CPE 317 VISUAL PROGRAMMING

2020-2021 FALL SEMESTER

CONTENTS

Chapter 1: What is Visual Programming Language (VPL)?

Why we selected C#?
Chapter 2: Microsoft Visual Studio 2019 Installation and Environment
Chapter 3: Introduction C# Programming Language
Chapter 4: Variables
Chapter 5: Operators
Chapter 6: Type Conversions

Chapter 7: Control Statements

Chapter 8: Arrays
Chapter 9: Enum
Chapter 10: Collections
Chapter 11: Methods
Chapter 12: Date-Time Expressions
Chapter 13: Math Class
Chapter 14: Class
Chapter 15: Windows Form Application Creating
Chapter 16: Database Management Process

Aim Of Lesson
To create visual application, Using and managin windows forms and components, To be able to
progammed methods,classes,objects nad functions in programing langugae. Using and managing
database.
Books, Videos and Online Course Documents
1. https://dotnet.microsoft.com/learn/csharp
2. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/get-started/csharp/visual-studio-ide?view=vs-
2019
3. C# ile Görsel Programlama, Mücahit Furkan ARDOĞAN
4. https://gelecegiyazanlar.turkcell.com.tr/konu/c-sharp/egitim/c-101/c-dilinin-tarihcesi
5. Computer and Information Technology, Programming in Visual C# 2008,
Bradley−Millspaugh (https://epdf.pub/programming-in-visual-c-2008.html )
Evaluations
1 mid-term, 1 final exam and project
 CHAPTER 1

1. What is Visual Programming Language (VPL)?

 First, let's learn about the program and programming concepts.

As a verb, to program a computer is the writing of statements or commands that instruct the
computer how to process data. There are several programming languages used to program a
computer.

As a noun, a program, also called an application or software, is a set of instructions that

process input, manipulate data, and output a result. For example, Microsoft Word is a word
processing application that allows users to create and write documents. A browser, such as the
one you are using to view this page, is an application [1].

 So, how do we write the program!

The platform and language on which the program will be written is selected. Codes are created
according to the characteristics of the programming language and translated into the machine
language that the computer can understand. As a result, Programming is a way to “instruct
the computer to perform various tasks” [2].

 Visual Programming

Types of programming:

1. Non-Structed Programming

2. Structed Programming

3. Visual Programming
 4. Object Oriented Programming

Programs can be developed as text in a text editor (Edit, Notepad, Wordpad, Vim etc.).
However, programs made with the use of visual elements become more understandable [3]. A
Visual Programming Language (VPL) is a programming language that uses graphical
elements and figures to develop a program using IDE (Integrated Development Environment.
A VPL employs techniques to design a software program in two or more dimensions, and
includes graphical elements, text, symbols and icons within its programming context. A visual
language can be one of a few types, such as icon-based languages, diagramming languages
and form-based language [4].

Visual programming can be developed in environments such as Visual Studio (Visual

Basic.Net, Visual C ++, Visual C #), Android Studio and Eclipse, Scratch.

1.1 Why we selected C#?

C# language was created by Anders Hejlsberg at Microsoft. It was developed around 2000 by
Microsoft as part of its .NET initiative and later approved as an international standard by Ecma (is a
standards organization for information and communication systems) in 2002 and ISO in 2003. C# is
one of the programming languages designed for the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI is is an
open specification (technical standard) developed by Microsoft and standardized by ISO and Ecma).

C# has its roots in the C family of languages and will be immediately familiar to C, C++, Java, and
JavaScript programmers. C# is a simple, modern, flexible, object-oriented, safe, and open source
programming language. The first version is C# 1.0 and The most recent version is 8.0, which was
released in 2019 alongside Visual Studio 2019. The creation of the C # name is as follows 😊

[5]
It’s used for a wide range of reasons but its popularity lies in its use for the following tasks [6].

It was designed with simplicity and ease of use as a priority, and because it’s a high level language it
reads closer to English. As a language, C# abstracts the complex details of the computer so you as the
developer can focus on programming instead of worrying about the little details. You can make
anything in C#, from web services to mobile apps, server applications and more [7].

Figure 1: C# applications.
 C# is modern and easy to learn
 C# is an object–oriented language
 C# is easy to learn.
 C# is safe
 C# is versatile
  C# is fast, open source, and cross platform
 C# is evolving
 C# supports native mobile apps
 C# is friends with JavaScript
 C# supports web browsers
 Amazing tooling support
 Strong community support [8]

The programming languages in Visual Studio run in the .NET Framework. The Framework provides
for easier development of Web-based and Windows-based applications, allows objects from different
languages to operate together, and standardizes how the languages refer to data and objects.

The .NET languages all compile to (are translated to) a common machine language, called Microsoft
Intermediate Language (MSIL). The MSIL code, called managed code, runs in the Common
Language Runtime (CLR), which is part of the .NET Framework [9].

Figure 2: .NET Framework working structure [10].

The CLR does not know what language code it is running. All languages are translated into IL
(Common language) code. The common code generated by the compiler is then translated by the CLR
into native CPU machine commands. The C # command compiler is Csc.Exe.

