitudinal stress. When pipes are not permitted to change length, variations in
temperature like-wise create longitudinal stress. External loads and foundation reactions
(manners of support) including the weight of the full conduit, and atmospheric pressure
produce flexural stress. Bends and closures at dead ends produce unbalanced pressure
and longitudinal stress in the pipeline. Further when pipes are not permitted to change
length due to variations in temperature, pipes also expand and create longitudinal stress.
Anchorages are necessary to resist the tendency of the pipes to pull apart at bends and
restrain or direct the expansion and contraction of rigidly joined pipes under the influence
of temperature changes.

34
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Chapter 8

Drinking Water Treatment

8.1 Slow Sand Filters:

A well-designed and properly maintained slow sand filter (SSF) effectively removes
turbidity and pathogenic organisms through various biological, physical and chemical
processes in a single treatment step. The top several inches of the sand has to be removed
regularly--usually by hand--due to the mass of growing material that collects in the filter.
Sand removed is usually washed and returned to the filter. These filters are still in use in
some small plants in rural areas. Slow sand filters are used in water purification for treating
raw water to produce a potable product.

Component Typical Standard

Raw water storage 50% of 21 days average water

requirement

Rate of filtration 40 gallons per day per sft of sand area

Depth of filter sand 30 to 36 inches

Effective size of sand (d10) top of filter 0.3 to 0.35 mm

gravel to 1 feet

1 to 2 feet 0.25 to 0.30 mm

Top layer 9 inches minimum 0.18 to 0.22 mm

Uniformity Co-efficient of sand (d 60/d 2.5

10)

Depth of water over the sand 3-4 feet

Velocity of water in under drainage Not more than 0.75 feet/sec

system

8.2 Modified Slow Sand Filters:

A well-designed and properly maintained Medium Sand Filter or Modified Sand Filters
(MSF) are proposed for effective removal of turbidity and pathogenic organisms through
various biological, physical and chemical processes with the concept to increase the pace
of filtration with no or minimum use of energy. The top several inches of the sand has to
be removed regularly--usually by hand--due to the mass of growing material that collects
35
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
in the filter. Sand removed is usually washed and returned to the filter. Coagulation &
Flocculation processes are included in the process to put less load on sand filters and to
increase the filtration rate as compared to Slow Sand Filters.

Sr. Description Range in Range in FPS Recommendation

# metric System / Remarks
System
1. Filtration Rate 0.2 100 100 Gal/Sq.ft/day
m3/ m2/h Gallons/Sq.ft/day
2. Gravel Thickness i/c 20 – 30 inches 0.8m (30 inches)
0.5 - 0.8 m
Drain
3. Sand thickness 0.5 - 0.8 m 20 – 30 inches 0.5m (20 inches)
4. Supernatant Water 1m 40-48 inches

8.3 Rapid Sand Filters:

Design standards for rapid sand filter

The rapid sand filter or rapid gravity filter is a type of filter used in water purification and
is commonly used in municipal drinking water facilities as part of a multiple-stage
treatment system. High filter rate (4000 – 12000 liters per hour per square meter of
surface). Rapid sand filters are typically designed as part of multi-stage treatment systems
used by large municipalities. These systems are complex and expensive to operate and
maintain, and therefore less suitable for small communities and developing nations. The
filtration system requires a relatively small land area in proportion to the population served,
and the design is less sensitive to changes in raw water quality, e.g. turbidity, than slow
sand filters.

RAPID SAND FILTERS

i. Rate of filtration 2 -4 gal/sft./min

ii. Minimum depth of filter Should not be less than 8.5 feet.

iii. Depth of water on the sand Should not be less than 3 feet.

iv. Depth of filtering sand. 24 inches to 30 inches

v. Effective size of filtering sand. 0.5 - 0.50mm

vi. Uniformity co-efficient of sand 1.3 – 1.7

vii. Supporting Gravel:

36
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Range Depth

2-1/2 to 1-1/2 inches 5 to 8 inches

1 – ½ to ¾ inches 3 to 5 inches

¾ to ½ inches 3 to 5 inches

½ to 3”/16 2 to 3 inches

3/16 to 3/32 inches 2 to 3 inches

Total Depth: 15 to 24 Inches

Component Typical Standard

Flocculation Tank
Detention Time 20-30 Seconds
Velocity Gradient 20-75 L/s
Diffuser Wall
Velocity through the Diffuser Wall to 0.5 Ft/s
prevent floc break up
Sedimentation Tank
Detention Time 1.5-4.0 Hr
Overflow Rate 131-197 ft3/ft2/hr
Side Water Depth 10-16.5 Ft
Rapid Sand Gravity Filters
Type of Filters Constant Head
Filter Media Sand
Filtration Rate 16.4 – 49 ft3/ft2/hr
Bed Depth 2 - 5.9 Ft
Uniformity Coefficient 1.3-1.7
Backwash Flow Rate media 10% of the settling velocity of the filter
Air Flow Rate 30-60 m3/m2/hr
36-72 m3/m2/hr
Minimum Filtration Cycle 24 Hr
Uniformity Coefficient 1.3-1.7
Chemicals

37
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Component Typical Standard
Coagulants Alum & Lime
Disinfection Chlorine

8.4 Water Disinfection- Chlorination

Hypo-chlorination may be provided at source to maintain 0.1 mg/l as residual chlorine

level at the farthest end.

However, Gas chlorine may be used as disinfection in the treatment plants away from the
urbanized areas. In case of town/cities away from the treatment plants and where chlorine
gas cylinders are available, gas chlorination is advisable. For monitoring the concentration
of residual chlorine in the field, the “comparators” or “chlorine kits” may be used.

38
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Chapter 9

Filtration Plants

9.1 General

Filtration Plants are used to remove physical, chemical and biological impurities from
raw/tap water and make it fit for drinking. The application & use of Filtration Plants should
be avoided as far as possible. These may be installed in unavoidable circumstances.
Capacity of Filtration Plants will be designed on the basis of 3 LPCD.

9.2 Types Generally Used in Punjab

Although Filtration Plants are of many types. The following two types are generally used
in Punjab:

i. Ultra Filtration (UF) Plants: UF Plants will be provided in old water supply
network, where contamination is unavoidable.
ii. Reverse Osmosis (RO) Plants: RO will be provided only in the areas where
Ground Water is brackish and no nearby Surface Water or Ground Water source
is available within economic range.

9.3 Technical Specifications of UF Plants

Sr.
Description Specification
No.
Ultrafiltration Plants 400 LPH/200LPH
1 FEED PUMP (2 No. both for Backwash and one for Normal Operation)
Pump Manufacturer Western Europe, Japan, USA
Pump Type Centrifugal, Multistage
Impeller Material Noryl, Chrome Nickle Steel
Housing Material Stainless Steel
Discharge 4.0 m3/hr - 5.0 m3/hr 2.0 m3/hr - 3.0 m3/hr
Head 40 meter
Pump Efficiency > 60%
Motor Manufacturer Western Europe, Japan, USA
Motor Power Rating (Single Phase), kW ~ 1.5 kW ~0.75 kW
Motor Voltage Rating 1x230V
IP44, IP55 & or IP68 (Depending upon Local
Motor NEMA Insulation Class
Condition)
Motor Temperature Class F
2 PRE-FILTRATION

39
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 2.1 SILICA SAND FILTER (For removal of Suspended Solids from Raw Water)
Filter Vessel FRP Tank (NSF Certified)
Manufactures Type Designation/Origin Top opening, Cylindrical Vessel

Manufacturer NSF certified Company

Material Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP)

Size 24" dia. X 72" Height 16” dia x 52” Height
Thickness 3 - 5 mm
Filter Media
Silica sand (local - graded) over gravel bed, Acid
Material
Washed Silica Sand
Coefficient of Uniformity <1.4
Size of Media 0.5 - 0.8 mm
Particle removal range Below 100 micron
Automatic Backwash through Flow PLC
Cleaning Process
Controller
Working Pressure 5 bar max.