When the C# program is executed, the assembly is loaded into the CLR, which might take various
actions based on the information in the manifest. Then, if the security requirements are met, the CLR
performs Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation to convert the IL code to native machine instructions. The
CLR also provides other services related to automatic garbage collection, exception handling, and
resource management. Code that's executed by the CLR is sometimes referred to as "managed code",
in contrast to "unmanaged code", which is compiled into native machine language that targets a
specific system. The following diagram illustrates the compile-time and run-time relationships of C#
source code files, the .NET Framework class libraries, assemblies, and the CLR.
Figure 3: Working steps of the C# project [11]
 CHAPTER 2

2. Microsoft Visual Studio 2019 Installation and Environment

If .Net Framework and Csc.Exe program (to convert C # codes to MSIL code) are available on your
computer, the C # program codes can be written in the text editör (ex. NotePad). However, since it will
be difficult to develop applications with the text editor, we need integrated development
environment (IDE). These environments provide facilities such as facilitating software development
and ensuring the security of the project.

Visual Studio integrated development environment is a creative launching package that you can use
to edit, debug, and build code, and then publish an applications. An integrated development
environment (IDE) is a feature-rich program that can be used for many aspects of software
development. Visual Studio includes compilers, code completion tools, graphical designers, and many
more features to ease the software development process.

 To get started, download Microsoft Visual Studio 2019 and install it on your system using
link: https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/downloads/
 There are three editions of Visual Studio 2019: Community, Professional, and Enterprise. We
will select Professional Edition. You can download it for free.

Figure 3: Microsoft Visual Studio downloading page [12].

 The downloaded file is run by double-clicking and the installation is started.

Figure 4: Microsoft Visual Studio setup file [12].

 The desired environments are selected as shown in Figure 5. English must be chosen from the
language package.
 Figure 5: Select platform for your prefer.

 Finally the overview is selected and Visual Studio is launched as shown Figure 6.

Figure 6: The last setup screen.

 A new project creation screen will appear as shown Figure 7. So the Visual Studio
environment is ready 😊.

Figure 7: New project screen.

 Figure 8: Visual Studio general interface for a project.

2.1 A Tour of the C# Language

The newer programming languages such as C#, Java, and Visual Basic (VB) use a different approach:
object-oriented programming (OOP). In the OOP model, programs are no longer procedural. They do
not follow a sequential logic. You, as the programmer, do not take control and determine the sequence
of execution. Instead, the user can press keys and click various buttons and boxes in a window. Each
user action can cause an event to occur, which triggers a method (a set of programming statements)
that you have written. For example, the user clicks on a button labeled Calculate. The clicking causes
the button’s Click event to occur, and the program automatically jumps to a method you have written
to do the calculation [9].

C# use objects, which have properties, methods, and events. Each object is based on a class.

 Object: Think of an object as a thing or a noun. Examples of objects are forms and controls.
Forms are the windows and dialog boxes you place on the screen; controls are the components
you place inside a form, such as text boxes, buttons, and list boxes.
 Properties: Properties tell something about or control the behavior of an object such as its
name, color, size or location. You can think of properties as adjectives that describe objects.
When you refer to a property, you first name the object, add a period, and then name the
property.
 Methods: Actions associated with objects are called methods. Methods are the verbs of
object-oriented programming. Some typical methods are Close, Show and Clear.
  Events: You can write methods that execute when a particular event occurs. An event occurs
when the user takes an action such as clicking a button, pressing a key, scrolling, or closing a
window. Events also can be triggered by actions of other objects, such as repainting a form or
a timer reaching a preset point.
 Classes: A class is a template used to create a new object. Classes contain the definition of all
available properties, methods, and events. Each time that you create a new object, it must be
based on a class.

For example, you may decide to place three buttons on your form. Each button is based on the Button
class and is considered one object, called an instance of the class. Each button (or instance) has its own
set of properties, methods, and events. One button may be labeled “OK”, one “Cancel”, and one
“Exit”. When the user clicks the OK button, that button’s Click event occurs; if the user clicks on the
Exit button, that button’s Click event occurs [9].

2.2 C# Application File Extensions

The C# application, called a solution, can consist of one or more projects. Each project can contain
one or more form files. I will touch upon “Console and Form Application for C#” in this course and
explain detailed in the other sections.

Console application takes inputs and displays output at a command-line console with access to three
basic streams: standard input, standard output, and standard error. Console applications don't have any
graphical user interface, they will have character-based interfaces [13].

Windows Form application is a Graphical User Interface (GUI) class library which is bundled
in .Net Framework. Its main purpose is to provide an easier interface to develop the applications for
desktop, tablet, PCs. Forms applications can contain the different type of controls like labels, list
boxes, buttons etc [14].

Table 1: C# file extentitions descriptions

Extension File Icon for Description

Visual Studio 2019
It is extension of solution file
.sln
that can be console or form
application. A text file that holds
information about the solution
and the projects it contains. This
is the primary file for the
solution. You open to work on or
run your Project.
A .cs file holds codes for
 .cs console application. This is a
source code text file that you can
open in any editör. But, you
should modify using Visual
Studio environment.
A .cs file for form application
that contains automatically
generated code that runs first
when you execute your
application.
A .cs file holds codes for form
.cs
application.
A .cs file created by the Form
Designer that holds the definition
of the form and its controls. You
should modify this file in the
Designer and update the file.
A .csproj file configures C#
.csproj
projects and automatically comes
up with the same name as the
console and form application
project. It is the file containing
information about the
configuration.
A resource file for the form
.resx
application. This text file defines
all resources used by the form,
including strings of text,
numbers, and any graphics.
A .dll file contains compiled
code you can use in your
application to perform specific
.dll
program functions and may be
required by another application
or module (such as .exe or .dll) to
load it through an entry point. It
is a library that contains code and
 data that can be used by more
than one program at the same
time [15].
An executable assembly file.
.exe

2.3 C# Program Structure Concepts

Important concepts in C# are programs, namespaces, types, members, and assemblies. C#

programs consist of one or more source files. Programs declare types, which contain members and can
be organized into namespaces. Classes and interfaces are examples of types. Fields, methods,
properties, and events are examples of members.

When C# programs are compiled, they are physically packaged into assemblies. Assemblies typically
have the file extension .exe or .dll, depending on whether they implement applications or libraries.

The simple Console application and Form application codes are shown in below Table 2. Let's
examine some of the codes in the Table 2.

Table 2: Basic code example in C#

Console Application Form Application
using System; using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace ConsoleApp1 using System.Linq;
{ using System.Threading.Tasks;
class Program using System.Windows.Forms;
{
static void Main(string[] args) namespace WindowsFormsApp1
{ {
Console.WriteLine("Hello World!"); static class Program
{
} static void Main()
} {
} Application.Run(new Form1());
}
}
}

 Using directive: The using directive can appear at the beginning of a source code file, before
any namespace or type definitions. The using directive has three uses:
 1. To allow the use of types in a namespace so that you do not have to qualify the use of
a type in that namespace:
using System.Text;

2. To allow you to access static members and nested types of a type without having to
qualify the access with the type name.
using static System.Console;
Ex: If we write the console application program by adding the code " using static
System.Console ", print line to screen line will change as “WriteLine("Hello World!")”.

3. To create an alias for a namespace or a type. This is called a using alias directive.
After that, “PC.MyCompany.Project” will be called “Project” in the application.
using Project = PC.MyCompany.Project;

 namespace directive: Namespaces are not mandatory in a C# program. But, they do play an
important role in writing cleaner codes and managing larger projects. A namespace can have
following types as its members: Namespaces (Nested Namespace), Classes, Interfaces,
Structures, Delegates [16].
Namespaces help us to organize different members by putting related members in the same
namespace. Namespace also solves the problem of naming conflict. Two or more classes
when put into different namespaces can have same name.
1. We can define a namespace in C# using the namespace keyword as:
namespace Namespace-Name
{
//Body of namespace
}
Ex: A namespace MyNamespace is created. It consists of a class MyClass as its
member. MyMethod is a method of class MyClass.
namespace MyNamespace
{
class MyClass
{
public void MyMethod()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Creating my namespace");
}
}}
The members of a namespace can be accessed using the dot(.) operator. The syntax for
accessing the member of namespace is,
Namespace-Name.Member-Name
 Ex: If we need to create an object of MyClass, it can be done as,
MyNamespace.MyClass myClass = new MyNamespace.MyClass();

2. A namespace can be included in a program using the using keyword. The syntax is,
using Namespace-Name;

Ex:
using System;

The advantage of this approach is we don't have to specify the fully qualified name of
the members of that namespace every time we are accessing it.

Once the line “using System;” is included at the top of the program. We can write
Console.WriteLine("Hello World!"); Instead of the fully qualified name i.e.
System.Console.WriteLine("Hello World!");

3. A namespace can contain another namespace. It is called nested namespace. The

nested namespace and its members can also be accessed using the dot (.) operator.
The syntax for creating nested namespace is as follows:

namespace MyNamespace
{
namespace NestedNamespace
{
// Body of nested namespace
}
}

 static void Main(string[] args) statement:

1. The Main method is the entry point of an executable program; it is where the program
control starts and ends.
2. Main is declared inside a class or struct. Main must be static and it need not be
public.
The Main method is declared with the static modifier. While instance methods can
reference a particular enclosing object instance using the keyword this, static methods
operate without reference to a particular object. By convention, a static method named
Main serves as the entry point of a program.
3. Main can either have a void, int.
4. The Main method can be declared with or without a string[] parameter that contains
command-line arguments.

The entry point may optionally have one formal parameter. The parameter may have
any name, but the type of the parameter must be string[]. If the formal parameter is
present, the execution environment creates and passes a string[] argument containing
the command-line arguments that were specified when the application was
started. The string[] argument is never null, but it may have a length of zero if no
command-line arguments were specified.
 CHAPTER 3

3. Introduction C# Programming Language

The "Hello, World" program is traditionally used to introduce a programming language. We

will run without using IDE and with Visual Studio IDE as a console application. Finally, We
will run as a form application. These are our first program😊.