2.2 ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER (For Removal of Odour, Colour & Taste from Raw Water)
Filter Vessel FRP Tank (NSF Certified)
Manufactures Type Designation/Origin Top opening, Cylindrical Vessel

Manufacturer NSF certified Company

Material Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP)

Size 24" dia. X 72" Height 16” dia x 52” Height
Thickness 3 - 5 mm
Filter Media
Manufacturer / Origin Asian / European
Material Coconut Shell based Activated Carbon
Effective Size of Media 0.7-0.9 mm
Coefficient of Uniformity 1.5 to 1.7
Surface Area 800 - 1050 m2/mg
Bulk Density 0.64 kg/dm3
Hardness No. 98 min.
Ash Contents Max. 5%
2.3 ARSENIC REMOVAL FILTER (For Removal of Arsenic from Raw Water upto BDL)
Filter Vessel FRP Tank (NSF Certified)
Manufactures Type Designation/Origin Top opening, Cylindrical Vessel

Manufacturer NSF certified Company

40
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Material Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP)
Size 24" dia. X 72" Height 16” dia x 52” Height
Thickness 3 - 5 mm
Filter Media

Manufacturer/Origin Western Europe, Japan, USA, (NSF Certified)

Media Type Granular Ferric Hydroxide

Active Substance Fe2(OH)3 Minimum 70%
Water Content 10-15%
Grain Size 0.5 - 4 mm
Density of Grains 0.64-0.74kg/dm3
Specific Surface 270-300m2/gm
Cleaning Process Automatic through Flow Controller
2.4 SCREEN FILTER with Automatic Washing
Manufacturer/Origin Western Europe, Japan, USA
Material of screen Body PC (Poly Carbonate)
Material of Screen Stainless Steel

Removal Size 20 - 50 micron

3 ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANE

Based on multi-bore Ultrafiltration membrane technology capable to:

Remove colloidal material, particulates, cysts, viruses and all type of suspended solids (BDL).
Eliminates bacteria from potable water (BDL).
Filter down to 0.02 micron
Membrane should have low energy consumption

Manufacturer Western Europe, Japan, USA

Country of Origin Western Europe, Japan, USA
Type of Membrane (No of bores) Hollow
Multibore (Seven Bores)
Fibre
Quantity 2-4 Elements
Material of Membrane Housing PVC
Material of Membrane PES (Polyethersulfone) / PVDF
Removal Size 0.02 µm

Pore Size of Membrane 0.02 µm

Bacterial Removal Efficiency of the Ultra Filtration,
99.9999% (log 6)
in Log
Viruses Removal Efficiency of the Ultra Filtration,
99.99% (log 4)
in Log

Membrane Working Pressure 5 bar max.

Membrane Life 5 Years
Design Flux 150-180 l/m2/h

41
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Surface Area of each Membrane Module 6-9 m2

Cleaning Process of Ultra filtration Plant Automatic through PLC

4 CONTROL PANEL (Fully automatic through PLC) for filtration, flushing and Backwashing
PLC and HMI Make Western Europe, Japan, USA

PLC and HMI Origin Western Europe, Japan, USA

Cable Size 1.0 mm2 ,(1 Core)
Panel (Enclosure Box) Local (Skid Mounted)
5 Miscellaneous
5.1 Pressure gauge

Quantity 2 Nos. (1+1)

Origin China

Manufactures Type Designation Bourden Tube Type – China

Pressure Range 0-6 bar & 0-3 bar

Gauge Dia 2.5"

5.2 Flow Indicator

Quantity 1 set (permeate flow)

Type Rotameter

Make/Orign China or Equivalent

5.3 Pressure switch

Quantity 1 no.

Range 2-12 bar

Type Analogue

Make/Orign China

5.4 Pipe work

Pakistan (HUD & PHED / Executing Agency
Origin
Approved)
Manufactures Type Designation uPVC Pipes
Manufacturer Approved by HUD&PHED / Executing Agency

Pipe Material uPVC

Pipe dia DN25 / DN40

Working Pressure 4 - 6 Bar

5.5 Water Meter

Origin China

Manufactures Type Designation/Origin Turbine / Multijet / China with pulse generator

42
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Flow Range 0 - 4 m3/hr

Working Pressure 10 bar

5.6 Mutipore Valve 3 No., China

Stainless Steel Skid, SS304, Size as per
5.7 1 Setr China / Local
proposed Design

9.4 Technical Specification of RO Plants

Technical Specification - RO Plant 4000 LPH / 2000 LPH / 1000 LPH

S.
Description Specification
No.
1 FEED PUMP (2 No. both for Backwash and one for Normal Operation)
Pump Manufacturer Western Europe, Japan, USA
Pump Type Centrifugal, Multistage
Impeller Material Noryl, Chrome Nickle Steel
Housing Material Stainless Steel
Discharge 8m3/hr 4m3/hr 2m3/hr
Head 40 meter
Pump Efficiency > 60%
Motor Manufacturer Western Europe, Japan, USA
Motor Power Rating (Single Phase), kW ~ 3.0 kW ~ 1.5 kW ~ 0.75 kW
Motor Voltage Rating 1x230V
IP44, IP55 & or IP68 (Depending upon Local
Motor NEMA Insulation Class
Condition)
Motor Temperature Class F
2 PRE-FILTRATION
2.1 High Pressure Pump (2 Nos.)
Pump Manufacturer Western Europe, Japan, USA
Pump Type Multistage Vertical
Impeller Material SS, Noryl, Chrome Nickle Steel
Housing Material Stainless Steel
Discharge 8.0 m3/hr
Head >15 bar
Pump Efficiency > 80%
Motor Manufacturer Western Europe, Japan, USA
Motor Power Rating (Single Phase), kW ~5.0 kW ~2.5 kW ~1.5 kW
Motor Voltage Rating 1x230V
IP44, IP55 & or IP68 (Depending upon Local
Motor NEMA Insulation Class
Condition)

43
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Motor Temperature Class F
2.2 SILICA SAND FILTER (For removal of Suspended Solids from Raw Water)
Filter Vessel FRP Tank (NSF Certified)
Manufactures Type Designation/Origin Top opening, Cylindrical Vessel
Manufacturer NSF certified Company
Material Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP)
Size 30" dia. X 72" Height
Thickness 3 - 5 mm
Filter Media
Silica sand (local - graded) over gravel bed, Acid
Material
Washed Silica Sand
Coefficient of Uniformity <1.4
Size of Media 0.5 - 0.8 mm
Particle removal range Below 100 micron

Cleaning Process Automatic Backwash through Flow PLC Controller

Working Pressure 5 bar max.

2.3 ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER (For Removal of Odour, Colour & Taste from Raw Water)
Filter Vessel FRP Tank (NSF Certified)
Manufactures Type Designation/Origin Top opening, Cylindrical Vessel
Manufacturer NSF certified Company
Material Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP)
30" dia. X 72" 24" dia. X 72" 16" dia. X 52"
Size
Height Height Height
Thickness 3 - 5 mm
Filter Media
Manufacturer / Origin Asian / European
Material Coconut Shell based Activated Carbon
Effective Size of Media 0.7 to 0.9 mm
Coefficient of Uniformity 1.5 to 1.7
Surface Area 800 - 1050 m2/mg
Bulk Density 0.64 g/cm3
Hardness No. 98 min.
Ash Contents Max. 5%
2.4 ARSENIC REMOVAL FILTER (For Removal of Arsenic from Raw Water upto BDL)
Filter Vessel FRP Tank (NSF Certified)
Manufactures Type Designation/Origin Top opening, Cylindrical Vessel

Manufacturer NSF certified Company

Material Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP)

44
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 30" dia. X 72" 24" dia. X 72" 16" dia. X 52"
Size
Height Height Height
Thickness 3 - 5 mm
Filter Media
Manufacturer/Origin Western Europe, Japan, USA, (NSF Certified)
Media Type Granular Ferric Hydroxide
Active Substance Fe2(OH)3 Minimum 70%
Water Content 10-15%
Grain Size 0.5 - 4 mm
Density of Grains 0.64-0.74 kg/dm3
Specific Surface 270-300m2/gm
Cleaning Process Automatic through PLC Flow Controller
2.5 CARTRIGE FILTER
Quantity 2 set
Flow 2.0 m3/hr - 4.0 m3/hr
Origin NSF certified
Cartridge length 20" jumbo
Housing Material Polypropylene
Porosity 3 micron
2.6 ANTISCALANT DOSING PUMP
Quantity 1
Flow 5L, 7 bar
Origin Western Europe, Japan, USA