3.1 Console Application

3.1.1 Running a program without using IDE

using System;

class Hello
{
static void Main()
{
Console.WriteLine("Hello, World");
Console.ReadKey();// Bir tuşa basana kadar çıktı ekranda kalır.
}
}

C# source files typically have the file extension .cs. Assuming that the “Hello, World”
program is stored in the file hello.cs, the program can be compiled with the Microsoft C#
compiler (Developer Command Prompt for VS 2019) using the command line.

which produces an executable assembly named hello.exe. The output produced by this
application when hello.exe is run:
3.1.2 Running using VS IDE

using System;

namespace HelloWorld
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("Hello World!");
}
}
}

1. Start Visual Studio 2019. You'll see the following image on Windows. Select Create a
new project in the lower right corner of the image. [17]:

2. Visual Studio displays the New Project dialog: Before, Language, operation system and
application type are selected. After that, Choose the Console App (.NET Core) template,
and then choose Next.
3. In the Configure your new project dialog, enter HelloWorld in the Project
name box. Then choose Create.

4. We can run our program using Debug-> Start Debugging combination or Press Ctrl+F5.
 5. The template creates a simple "Hello World" application. It calls
the Console.WriteLine(String) method to display "Hello World!" in the console window.

3.2 Form Application using VS IDE

1. Open VS 2019 and on the start window, choose Create a new project.

2. Before, Language, operation system and application type are selected. After that, Choose
the Windows Form App (.NET Framework) template, and then choose Next.
3. Fill the Project Name and choose Create.

4. Congratulations. Visual Studio creates a solution for your app. A solution acts as a container
for all of the projects and files needed by your app😊. Let’s examine this picture.
 About the Windows Forms Application project

1. The development environment contains three windows: a main window, Solution

Explorer, and the Properties window.

If any of these windows are missing, you can restore the default window layout. On the
menu bar, choose Window > Reset Window Layout.

You can also display windows by using menu commands. On the menu bar,
choose View > Properties Window or Solution Explorer.

2. Main window In this window, you'll do most of your work, such as working with forms
and editing code. The window shows a form in the Form Editor.

Solution Explorer window In this window, you can view and navigate to all items in
your solution.

If you choose a file, the contents of the Properties window changes. If you open a code
file (which ends in .cs in C#), the code file or a designer for the code file appears. A
designer is a visual surface onto which you can add controls such as buttons and lists. For
Visual Studio forms, the designer is called the Windows Forms Designer.

Properties window In this window, you can change the properties of items that you
choose in the other windows. For example, if you choose Form1, you can change its title
by setting the Text property, and you can change the background color by setting
the Backcolor property.
 3. Choose one of the following methods for running your app:
a. Choose the F5 key.
b. On the menu bar, choose Debug -> Start Debugging.
c. On the toolbar, choose the Start Debugging button.
4. Use one of the following methods to stop your app:
a. On the toolbar, choose the Stop Debugging button.
b. On the menu bar, choose Debug > Stop Debugging.
c. Use your keyboard and press Shift+F5.
d. Choose the X button in the upper corner of the Form1 window.

3.3 C# Keyboard Shortcuts

The shortcut key combinations commonly used in application development are as follows:

 Shortcuts for Coding

1. CTRL + M + M : İmlecinizi hangi kod bloğu’nun başına yada sonuna koyarsanız o bloğu
komple kapatıyor.Düzenli çalışmanıza olanak sağlıyor. İşlem tekrarlanırsa bloğu geri açıyor.
2. CTRL + M + H : Seçtiğiniz kod bloğunu gizlemek için kullanılır. […] şeklinde.
3. CTRL + M + O : Namespace içindeki tüm kod bloklarını kapatıyor.
4. CTRL + M + A : Sayfadaki tüm kod bloklarını ve namespace’i kapatıyor.
5. CTRL + M + X : Kapanan tüm kod bloklarını geri açar.
6. CTRL + M + L : İmleci satır üzerinde herhangi bir yere getirip o satırı komple silebilirsiniz.
7. CTRL + ENTER : İmlecin bulunduğu satırın(başı,ortası ya da sonu) bir üstüne bir satır
açar.
8. CTRL + SHIFT + ENTER : İmlecin bulunduğu satırın bir altına bir satır açar.
9. CTRL + SHIFT + U : İmlecin bulunduğu satır üzerindeki harfleri büyük harfe çevirir.
10. CTRL + U : İmlecin bulunduğu satır üzerindeki harfleri küçük harfe çevirir.
11. CTRL + K + F : İmlecin bulunduğu satırı kod düzenine getirir.
12. CTRL + K + D : Tüm kod bloglarını kod düzenine getirir.
13. CTRL + T : İmlecin bulunduğu yerin sağındaki ve solundaki harflerin yerini değiştirir.
14. SHIFT + ALT + T : İmlecin bulunduğu satır ile bir sonraki satırın yerini değiştiriyor.

 Tools Window Shortcuts

1. CTRL + SHIFT + C : Class View Penceresini açarak sınıflarınızı ve metodlarınız görmenizi
sağlıyor.
2. CTRL + ALT + A : Komut Penceresini açar.
3. ALT + F11 : IDE Pencresini açar.
4. CTRL + SHIFT + O : Output Penceresini açar.
 Build ve Debug Process Shortcuts
1. CTRL + SHIFT + B : Solution ‘ı Build eder.
2. CTRL + ALT + F7 : Build işlemini iptal etmek için.
3. F9 : İmlecin bulunduğu satırdaki methoda BreakPoint katmak için.
4. F10 : Sınıf içerisinde Metodların içeriğine girmeden izleyerebilirsiniz.
5. F11 : Sınıf içerisinde Metodların içeriğine girerek (adımları tek tek gözden geçirerek)
izleyebilirsiniz.
6. CTRL + ALT + q : Debug modda takip ederken bir metodun ya da parametrenin değerini
görmek için kullanırız.Metod ya da parametrenin adını seçer ve bu tuşlara basarız.
7. SHIFT + F5 : Debug modu durdurur [18].
 CHAPTER 4

4. Variables

Variables are containers for storing data values. The variables in C#, are categorized into the following
types:

 Value types: Value type variables can be assigned a value directly. They are derived from the
class System.ValueType. The value types directly contain data. Some examples are int, char,
and float, which stores numbers, alphabets, and floating point numbers, respectively. When
you declare an int type, the system allocates memory to store the value.
 Reference types: The reference types do not contain the actual data stored in a variable, but
they contain a reference to the variables.
 Pointer types: Pointer type variables store the memory address of another type. Pointers in
C# have the same capabilities as the pointers in C or C++.

Syntax:

<data type> <variable name> = <value>;

The followings are naming conventions for declaring variables in C#:

 Variable names must be unique.

 Variable names can contain letters, digits, and the underscore _ only.
 Variable names must start with a letter.
 Variable names are case-sensitive, num and Num are considered different names.
 Variable names cannot contain reserved keywords.

The most common data types are as below:

To get the exact size of a type or a variable on a particular platform, you can use the sizeof() method.
data_type.MaxValue() method gives the numerical value the variable will take the most.
data_type.MinValue() method gives the numerical value the variable will take the least.

 Integral numeric types

C# type Range Size .NET type

sbyte -128 to 127 Signed 8-bit integer System.SByte
byte 0 to 255 Unsigned 8-bit System.Byte
integer
short -32,768 to 32,767 Signed 16-bit System.Int16
integer
ushort 0 to 65,535 Unsigned 16-bit System.UInt16
 integer
int -2,147,483,648 to Signed 32-bit System.Int32
2,147,483,647 integer
uint 0 to 4,294,967,295 Unsigned 32-bit System.UInt32
integer
long -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 Signed 64-bit System.Int64
to integer
9,223,372,036,854,775,807
ulong 0 to Unsigned 64-bit System.UInt64
18,446,744,073,709,551,615 integer

 Floating-point numeric types

float ±1.5 x 10−45 to ±3.4 x 4 bytes System.Single

1038
double ±5.0 × 10−324 to ±1.7 × 8 bytes System.Double
10308

decimal ±1.0 x 10-28 to ±7.9228 x 16 bytes System.Decimal

1028

The precision of a floating point value indicates how many digits the value can have after the decimal
point. The precision of float is only six or seven decimal digits, while double variables have a
precision of about 15 digits. Therefore it is safer to use double for most calculations.

 Boolean value

bool true-false (Default 16 bit System.Boolean

false)

 Textual expressions

char U+0000 to U+FFFF 16 bit System.Char

string System.String

int d = 3, f = 5; /* initializing d and f. */

byte z = 22; /* initializes z. */

double pi = 3.14159; /* declares an approximation of pi. */

bool myBool = true;

char x = 'x';

String str = "Nesrin ATASOY";

Ex : Types

 Defining Constants
Constants are defined using the const keyword.
Syntax:

const <data_type> <constant_name> = value;

Ex : const data

using System;

namespace ConsoleApp1
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
const double pi = 3.14159;

// constant declaration
double r;
Console.WriteLine("Enter Radius: ");
r = Convert.ToDouble(Console.ReadLine());

double areaCircle = pi * r * r;
Console.WriteLine("Radius: {0}, Area: {1}", r, areaCircle);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}

 Local/Global Variables:
A scope in any programming is a region of the program where a defined variable can have its
existence and beyond that variable it cannot be accessed. Let us understand what are local and global
variables.
  Inside a function or a block which is called local variables. A local variable is used where the
scope of the variable is within the method in which it is declared. They can be used only by
statements that are inside that function or block of code.

using System;
public class Program
{
public static void Main()
{
int a;
a = 100;
// local variable
Console.WriteLine("Value:" + a);
}
}

 Outside of all functions which is called global variables. A global variable is a variable
accessible anywhere, for example a field "counter" type integer. The global variable can be
accessed from any function or class within the namespace.

C# is an object-oriented programming (OOP) language and does not support global variables
directly. You need to add the static keyword before class and type.