Dosing Tank 80L, HDPE

3 REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANE (NSF Certified Ultra Low Energy Consumption Membrane)
i. RO design will be based on feed water with total dissolved solids (TDS) for brackish Water with a
maximum of 5000 ppm.
ii. The RO plant shall be designed with minimum of 50% recovery of permeate up to maximum
5000 ppm TDS in Raw Water.
iii. The following membrane manufacture software projections are acceptable.
Simulation softwares are listed below:
a. ROSA/Equivalent
b. IMS Design/Equivalent

Design Salinity TDS <5000 ppm

Permeate Recovery >50%

Feed Flow 8000 LPH 4000 LPH 2000 LPH

Western Europe, Japan, USA
RO Membrane Manufacturer
NSF Certified for Brackish Water
RO Membrane Spiral wound membrane

No. of RO Membrane 4-8 pcs ultra low pressure 440m2 surface area

RO Membrane Model Ultra Low Energy Membrane(440m2 surface area)

Salt Rejection Efficiency 98.5%

45
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Array Installation Vertical / Horizontal 4x(1)

Max. Operating Pressure 400 PSI (27.5 bar)

4 CONTROL PANEL (Fully automatic through PLC) for filtration, flushing and Backwashing
PLC Make Western Europe, Japan, USA
PLC Origin Western Europe, Japan, USA
Cable Size 1.0 mm2 ,(1 Core)
Panel (Enclosure Box) Local (Skid Mounted)
5 Miscellaneous
5.1 Pressure gauge
Quantity 2 Nos. (1+1)
Origin China
Manufactures Type Designation Bourden Tube Type - China

Pressure Range 0-6 bar & 0-3 bar

Gauge Dia 2.5"

5.2 Flow Indicator
Quantity 1 set (permeate flow)
Type Rotameter
Make/Origin China or Equivalent
Pressure switches for low feed pressure, high feed pressure and for RO storage tank level
5.3
switches.
Quantity 3 no.

Range 2-12 bar

Type Analogue

Make/Origin China

5.4 Pipe work

Origin Pakistan (HUD & PHED / EA Approved)

Manufactures Type Designation uPVC Pipes

Manufacturer Approved by HUD&PHED or by Executing Agency

Pipe Material uPVC

. Pipe dia DN25 / DN40

Working Pressure 4 - 6 Bar

5.5 Water Meter

Origin China

Manufactures Type Designation/Origin Turbine / Multijet / China with pulse generator

Flow Range 0 - 4 m3/hr

Working Pressure 10 bar

46
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 5.6 Multipore Valve 3 No., China
Stainless Steel Skid, SS304, Size as per
5.7 1 Set China / Local
proposed Design
6 UV Device
Origin China

9.5 Other Package Plants

9.5.1 ACTIVATED ALUMINA (AA) ABSORBENT FOR FLUORIDE REMOVAL

The fluoride shall be removed from the water by Activated Alumina (AA) or other to meet the product
water quality. This shall be used as adsorbent for the removal and shall meet the following minimum
requirements.

Parameters Range of Typical Values

Mounting On (same) skid, material SS304
Capacity 1000 LPH 2000 LPH 4000 LPH
Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) 5 Min (Minimum)
Fluoride Capacity of AA 8 g /kg
Media Size 0.50 - 2mm
Grain Density 3.97 g/cm3
Bulk Density 600 kg/m3
Specific Surface Area 300 -350 m2/g (Dry Weight)
Filter Vessel FRP
400 mm / 600 mm / 600 mm /
Diameter / height (Minimum)
1600 mm 1600 mm 1600 mm
Bed Depth 0.9 - 1.85 m
Backwashing 20 m/h for 50 % bed expansion
Backwashing Time 10 -15 Minutes
Pretreatment
pH Value Range 5 - 6.5 (with 5.5 at optimal)
Turbidity <0.3
Post Treatment pH adjustment
Process Control Digital Auto control

9.5.2 REMOVAL OF IRON AND MANGANSES

Iron and manganese are not dangerous for human consumption, but are influencing the taste of the
potable water, giving it a bitter and metallic taste. Furthermore Iron and Manganese can be oxidized by
chlorine, chlorine dioxide or air in order to form Iron hydroxide and to be filtered off over Gravel. This
last process could be easier when combined with pre-filtration processes.

Parameters Range of Typical Values

Mounting On (same) skid, material SS304
Capacity 1000 L/h 2000 L/h 4000 L/h
Contact Time with KMnO4 < 5 Min

47
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Oxidants Requirement Continuous process
Chlorine 1 mg /l per mg/l of Fe
0.2 mg /l per mg/l of Fe
KMnO4
2 mg /l per mg/l of Mn
Dosing Equipment for KMnO4 or Cl2
Filtration (Pressure Filters)

Filtration Media Green Sand – Relite M50 or Multi-Media

Filtration Rate 8 - 10 m/h

Fill height 0.8 m
600 mm / 700 mm / 700 mm /
Vessel diameter / Cylindrical height
1600 mm 1600 mm 1600 mm
Volume of Relite M 50 225 ltr. 300 ltr. 300 ltr.
Backwash Rate 30 m/h
Effective Green sand Media Size < 0.3 mm

Regeneration Only for discontinuous process (3 gr/l M50)

Only for discontinuous process KMnO4

Regenerant
0.50%
Vessel Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRP)

9.5.3 REMOVAL OF NITRATE AND NITRITE

If raw water contains nitrate and the total dissolved solids are less than 1000 mg/liter, nitrate shall
be removed through ion-exchange process. For this purpose strong base anionic resins shall be
used, with the following minimum design parameters. Nitrite will also be taken out after oxidation
with Chlorine.

Parameters Range of Typical Values

Mounting On (same) skid, material SS304
Capacity 1000 l/h 2000 l/h 4000 l/h
Hydraulic Loading Rate Max 40 m3/m3/h
Depth of Resin Bed 0.8 m
Resin type Lewatit (Bayer) strong anionic SR7
250 mm / 350 mm / 350 mm /
Vessel diameter/cyl.height
1800 mm 1800 mm 1800 mm
Bulk density 630 g/l
Operation linear velocity 25 m/h
Bed expansion at loading 5%
Backwash Rate 5-6 m/h
Backwash Duration Approx 20 min
Bed expansion at backwash 80%
Regenerate NaCl
Regenerate Dose 220 Kg of NaCl /m3 of Resin
Concentration of regenerate 8-10 %
Volume of regenerate 81 ltr 165 ltr 165 ltr
0.25 m3/h 0.50 m3/h 0.50 m3/h
Regenerate flow
(for 20 min.) (for 20 min.) (for 20 min.)

48
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 pH Range 0 – 14
Resin Capacity 0,6 -0.8 eq/l
Turbidity < 5 NTU
TDS < 1000 mg/l
Treated water Quality Increased Chloride level
Post Treatment None
Process Control Digital auto timeer control

Brine containing NO3& excess NaCl

Waste Characteristics

Disposal into the sanitary sewerage system /

Waste Disposal
Deep Injection Well

9.5.4 Arsenic Removal

The Design criteria for Granular Ferric Hydroxide (GHF) - absorbent iron based for arsenic
removal is as follows:

Table: Design specifications for GHF

Parameters Range of Typical Values

Hydraulic Loading Rate 5 - 8 gpm /sft

Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) 5 -10 Min
Media Size 0.32 - 2.0 mm
Grain Density 1.59 g/cm3
Bulk Density 1.22 - 1.29 g/cm3
Specific Surface Area 250 - 300 m2/g (Dry Weight
Backwashing / Regeneration NIL
Precondition
pH Value Range
Turbidity <0.3
PO-4 < 1 mg/l
Post Treatment None
Vessel Material Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRP)
Process Control PLC / Digital

49
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Chapter 10

Drinking Water Quality

The water when it falls as rainfall is H2O in its pure form and free of any salts or
contaminants. However, as it moves on the Earth’s surface it dissolves other elements
both useful and harmful. Therefore, the available drinking water may also contain physical,
chemical bacteriological or radiological contaminants with harmful effects on human
health.

Quality of drinking water plays a pivotal role in the selection, design and implementation
of water supply schemes both for urban and rural areas. In order to determine if the water
is fit for drinking purposes testing, not only, for colour, taste, odour, quantity of total
dissolved solids but also tests for bacterial contamination and pollution are to be carried
out.

The concentration of “total dissolved solids” (TDS) in parts per million (PPM)” is considered
an important factor for determination if the water is fit for drinking. Under WHO guidelines
water with dissolved solids less than 500 PPM is considered safe for human consumption.
However, these limits are relaxed to include up to 1000 PPM and even 1500 PPM
depending upon the local field conditions, the type of solutes (cations and anions) in the
water and the resistance developed by the local inhabitants.

Safe Water or safely managed drinking water: Drinking water from an improved
water source which is located on premises, available when needed and free of fecal and
priority contamination.

Minimum Water Quality Standards are given as per the Schedule given below:
Sr.# Parameters As per WHO As per PEQS Recommended

Value

Physical

1 Colour None ≤15TCU ≤15TCU

2 Odour Non Non Non

Objectionable/ Objectionable/ Objectionable/
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable

3 Taste Non Non Non

Objectionable/ Objectionable/ Objectionable/
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable

50
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 4 Turbidity None <5NTU <5NTU

Biological

5 Presence of Escherichia 0/100 ml 0/100 ml 0/100 ml

Coli
6 Total Coliform 0/100 ml 0/100 ml 0/100 ml

Chemical

7 PH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5

(preferably <8)

8 Total Dissolved Solids <1000 mg/l <1000 mg/l <1000 mg/l

9 Hardness <500 mg/l <500 mg/l

10 Arsenic 10 µg/l 50 µg/l 50 µg/l

11 Boron 2.4 mg/l 0.3 mg/l 0.3 mg/l

12 Cadmium 3ug/l 10ug/l 10ug/l

13 Chromium 50 µg/l 50 µg/l 50 µg/l

14 Copper 2.0 µg/l 2.0 µg/l 2.0 µg/l

15 Fluoride 1.5mg/l 1.5mg/l 1.5mg/l

16 Lead 10 µg/l 50 µg/l 50 µg/l

17 Mercury 0.006 mg/l 0.001 mg/l 0.001 mg/l

18 Nitrate 50 mg/l 50 mg/l 50 mg/l

19 Nitrite (NO2) 3 mg/l 3 mg/l 3 mg/l
20 Manganese 0.4 mg/l 0.5 mg/l 0.5 mg/l
21 Iron None Not Given 0.3 mg/l

51
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Chapter 11

Water Metering

For ensuring the sustainability of water supply schemes and for avoiding water wastage,
100% metering will be done. The cost of water meters shall be recovered from the users
in easy installments. Two types of water meters will be used in the system:

i. Mechanical Meters
ii. Meters with Non Moving Parts
Schedule 1: Mechanical Meters

1. Technology:

 Volumetric Rotary Piston

 Oval Gear Meters
 Nutating disc
 Multi-Jet Dry Type
 Single Jet Dry Type Water Meters can be used in the rural areas subject to
permission by the Regulatory Authority.

2. Additional Technology Requirements if desired by Water Utility

With remote Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) capability through GSM/GPRS/Radio

Frequency (RF) or any other mode of communication compatible to Water Utility
System.

3. General Features
(a) Visual Meter Reading
(b) Tamper proof.
(c) Provided with non-return valve
(d) Un- affected by grit and particulates
(e) Provided with wire and lead seal
(f) Not effected by Magnetic field

Features with Additional Technology Requirements

(a) Automated Meter Reading

(b) Possibility for Both Visual and Automated Meter Reading (AMR) outputs.

52
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 4. Conforming to:

Compliance Certificate required showing compliance to

 ISO: 4064 (International Organization Standardization) or
 BS EN ISO: 4064
5. Certifications:

Certificate issued by any Authorized Body of

 OIML : R49 (International organization for legal Metrology)

 MID/2004/22/EEC or
 AWWA Manual on Water Meters M6 or
 Japan Water Works Association (JWWA)
 Equipment Used for Testing (Quality Assurance)
 Equipment used for testing shall comply with clause 4.6 of BS 5750: Part
3: 1987(5)

6. Detailed Metrological Specifications

 Size 15mm to 25mm

 Accuracy Class II
 Material Brass/Nonferrous Metal
 Protection Class IP-68
 Ambient Temperature +5o to 55o C
 Liquid Temperature upto 50o C
 Maximum Working Pressure 16 bar
 Dry Dial
 CE marking should not be less than 5mm height as per 93/465/EEC
 Installation i. Any Direction

ii. Horizontal (Multi Jet, Single Jet)

 Flow rate: Q3/Q1 = 160

 Maximum flow rate: m3 /h: Q3
15mm 20mm 25mm

2.5 4.0 6.3

Schedule 2: Non Moving Parts Meters

53
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 I. Technology:
 Static Smart Water Meters
 Ultrasonic technology,
 Electromagnetic,
 Fluidic oscillation.

2. Additional Technology Requirements if desired

With remote Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) capability through GSM/GPRS/Radio

Frequency (RF) or any other mode of communication compatible to the System.

3. General Features
(a) No Moving Parts
(b) Visual Meter Reading
(c) Tamper proof.
(d) Provided with non-return valve
(e) Un- affected by grit and particulates
(f) Provided with wire and lead seal
(g) No Reverse Flow Measurements
(h) As per class 2 of OIML/ ISO specifications (Current)

Features with Additional Technology Requirements

(a) Automated Meter Reading

(b) Shall have possibility for both visual and automatic meter reading outputs;
(c) Possibility for Both Visual (LCD) and Automated Meter Reading (AMR)
outputs.

4. Conforming to:

Compliance Certificate required showing compliance to

 ISO: 4064 (International Organization Standardization) or
 BS EN ISO: 4064
5. Certifications:

Certificate issued by any Authorized Body of

(a) OIML : R49 -2013 (International organization for legal Metrology)

(b) MID/2004/22/EEC or
AWWA Manual on Water Meters M6 or

54
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Japan Water Works Association (JWWA)
6. Equipment Used for Testing (Quality Assurance)

Equipment used for testing shall comply with clause 4.6 of BS 5750: Part 3:
1987(5)

7. Detailed Metrological Specifications

 Size 15mm, 20mm & 25mm

 Accuracy Class II
 Material Brass/Nonferrous Metal
 Protection Class IP-68
 Ambient Temperature +5o to 55o C
 Liquid Temperature upto 50o C
 Maximum Working Pressure 16 bar
 Dry Dial
 CE marking should not be less than 5mm height as per 93/465/EEC
 Installation Any Direction

Flow rate: Q3/Q1 = 160

 Maximum flow rate: m3 /h: Q3

15mm 20mm 25mm

2.5 4.0 6.3

 Battery Life: Minimum 10-years

55
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Sewerage System

56
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Chapter 12

General Considerations

In light of the resolution of the United Nations General Assembly provision of Sanitation
facilities is also among the basic human right like water. This is re-confirmed under
Sustainable Development Goals.

Wastewater is the water that has been used in a home, in a business, or as part of an
industrial process. It is the water that has been contaminated by human use. Wastewater
is also defined as "used water from any combination of domestic, industrial, commercial
or agricultural activities, surface runoff or storm water, and any sewer inflow or sewer
infiltration".

As per Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2017-18 (MICS 2017-18) the coverage of basic
Sanitation Facilities is 70.4% against the target level of 100% to be achieved by 2030.
Open Defecation still exists in 13% areas of Punjab, which is required to be zero.
Wastewater Treatment is also one of the neglected sectors in Punjab. Only 5% of Domestic
Wastewater is being treated. Rest is disposed of in water bodies without any treatment.