Homework 1:

using System;

namespace ConsoleApp1
{
class Bread
{
public int counter;
}

static class Butter

{
public static int counter;
}

class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// instance of class "Butter" required
Bread a = new Bread();
a.counter = 5;
Console.WriteLine("Bread: " + a.counter);
 // no instance required!
Butter.counter = 7;
Console.WriteLine("Butter: " + Butter.counter);
}
}
}

CHAPTER 5

5. Operators
Expressions are constructed from operands and operators. The operators of an expression indicate
which operations to apply to the operands. An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform
specific mathematical or logical manipulations. C# has rich set of built-in operators and provides the
following type of operators [19]:

 Arithmetic Operators

Operator Description Example

+ Adds two operands A + B = 30
- Subtracts second operand from the first A - B = -10
* Multiplies both operands A * B = 200
/ Divides numerator by de-numerator B/A=2
% Modulus Operator and remainder of after an B%A=0
integer division
++ Increment operator increases integer value by one A++ = 11

 Relational Operators

Operator Description Example

== Checks if the values of two operands are equal (A == B) is not true.
or not, if yes then condition becomes true.
!= Checks if the values of two operands are equal (A != B) is true.
or not, if values are not equal then condition
becomes true.
> Checks if the value of left operand is greater (A > B) is not true.
than the value of right operand, if yes then
condition becomes true.
< Checks if the value of left operand is less than (A < B) is true.
 the value of right operand, if yes then condition
becomes true.
>= Checks if the value of left operand is greater (A >= B) is not true.
than or equal to the value of right operand, if
yes then condition becomes true.
<= Checks if the value of left operand is less than (A <= B) is true.
or equal to the value of right operand, if yes
then condition becomes true.

 Logical Operators

Operator Description Example

&& Called Logical AND operator. If both the (A && B) is false.
operands are non zero then condition becomes
true.
|| Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two (A || B) is true.
operands is non zero then condition becomes true.
! Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses !(A && B) is true.
the logical state of its operand. If a condition is
true then Logical NOT operator will make false.

 Bitwise Operators

p q p&q p|q p^q

0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 1

Assume if A = 60; and B = 13; then in the binary format they are as follows:

A = 0011 1100

B = 0000 1101

A&B = 0000 1100

A|B = 0011 1101

A^B = 0011 0001

~A = 1100 0011

Operator Description Example

& Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it (A & B) = 12, which is 0000
exists in both operands. 1100
| Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in (A | B) = 61, which is 0011
either operand. 1101
^ Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in (A ^ B) = 49, which is 0011
one operand but not both. 0001
~ (~A ) = -61, which is 1100
Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and
0011 in 2's complement due to
has the effect of 'flipping' bits.
a signed binary number.
<< Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value
A << 2 = 240, which is 1111
is moved left by the number of bits specified by the
0000
right operand.
>> Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands
A >> 2 = 15, which is 0000
value is moved right by the number of bits
1111
specified by the right operand.
  Assignment Operators

Operator Description Example Operator

= Simple assignment =
operator, Assigns
values from right side C = A + B assigns value of A + B into C
operands to left side
operand
+= Add AND assignment +=
operator, It adds right
operand to the left C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
operand and assign the
result to left operand
-= Subtract AND -=
assignment operator, It
subtracts right operand
C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A
from the left operand
and assign the result to
left operand
*= Multiply AND *=
assignment operator, It
multiplies right
C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A
operand with the left
operand and assign the
result to left operand
/= Divide AND /=
assignment operator, It
divides left operand
C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
with the right operand
and assign the result to
left operand
%= Modulus AND %=
assignment operator, It
takes modulus using
C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
two operands and
assign the result to left
operand
<<= Left shift AND C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2 <<=
assignment operator
>>= Right shift AND C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2 >>=
assignment operator
&= Bitwise AND C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2 &=
assignment operator
^= bitwise exclusive OR C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2 ^=
and assignment
operator
|= bitwise inclusive OR C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2 |=
and assignment
operator
  Miscellaneous Operators

There are few other important operators including sizeof, typeof and ? : supported by C#.

sizeof() Returns the size of a data type. sizeof(int), returns 4.

typeof() Returns the type of a class. typeof(StreamReader);
& Returns the address of an &a; returns actual address of
variable. the variable.
* *a; creates pointer named 'a' to
Pointer to a variable.
a variable.
?: If Condition is true ? Then
Conditional Expression
value X : Otherwise value Y
 is If( Ford is Car) // checks if
Determines whether an object
Ford is an object of the Car
is of a certain type.
class.
as Object obj = new
StringReader("Hello");
Cast without raising an
exception if the cast fails. StringReader r = obj as
StringReader;
sizeof() Returns the size of a data type. sizeof(int), returns 4.

 Operator Precedence in C#

Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression. This affects evaluation of an
expression. Certain operators have higher precedence than others; for example, the multiplication
operator has higher precedence than the addition operator.

Here, operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the lowest appear
at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators are evaluated first.

Category Operator Associativity

Postfix () [] -> . ++ - - Left to right
Unary + - ! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof Right to left
Multiplicative */% Left to right
Additive +- Left to right
Shift << >> Left to right
Relational < <= > >= Left to right
Equality == != Left to right
Bitwise AND & Left to right
Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right
Bitwise OR | Left to right
Logical AND && Left to right
Logical OR || Left to right
Conditional ?: Right to left
Assignment = += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= Right to left
^= |=
Comma , Left to right
Ex: Operators

Homework 2:

CHAPTER 6

6. Type Conversions

C# type casting is also known as C# type conversion, or converting one type of data to another type. In
C#, type casting has two forms:

Implicit type casting (automatic type casting): Basically in this type of casting, C# automatically
converts smaller type into larger type, if needed, like int --> float or float --> double

int myInt = 20;

double myDouble = myInt; // Automatic casting: int to double

Console.WriteLine(myInt); // Outputs 20
Console.WriteLine(myDouble); // Outputs 20
Explicit type casting (manual type casting): In this user provide code to convert larger type into
smaller type manually, like double --> float or float to int

double DoubleValue = 4.78;

int intValue = (int)DoubleValue; // Manual casting: double to int

Console.WriteLine(DoubleValue); // Outputs 4.78

Console.WriteLine(intValue); // Outputs 4

Here is the list of all the built-in type casting methods available in C#.