Sewerage systems (domestic wastewater treatment systems) or material alterations to

sewerage systems are required to be developed in accordance with design criteria. The
design criteria set minimum standards necessary for the collection and disposal of
wastewater in an environment friendly manner, including the treatment of wastewater to
meet the requirements of NEQS for effluent quality. The criteria also contain certain safety
standards.

The wastewater collection system should preferably be a separate system. Preferably, it

should not contain rainwater or storm water. Some area guidelines for the treatment of
wastewater are also included in the Design Criteria.

The technical standards for sewerage & Drainage systems include the prescribed
directions, requirements, explanations, terms and provisions pertaining to the various
features of the work to be done, or manner and method of performance.

57
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Chapter 13

Basic Parameters

The technical standards for sewerage system include the prescribed directions,
requirements, explanations, terms and provisions pertaining to the various features of the
work to be done, or manner and method of performance.

13.1 Design Period

Civil Works: including sewers: 25 years
Sewers Lines: 25 years
Machinery: 15 years
Land for Disposal Station: A sufficient area for the disposal station should be
acquired to accommodate further extension for next 40
years keeping in view the topography of served area. In
case of variation in ground level intermediate disposal
stations to be provided to avoid exorbitant depths of
outfall sewers at disposal points.
Preparation of Master Plan: A Master Plan for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage
Services should be prepared and future extensions
should be made on the basis of this Master Plan.
Wastewater Treatment plants shall also be planned near
the ultimate disposal(s). For the disposal of treated
water receiving bodies like seepage drains/river creeks or sufficient land for agriculture
should also be part of Master Plan. In case the outfall bodies are available for sewage
effluent on gravity, disposal station should be avoided.

13.2 Design Flow Calculations

Sewage Contribution of Water Consumed %age

i. For Rural Areas 70%

ii. For Semi-Urban Areas 75%

iii. For Urban Areas

80%
Population upto 1,000,000 (One Million)
85%
Population above 1,000,000 (above One Million)

Industrial Flow: As per Actual

58
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
Commercial Flow: As per Actual
Infiltration Rate: Sewers above sub-soil water level. 350 gpd/inches/dia/miles.
Sewers below sub-soil water level. 700 gpd/inches/dia/miles.
13.3 Peak Factor
Peak flows are the cumulative results of combinations of factors such as daily and
seasonal flow variations of flow components characteristic responses of inflow and base
flows to the storm events. Peak flows can be determined by multiplying the average dry
weather flow (DWF) by the peaking factor (PF).

The maximum design flow is determined using Average Daily Flow (ADF) and the
Harmon Peaking Factor (HPF):
14
𝑀 = 1+
4 + √𝑃
Where,
M = the Harmon Peaking Factor
P = population (in thousands)
The maximum design flow shall be the average daily flow times the peaking factor M.
13.4 Maximum Dry Weather Flow
Maximum Dry Weather Flow: Average Daily Flow x Peak Factor
13.5 Industrial Flow Allowance:
Addition of Industrial Flow: Add allowance for industrial wastewater as per actual
assessment of the treated industrial wastewater
according to National Environmental Quality Standards
(NEQS).
13.6 Storm Water Allowance
Storm Water Allowance Rural Areas: 33% of Peak Flows
Storm Water Allowance for Urban Areas of North Punjab: 50% of Peak Flows
Storm Water Allowance for Urban Areas of South Punjab: 33% of Peak Flows
13.7 Steps for Sewer Design
(a) Calculate the ultimate tributary population of the area served by the sewer, using
the anticipated ultimate population.
(b) Multiply the population obtained by the per capita sewage volume (GPCD) to obtain
the average daily flow, and convert to an average daily rate in cubic feet per second
(Cfs).
(c) Select peak factor from the Harmon Formula.

59
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
(d) Multiply average daily rate by the peak factor to obtain maximum flow rate.
(e) Calculate the allowance for industrial sewage as per actual assessment of treated
industrial effluent according to NEQS.
(f) Calculate infiltration allowance after tentatively determining the sewer size.
(g) Calculate sub-total of flow.
(h) Add storm water allowance.
The total design flow for the sewer (estimated peak design flow) is the sum of items from
(a) to (h).
13.8 Velocity at Design Flows
It is proposed that minimum gradient to be adopted are such that to maintain a self-
cleansing velocity of 2.5 ft/sec at design peak flow in new sanitary sewer under the
ultimate scenario subject to minimum velocity of 2 ft/sec for peak flows under critical
conditions. Hence, while designing the sewers, it is proposed to maintain a desirable
velocity under flowing full condition is to be adopted as 2.5 ft. /sec.

Desirable minimum velocity= 2.5 ft/second

In difficult situations= 2.0 ft/second

Maximum in hilly areas= 7 ft/second

13.9 Minimum Size of Sewer

Minimum Size of sewer shall be 12 inches nominal dia.

However, 9” dia sewer may be used in critical hydraulic conditions.

13.10 Spacing of Manholes

a) Spacing of manholes in straight lines shall be as under:
Size of sewer Spacing

9–12 in 50 feet
15-18 in 100 feet
21-24 in 150 feet
27-42 in 250 feet
48 – 60 in dia 300 feet
Above 60 in dia 400 feet

60
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
b) Manhole should invariably be provided at every change of alignment, change in size
of sewer or at junctions.

c) Where-ever drop is more than 3 feet, drop manhole should be constructed.

13.11 Manholes for Sewers above Subsoil Water Level

Manholes for Sewers above Subsoil Water Level:
Size of Sewer
Depth (Feet) Manhole (Feet)
(Inches) Remarks

9–12 Up to 4 2’ x 2’ Masonry 1:3

Cement mortar
9-21 4–7 4’ dia Up to 8 ft depth 9
inches Masonry.

24–30 8–20 5’ dia From 8 ft to 15 ft

depth
13-½ to 9 inches
33–42 8–20 6½’ dia Masonry.

From 15 ft to 20 ft,
45–54 8–20 7½’ dia Depth, 18 to 13-½
inches
60 8–20 8’ dia

66 8–20 8’ dia

72 8–20 9’ dia

e) For manholes under sub soil water, core-wall and floor will be designed as
per actual depth of water encountered.

f) For depth more than 10 ft, RCC slab will be placed at 7 ft from invert and
then 4 ft dia masonry will be constructed up to surface.

13.12 Earth Cover

A minimum of 3.0 feet earth cover should be provided above the crown of the sewer.
However, in the case of sewer laid under road crossings, sand will be filled to provide
cover instead of earth.

61
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Chapter 14

Sewerage Network

14.1 Classification of Sewers.

Terms which are used to describe sanitary sewers include the following; laterals,
secondary sewers, primary collectors, interceptors and force mains. These are explained
as follows;

a) Laterals- These are sewers that discharge into a secondary or other sewer and
have no other sanitary sewer as a tributary; they are usually of the smallest size
permitted in the wastewater collection system or 9-inch diameter.
b) Secondary Sewers- These are also known as branch or sub-main sewers, into
which two or more laterals discharge, and which carry the wastewater flows to
the primary collectors or interceptors; they may be considered to vary in size from
9 to 15-inch diameter.
c) Primary Sewers- These are also known as main or trunk sewers, into which the
laterals or secondary sewers discharge, and which discharge to interceptors or
pump stations; they may be considered to be of relatively large sizes, 18-inch
diameter or larger.
d) Interceptors- These are sewers that receive wastewater flows from a number of
transverse or tributary sewers, and conduct such flows to a point for pumping,
treatment, or disposal; they usually are of a similar range of sizes to the primary
sewers

14.2 Design Period

The design period for civil works and sewers should be 25 years. There are a number of
considerations for selecting design period of sewers and allied civil work, which includes
expansion trends, economies of scale and financial position of the sponsoring / client
institutions. It has however been observed that sewers laid in various cities of the province
for the last more than 30 years are still functioning well. In view of the present economic
condition of the country it is advisable to use 25 years as design period for sewers and
allied civil works.

62
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
14.3 Sewer Pipes

Circular sewers are adopted when the flow of the sewers is nearly uniform, as these are
stronger, cheaper and structurally more stable than others. Oval or egg shaped sewers
are adopted best for situations where there is an intermittent flow of sewerage- that is,
when the flow varies considerably at different times. The reason for this is, at time when
there is, but a small quantity of sewage passing, the flow occupies the narrow bottom of
the egg-shaped sewer at a greater depth than it would be in a circular sewer of the same
area of section. This increase depth of the sewage causes it to flow with greater velocity,
and thus renders the sewer high hydraulic efficiency. However, they have become obsolete
due to problems in laying, instability at bottom and high precision required during laying.

Horizontal elliptical pipe is used with equivalent circular sizes with tongue and groove
cement mortar or mastic compound joint. The horizontal elliptical pipe is installed with the
major axis horizontal and is used for minimum cover situations or other conditions where
vertical clearance problems are encountered. It offers the hydraulic advantage of greater
capacity for the same depth of flow than other shapes of equivalent sectional area. Load
under similar cover conditions are similar to that of circular pipe with the same span. Thus
they are mostly used under conditions of insufficient covers for laying of pipes. In order
to ensure a smooth flow for carrying peak discharge by a hydraulically efficient system
and less prone to blockage, it is proposed to have circular pipes for the sewerage collection
network.

14.4 Design of Sewerage Network

Manning's formula shall be used for design of sewerage network.

. / /
𝑉= ×𝑅 𝑆

Where V=flow velocity in feet per second

n=coefficient of roughness, or friction factor
R=hydraulic radius in feet.
S=mean slope of hydraulic gradient.
Manning's 'n' roughness coefficient is the friction factor utilized in the Manning's Equation
for gravity flow to describe the roughness of a particular pipe material or condition.

Table: Manning Coefficient of different materials

63
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Sewer Material Manning Coefficient

RCC New Lines 0.013

RCC Old lines 0.015

UPVC 0.009

PE 0.008-0.011

HDPE 0.012

14.5 Classification of RCC Pipes

All of the sewers are assumed to involve the use of reinforced concrete pipes pre-cast in
the factory in accordance with the requirements of the latest revision of standard
specification ASTM C-76-20, pipes, as amended by PHED. Selection of Class will be
carried out as per Design & Site conditions.

Class-II: Providing and laying R.C.C. pipe sewers, molded with cement concrete
1:1½:3 conforming to ASTM Specification C-76-20, Class II, wall B.
Class-III: Providing and laying R.C.C. pipe sewers, molded with cement concrete
1:1½:3 conforming to ASTM Specification C-76-20, Class III, wall B.
Class-IV: Providing and laying R.C.C. pipe sewers, molded with cement concrete
1:1½:3 conforming to ASTM Specification C-76-20, Class IV, wall B.

Concrete Strength: 4000 Psi (Cylinder Test)

14.6 Basis of Acceptance

Acceptance of reinforced cement concrete pipes will be on the basis of three edge
bearing and material tests as per ASTM Designation C-76-20 (latest revision) and
inspection of manufactured pipes for defects and imperfections.

14.7 Technical Details of RCC Pipes

The internal diameters and wall thicknesses of reinforced concrete pipes shall be as set
forth in ASTM Designation C-76-20. Rubber gasket joints shall be used for either tongue
and groove or bell and spigot pipes. The rubber gasket joints shall conform to all applicable
requirements of the latest revision of ASTM Designation C443, entitled "Joints for Circular
Concrete Sewer and Culvert pipe, using Flexible Watertight Rubber Type Gaskets" except

64
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
that the test pressure needs not exceed 10 feet of head at which the complete sewers
shall meet the infiltration or ex-filtration limits set forth hereinafter.

The groove end of tongue and groove of pipes shall have at least one line of wire
reinforcement of 8 gauge size placed in the center of the groove. Rubber gasket joints
shall be made using specially designed rubber gaskets, made to fit the applicable tongue
and groove or bell and spigot pipes and adequately tested under operating conditions. The
rubber gasket joints shall conform to all applicable requirements of the latest revision of
ASTM Designation C443, entitled "Joints for Circular Concrete Sewer and Culvert pipe,
using Flexible Watertight Rubber Type Gaskets" except that the test pressure need not
exceed 10 feet of head at which the complete sewers shall meet the infiltration or ex-
filtration limits set forth hereinafter.

14.8 Other Pipes for Sewerage System

The following pipes may also be used for sewerage network as per design and site
conditions:
 High Density Polyethylene Pipes (HDPE).
 Spiral Pipes.
 uPVC

14.9 Sewer Pipes in Saline Soils

The Sulphate Resistant Cement shall be used for sewer pipes where the land consists of
Saline soils.

65
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Chapter 15

Manholes and Sewer Appurtenances

15.1 General Considerations for Manholes:

In case of construction of manholes for laterals, branches and sometimes even on the
intermediate sections, minimum velocity for the design flow is likely to be less that the
self-cleaning velocity. But manholes and sewers will be flushed out during peak flow period
carrying forward silt, which may get deposited during minimum flow period, especially
during night hours. Adopting lower values of velocities through lesser gradients will be
helpful in avoiding deep excavations. However, at certain sections, where undercrossing
of deeper sub drains and main drains as physical constraints, smaller sections of the sewer
may be sloped at a steeper gradient to minimize the number and height of the drops
required invert levels. While developing sewers, this point shall be given due consideration
prior to the design of the sewers. In case, where the above velocity criteria are not met,
prescribes slope for different flows shall be adopted.

15.2 Manhole Spacing and Alignment:

Manhole spacing and alignment should be as per Section Basic Parameters.

15.3 Manholes Covers:

Manhole Covers shall be Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) or Reinforced Plastic

Composite (RPC). Frame for Manhole Cover shall be Cast Iron (CI) or Reinforced Plastic
Composite (RPC).

15.4 Manhole under Sub Soil Water Level:

For manholes under sub soil water, core-wall and floor will be designed as per actual depth
of water encountered.

15.5 Benching for Manhole:

The PCC 1:1.5:3 benching in the Manhole to be provided as per the approved drawing of
PHED.

15.6 Steps in Manhole:

The steps in the Manholes shall be of Malleable Iron (MI).

66
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Chapter 16

Laying of Sewers Pipes

16.1 Sewer above Subsoil Water Level

Sewer above Sub-soil water level shall be constructed as per following design criteria

Size of Sewer
Depth (Feet) Manhole (Feet) Remarks
(Inches)

9–12 Up to 4 2’ x 2’ Masonry 1:3

9-21 4–7 4’ dia Cement mortar
Up to 8 ft depth 9
24–30 8–20 5’ dia
inches Masonry
33–42 8–20 6½’ dia From 8 ft to 15 ft depth
45–54 8–20 7½’ dia 13-½ to 9 inches
60 8–20 8’ dia Masonr.
66 8–20 8’ dia From 15 ft to 20 ft,
72 8–20 9’ dia Depth, 18 to 13-½
inches

16.2 Sewer Bedding above Subsoil Water Level

The following bedding will be used for Sewers above Water Table
For Sewers having dia 9-12”, sand will be used. However, in special conditions (like
mega cities, where WASAs have their own Design criterias) brick or stone ballast can be
used.
For sewers 15 in. dia and above Crushed stone (1/4 in -1 in size)
16.3 Sewer Bedding under Subsoil Water Level

Below Water Level:

Rigid Bedding as per design.

For manholes under sub-soil water, core-wall and floor will be designed as per actual
depth of water encountered.

16.4 Sewer Jointing

Sewer Jointing shall be as per ASTM specifications.

16.5 Sewer under Roads

Backfilling of sewers under roads shall be made with sand.

67
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Chapter 17

Protection against Gases

17.1 Presence of Gases in Sewer Pipe

Sewer gas is a complex, generally obnoxious smelling mixture of toxic and nontoxic gases
produced and collected in sewage systems by the decomposition of organic household
or industrial wastes.

Sewer gases may include hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, methane, esters, carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.

Gases present in sewerage can strongly impact material durability due to the action of
microorganisms. The most deleterious one is associated to hydrogen sulfide which can
result in biogenic sulfide corrosion or microbial corrosion. In worst cases, it may lead to
the collapse of the RCC Pipes with significant cost for its rehabilitation. To protect the
sewerage system, the following precaution shall be carried out.