Method Description
Convert.ToBoolean(value) Converts a value to a Boolean value, where possible.
Convert.ToByte(value) Converts a value to a byte.
Convert.ToChar(value) Converts a value to a char.
Convert.ToDecimal(value) Converts a value to decimal type.
Convert.ToDouble(value) Converts a value type to a double type.
Convert.ToInt16(value) Converts a value type to a 16-bit integer.
Convert.ToInt32(value) Converts a type to a 32-bit integer.
Convert.ToInt64(value) Converts a type to a 64-bit integer.
Convert.ToSingle(value) Converts a type to a small floating point number.
Convert.ToString(value) Converts a type to a string.
Convert.ToType(value) Converts a type to a specified type.
Convert.ToDatime(value) Convert a value to datetime type value.

Ex: DatatypeConversion
using System;

namespace DatatypeConversion
{
public class Program
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
int myInt = 100;
double myDouble = 2.25;
bool myBool = true;

Console.WriteLine(Convert.ToString(myInt)); // Convert int to

string
Console.WriteLine(Convert.ToDouble(myInt)); // Convert int to
double
Console.WriteLine(Convert.ToInt32(myDouble)); // Convert double
to int
Console.WriteLine(Convert.ToString(myBool)); // Convert bool to
string
}
 }
}

For implicit type casting, C# 3.0 also introduced the implicit typed local variable “var”. Var can only
be defined in a method as a local variable. The compiler will infer its type based on the value to the
right of the "=" operator. Example:

using System;

namespace DataTypeCSharp
{
public class Program
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
var i = 10;
Console.WriteLine("Type of i is {0}", i.GetType().ToString());

var str = "Hello World";

Console.WriteLine("Type of str is {0}",
str.GetType().ToString());

var d = 10.50d;
Console.WriteLine("Type of d is {0}", d.GetType().ToString());

}
}
Result:
Type of i is System.Int32
Type of str is System.String
Type of d is System.Double

Homework 3:

CHAPTER 7

7. Control Statements [20]

7.1 If, If-else, else and Nested if-else statements

C# provides many decision-making statements that help the flow of the C# program based on certain
logical conditions.

Decision making structures requires the programmer to specify one or more conditions to be evaluated
or tested by the program, along with a statement or statements to be executed if the condition is
determined to be true, and optionally, other statements to be executed if the condition is determined to
be false.
Following is the general form of a typical decision making structure found in most of the
programming languages:

 If Statements: At runtime, if a boolean condition evaluates to true, then the code block will
be executed, otherwise not.

Syntax: if(condition)
{
// code block to be executed when if condition evaluates to true
}

 If- else Statement: Multiple else if statements can be used after an if statement. It will only be
executed when the if condition evaluates to false. So, either if or one of the else if statements
can be executed, but not both.

Syntax:

if (condition1)
{
// code block to be executed when if condition1 evaluates to true
}
else
{
 // code block to be executed when
// condition1 evaluates to flase evaluates to true
}
using System;

public class IfElseStatementProgram

{
public static void Main()
{
int a = 10;

//if condition
if (a > 20)
{
//code to be executed if condition is met true
Console.WriteLine("a is greater than 20");
}
else
{
//this will be printed, as a is less than 20
Console.WriteLine("a is less than 20");
}
}
}

 else Statement

The else statement can come only after if or else if statement and can be used only once in the if-else
statements. The else statement cannot contain any condition and will be executed when all the
previous if and else if conditions evaluate to false.

Ex:

int i = 20, j = 20;

if (i > j)
{
Console.WriteLine("i is greater than j");
}
else if (i < j)
 {
Console.WriteLine("i is less than j");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("i is equal to j");
}

 Nested if Statements

C# supports if else statements inside another if else statements. This are called nested if else
statements. The nested if statements make the code more readable.

Syntax:

if(condition1)
{
if(condition2)
{
// code block to be executed when
// condition1 and condition2 evaluates to true
}
else if(condition3)
{
if(condition4)
{
// code block to be executed when
// only condition1, condition3, and condition4 evaluates to true
}
else if(condition5)
{
// code block to be executed when
// only condition1, condition3, and condition5 evaluates to true
}
else
{
// code block to be executed when
// condition1, and condition3 evaluates to true
// condition4 and condition5 evaluates to false
}
}
 }

Ex:

int i = 10, j = 20;

if (i != j)
{
if (i < j)
{
Console.WriteLine("i is less than j");
}
else if (i > j)
{
Console.WriteLine("i is greater than j");
}
}
else
Console.WriteLine("i is equal to j");

 Ternary Operator ?:

C# includes a decision-making operator ?: which is called the conditional operator or ternary operator.
It is the short form of the if else conditions. The ternary operator starts with a boolean condition. If this
condition evaluates to true then it will execute the first statement after ?, otherwise the second
statement after : will be executed.