17.2 Ventilating Shafts

1) Ventilating shafts may be installed to release the gases from the sewerage
system/ Pipe.
2) Spacing of ventilating shafts: 1000ft
3) Height of Vent Pipe: 30 feet
4) Material: Cast Iron, Asbestos Cement in RCC casing, RCC Pipe, PVC pipe in RCC
casing, UV Resistant PVC Pipe in RCC casing as decided by the Engineer in charge

17.3 Inert Inner Lining

1. RCC Pipe with Inner PVC lining.

2. RCC Pipe with inner HDPE lining.
3. Epoxy coating.

68
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Chapter 18

Disposal Works

The work shall consist of furnishing, installing, commissioning and testing of sewage pumps
and appurtenances involving all mechanical and electrical works and construction of pumping
station in accordance with these specifications and in reasonably close conformity with the
lines, grades, and dimensions shown on the plans and or established by the Engineer.

18.1 Construction of Pumping Station

Building for the pumping station shall be constructed in accordance with the relevant
specifications and Drawings and as directed by the Engineer. The installation, testing and
commissioning of sewage pumps shall be strictly in accordance with the instructions of the
manufacturer of such machinery

18.2 Land for Disposal Works

Land for Disposal Station should be acquired with a planning horizon of 40 years.

18.3 Pumping Mains

Pumping mains can be designed with a lifespan of at least 30 years. However, it is not
possible for pumping mains to work for 30 years without preventive and operational
maintenance. Repair or replacement of the pumping sets might be necessary after 10
years of operation. The machinery needs continuous upkeep and maintenance, if properly
maintained, it can last for 20 years. For replacement purposes 15 years period is
recommended. For the Pumping Main 25 years period is proposed.

18.4 Pumping Station Civil Works

Replacement of pumping station civil work is difficult and costly, therefore it is

recommended to set the lifespan of the pumping station for at least 30 years. However, it
is not possible for pumping stations to work for 15 years without preventive and
operational maintenance. Therefore, the economic life span of Pumping Station is
proposed as 25 years.

18.5 Screening Chamber

Coarse screens with 2 inch c/c mesh should be installed on the screening chamber.
Materials: SS 316
Bar Thickness: Coarse screens with 2 inch
69
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
Bar Size: 10mm x 50mm
Bar spacing should be 25mm (clear spacing)
Screen may be Mechanical or Manual.
Angle of Slope of Bar Screen shall be 60 degree.
Desirable velocity through screening chamber should be 2 fps.
Pen Stock Gate should be made of SS 304.

18.6 Sewage Pumps

 Use of horizontal pumps in the depressed chamber should be avoided as far as

possible. Theses may be used for smaller discharges because the cordon shaft
pumps of smaller discharges may not be available.

 Submersible pumps as per requirement and design.

 Cordon shaft pumps be used for 5 cusec and above.

 All such pumps will be designed for passing solids of 2-3 inches size. These will be
powered by AC electric connections/ standby Generator/Solar System.

 There should be a minimum of two pumps at disposal station.

18.7 Standby Generators

 33% of Peak Discharge

18.8 Butterfly Valves for the Pumping Station

 Butterfly Valves conforming to ISO 10631 or BS EN 593.

18.9 Motor Control Unit

All panels shall conform to the following specifications:

Supply voltage: 380 volts, 3 phase, 4 wire, 50 Hz
Breaking capacity: 50 Kilo Amperes
Neutral: Solidly earthed
Phase Sequence & Red, Yellow and Blue
Colouring.
Small wiring: 3/0.036 (1.5mm) black PVC covered
660V grade wherever possible.
Relay cases: Flush drawout if required.
Indication lamps: Label alarm type

70
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Designation Labels: Engraved traffolyte white letter-in on a
black background.
Current transformers: As per B.S. 3938 or Equivalent
Voltmeter & Ammeters: As per B.S. 89 or Equivalent
Moulded case circuit As per B.S. 4752: Part I or
breakers: Equivalent.

71
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Chapter 19

Treatment of Wastewater in Urban & Rural Communities

19.1 Mandatory requirements of Septic Tanks

a. Where there is a public sewer or drain, all sewer laid in the building shall be
connected thereto.

b. Septic Tanks shall be provided in all the residential and commercial buildings. All
the sullage water of the buildings shall be connected to the septic tank and then to
the public sewer.

c. The minimum sizes of septic tanks for residential plots will be as follows:

Depth Length Width

4 ft, 3 inches (1.29m) 6ft(1.62m) - 8 ft (2.44m) 4 ft (1.22m)

The Septic System contains a collection of living organisms that digest and treat
household waste. Pouring toxins down to drain can kill these organisms and harm the
septic system. Therefore, at the kitchen sink, bathtub, or utility sink:

 Avoid chemical drain openers for a clogged drain. Instead, use boiling water or a
pressure system.

 Never pour cooking oil or grease down the drain.

 Never pour oil-based paints, solvents, or large volumes of toxic cleaners down the
drain. Even latex paint waste should be minimized.

 Eliminate or limit the use of garbage disposal. This will significantly reduce the
amount of fats, grease, and solids that enter the septic tank and ultimately clog its
drain field.

19.2 Treatment of Wastewater in Rural Communities

1. Septic Tanks must be provided.

2. No house connection should be allowed without the construction of Septic Tank
by the consumers.
3. Existing Ponds within the village should be eliminated.

72
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 4. All wastewater of Rural Communities should be treated through Wetlands and
Oxidation Ponds.

19.3 Treatment of Wastewater in Towns and Medium Sized Cities

1. Septic Tanks must be provided.

2. No house connection should be allowed without the construction of Septic Tank
by the consumers.
3. All wastewater should be treated through:
 Wetlands
 Oxidation Ponds.
 Trickling Filters
 Aerated Lagoons

19.4 Treatment of Wastewater in Big Cities

1. Septic Tanks must be provided.

2. No house connection should be allowed without the construction of Septic Tank
by the consumers.
3. All wastewater should be treated through:
 Wetlands
 Oxidation Ponds.
 Trickling Filters
 Aerated Lagoons
 Activated Sludge Process

19.5 Car Wash Service Stations

1. Each Car Wash Service Station should have the Water Recycling Facility.

2. Each Service Station should have a mechanized car wash system

(Rollover/conveyer/tunnel) OR jet washing system or Skimming Unit or any
compatible mechanized system along with all requirements, using less than 100
liters water per car.

3. No wastewater from the Car Wash Service Station will be discharged into Sewerage
or drainage system. All wastewater discharged into Sewerage/drainage shall be
through Septic Tank of appropriate size depending upon the capacity of the Car
Wash Service station.

73
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
19.6 Treatment of Wastewater from Hospital

No wastewater from any hospital will be allowed to dispose into any sewer or drain without
treatment. It shall be allowed only after meeting the NEQS requirements.

19.7 Treatment of Wastewater from Industries

No wastewater from any industry shall be allowed to dispose into any sewer or drain
without treatment. It shall be allowed only after meeting the NEQS requirements.

74
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Drainage System

75
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Chapter 20

Design of Storm Water Drainage System

20.1 Quantum of Storm Water for Small Areas

The capacity of storm water drainage for small areas is calculated according to the Rational
Method, which relates the flow to the rainfall intensity, the tributary area, and a coefficient,
which represents the combined effects of ponding, percolation, and evaporation. This
discharge is calculated as follows:

Q = CIA
Where:
Q = Discharge in cusecs
C = Run Off Co-efficient
I = Rain fall intensity

20.2 Quantum of Storm Water for Larger Areas

As per Burkliziegler formula
Assessment of the last 10 years covering 80% of rain storms on the basis or Met record.

𝑆
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑅𝐶 ×
𝐴

Where Q=Discharge in cusecs

A=Drainage area in acres.
S=Average slope of the water shed in feet per thousand feet
C=Co-efficient of impermeability / run-off coefficient
R= Average intensity of rainfall in inches per hours.

20.3 Runoff Coefficient / Impermeability Coefficient

a) Type Surface
Type of Surface Run off coefficient

Water tight roof surface 0.70-0.95

Asphaltic pavements in good order 0.85-0.90

Stone, brick, and wood block 0.75-0.85

(pavement with tightly cement joints).

76
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Same with un-cemented joints 0.70-0.80

Inferior block pavements with 0.70-0.80

un-cemented joints

Adamized roadways 0.25-0.60

Gravel roadways &walks 0.15-0.30

Parks, gardens, lawns, meadows 0.05-0.25

depending on surface slope and
character of sub soil.

b) On the basis of Type of Urbanization

Type of Urbanization Run off coefficient

Most densely built-up area 0.70-0.90

Adjacent well built up sections 0.50-0.70

Residential areas with detached 0.25-0.50

Houses Sub-urban sections with few buildings 0.10-0.25

c) Run off coefficient on the basis of Slope of Sandy Soils

Slope of Sandy Soil Run off coefficient

2% slope 0.05-0.10
2-7% slope 0.10-0.15

>7% slope 0.15-0.20

d) Run off coefficient on the basis of Slope of Heavy Soils

Slope of Lawn, Heavy soil Run off coefficient

2% slope 0.13-0.17

2-7% slope 0.18-0.22

>7% slope 0.25-0.35

e) Run off coefficient for Industrial Area

Industry Type Run off coefficient

Light 0.50-0.70
Heavy 0.50-0.80

77
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Parks, cemeteries 0.60-0.90
Playgrounds 0.10-0.25
Railroad yards 0.20-0.35
Unimproved areas 0.20-0.40
Heavy 0.50-0.80

20.4 Rainfall intensity

Rainfall intensity for Northern Punjab will be taken up from the Met Department and the
system will be designed for 10 year recurrence interval. The same criteria will be adopted
for Northern Punjab and Southern Punjab.

20.5 Design of Outfall Works

Designed will be carried out on Max Peak Load.
Standby Arrangement: 33% of Peak Load

20.6 Open Surface Drains

Open surface drains will be constructed as per Punjab Standard Type Drains.
i. First house connection drain at the upstream side may be provided with a “House
Drain”.
ii. Tega is only to be provided along building line.
iii. Standard type-1-9 drain should be provided as per design flow.
iv. In streets having width less than 6 feet, drain will be provided on one side.
v. Precast drains should be preferred instead of in-situ type.
vi. Proper toe walls are to be constructed at the outfall points.
vii. Existing ponds inside the village to be eliminated as far as possible.
viii. The existing ponds outside the village should preferably be converted into oxidation
ponds/ wetland.
ix. Provide screen before sullage collecting pits.
x. Portable sullage pumps be provided at outfall ponds.
xi. Hydraulic Profiles of drains to be drawn and incorporated in the technically
sanctioned detailed cost estimate of the scheme.
xii. No drain will be allowed to connect with sewer without gully grating / screen.

78
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 Chapter 21

Segmental Pavement Design for Laying of Tuff Tiles/Pavers Street

Pavement
21.1 Flexible Pavement

i. Brick Pavement

a) First class bricks with sand grouting are to be used in streets.

b) Full pavement of streets with open drains on both sides.
c) Storm water to be guided through camber in brick pavements.
ii. Tuff Tiles

Tuff Tiles having 7,000 psi strength sand grouted

Providing and laying Tuff pavers, having 7000PSI, crushing strength of approved
manufacturer, over2"to3" sand cushion i/c grouting with sand in joints i/c finishing to
require slope complete in all respect. (50% Grey & 50% Coloured)
a) Full pavement of streets with open drains on both sides.
b) Storm water to be guided through camber in tuff pavers.
c) Upto 10 feet street width, dry rammed brick or stone ballast may be used as
bedding.

21.1.1 Subgrade Assessment

The design California Bearing Ratio (CBR) should be obtained either by testing or by
measurement of the plasticity index of the subgrade material. In the case of CBR testing,
the method described in BS 1377-4:1990, clause 7 should be used. The sample should be
taken at subgrade level and tested at estimated long-term moisture content. As effective
subgrade drainage can have a significant effect on long-term CBR, it should be considered
during the design procedure. On sites where the CBR varies from place to place, the lowest
recorded values should be used or appropriate design should be provided for different
parts of the site using the lowest CBR recorded in each part.

Particular care should be exercised with soils having CBR of 3% or less. It should be
recognized that BS 1377-9 requires that CBRs are quoted to the nearest whole figure so
that for very low CBRs the recorded value will be an approximation. Detailed preparations
of the subgrade should be in accordance with the recommendations in BS 7533-3.

21.1.2 Design Life

Design should take into account the accumulative amount of traffic which the pavement
has to carry, measured either in terms of the number of commercial vehicles per day

79
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
(cv/d), or the number of standard axles. A twenty five (25) years design life should
generally be applicable unless access for possible maintenance of the road is likely to be
difficult or expensive. Where the pavement serves a finite area, zero growth in traffic is
likely to be applicable, otherwise, 2% growth is recommended. If calculated growth figures
are available these should be used to ascertain the number of standard axles.

21.1.3 Selection of Pavement Component

Engineering judgment should be used according to when, where, and how the CBR was
measured. The use of a subgrade improvement layer plus a sub-base or the use of sub-
base alone results in pavement designs of equivalent structural performance. The choice
of which design to use may be made on economic, practical, or other scheme-specific
criteria.

a) Subgrade Improvement Layer

Subgrade Improvement layer material should provide a CBR in excess of 15% on
which to lay the sub base.
b) Sub Base
The detailed preparation of the Su-base should be in accordance with the
recommendations in BS 7533-3.
c) Road Base
Dense Bitumen Macadam (DBM) incorporating two pen binders should not be used
as it is susceptible to deformation, but where unavoidable DBM thickness should be
increased by 30% Engineering Judgement should be used in the use of higher
strength CBM3 in areas subject to differential movement.
In case where there are fewer than 0.5 msa and pavement does not fall into one
of the special categories, the pavement should be designed in accordance with BS
7533-2.

21.1.4 Laying Course

The nominal thickness of the laying course materials should be 30 mm.

21.1.5 Pavers
Generally, the Pavers thickness should be 50 mm, 60 mm or 80 mm.

Design of Pavers

In view of British Standards and general segmental pavement design prepared by

Road Research & Material Testing Institute, Punjab Highway Department, the
80
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
 following minimal general pavement design for parking areas, streets, roads, etc,
subject to the provision of the adequate drainage system along the streets, roads,
parking area, etc., is recommended. However, the exact design for laying of tuff
tile/pavers should be done in accordance to traffic analysis and geotechnical
investigations of the respective districts.

Category-1 (Pedestrian / footpaths/ Small Streets/ Parking Areas/

Streets without Commercial Vehicles)

Assumptions:
Sub-grade CBR Design value = ≥5% - <10%

Design:

Tuff Tiles/Pavers = 60 mm (MRS, Chap-10, Item 43(b))

Sand Cushion = 50-75 mm (MRS, Chap-10, Item 43(b))
Sub Base: (street width>10ft)= 150 mm (MRS, Chap-18, Item 3(a))

Category-II (For Heavy Traffic & Respective Parking Area)

Assumption:
 Sub-grade CBR design value = ≥5% - <10%
 Design Traffic ESAL range = 4-8 msa (million standards axles)

Design:

Tuff Tile /Paver = 80 mm (MRS, Chapter-10, Item 43-c)

Sand Cushion = 50-75mm (MRS, Chapter-10, Item 43-c)

Road Base = 150 mm (MRS, Chapter-18, Item 4-a)

Sub Base = 150 mm

21.2 Rigid Pavement (PCC/RCC)

PCC Pavement:
i. Nominal Mix 1:2:4 divided in panels

Cement concrete plain including placing, compacting, finishing and curing complete
(including screening and washing of stone aggregate)
Thickness as per width of street and loading.
ii. Sub Base of PCC 1:7:20 having thickness as per width of street and loading.

81
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab
RCC Pavement:

RCC Pavement should be provided as per traffic load in the main streets.

21.3 Storm Water/ Domestic Drainage

1. Rectangular Storm water channels should not be provided.
2. Punjab Standard Drains should be used as per design flows.

82
Updated Design Criteria for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Punjab