Syntax:

condition ? statement 1 : statement 2

int x = 20, y = 10; int x = 20, y = 10;

var result = x > y ? "x is greater
than y" : "x is less than y"; if (x > y)
Console.WriteLine(result); Console.WriteLine("x is greater
than y");
else
Console.WriteLine("x is less than
y");

7.2 Switch statements

The switch statement can be used instead of if else statement when you want to test a variable against
three or more conditions.

Syntax:

switch(match expression/variable)
{
case constant-value:
statement(s) to be executed;
break;
default:
statement(s) to be executed;
break;
}

Ex:

int x = 10;

switch (x)
{
case 5:
Console.WriteLine("Value of x is 5");
break;
case 10:
Console.WriteLine("Value of x is 10");
break;
case 15:
Console.WriteLine("Value of x is 15");
break;
default:
Console.WriteLine("Unknown value");
break;
}

7.3 For Loop

You will learn how to execute a statement or code block multiple times using the for loop, structure of
the for loop, nested for loops, and how to exit from the for loop.The for keyword indicates a loop in
C#. The for loop executes a block of statements repeatedly until the specified condition returns false.

Syntax:

for (initializer; condition; iterator)

{ //code block

The for loop contains the following three optional sections, separated by a semicolon:

Initializer: The initializer section is used to initialize a variable that will be local to a for loop and
cannot be accessed outside loop. It can also be zero or more assignment statements, method call,
increment, or decrement expression e.g., ++i or i++, and await expression.

Condition: The condition is a boolean expression that will return either true or false. If an expression
evaluates to true, then it will execute the loop again; otherwise, the loop is exited.

Iterator: The iterator defines the incremental or decremental of the loop variable.

Ex:

for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)

{
Console.WriteLine("Value of i: {0}", i);
}

 Infinite for Loop

Since all three sections are optional in the for loop, be careful in defining a condition and iterator.
Otherwise, it will be an infinite loop that will never end the loop.

for ( ; ; )
{
Console.Write(1);
}

 Exit the for Loop

 You can also exit from a for loop by using the break keyword.

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)

{
if( i == 5 )
break;
Console.WriteLine("Value of i: {0}", i);
}

 Continue the for loop

In C# instead of breaking the complete loop, if we want to skip a iteration based on a condition then
we can use continue statement. Continue statement, will skip all the code statements if a condition is
true for a particular loop iteration.

So, continue statement causes all remaining code statements in a loop to be skipped, and execution
returns to the top of the loop.

public class ContinueForProgram

{
public static void Main()
{
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
{
if (i == 4)
{
//value of i =4 is not printed, and next loop is executed
continue;
}
Console.WriteLine("End of loop number " + i + " for i");
}
}
}

Output:

End of loop number 1 for i

End of loop number 2 for i
End of loop number 3 for i
End of loop number 5 for i

 Nested the for Loop

C# allows a for loop inside another for loop.

for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)

 {
for(int j =i; j < 4; j++)
Console.WriteLine("Value of i: {0}, J: {1} ", i,j);
}

7.4 While Loop

C# provides the while loop to repeatedly execute a block of code as long as the specified condition
returns false.

Syntax:

While(condition)

{ //code blocks

The while loop starts with the while keyword, and it must include a boolean conditional expression
inside brackets that returns either true or false. It executes the code block until the specified
conditional expression returns false. The for loop contains the initialization and increment/decrement
parts. When using the while loop, initialization should be done before the loop starts, and increment or
decrement steps should be inside the loop.

int i = 0; // initialization

while (i < 10) // condition

{
Console.WriteLine("i = {0}", i);

i++; // increment
}

 Exit from the while Loop

Use the break keyword to exit from a while loop on some condition.

int i = 0;
while (true)
{
Console.WriteLine("i = {0}", i);
 i++;
if (i > 10)
break;
}

 Continue the while Loop

For the while and do-while loops, continue statement causes the program control passes to the
conditional tests.

public class ContinueWhile

{
public static void Main()
{
int i = 1;

while (i < 20)

{
i++;
//check if value is not equal to 1,3,5 etc then continue for next
loop
if ((i % 2) != 0)
{
continue;
}
Console.WriteLine("i = " + i);
}
}
}

 Infinite While Loop

int i = 0;
while (i >= 0)
{
Console.WriteLine("i = {0}", i);
i++;
}

 Nested while Loop

C# allows while loops inside another while loop, as shown below. However, it is not recommended to
use nested while loop because it makes it hard to debug and maintain.

int i = 0, j = 1;
while (i < 2)
 {
Console.WriteLine("i = {0}", i);
i++;
while (j < 2)
{
Console.WriteLine("j = {0}", j);
j++;
}
}

7.5 Do-While Loop

The do while loop is the same as while loop except that it executes the code block at least once.
Syntax:
do
{ //code block
} while(condition);
Ex:

int i = 0; i = 0
i = 1
do i = 2
{ i = 3
Console.WriteLine("i = {0}", i); i = 4
i++;

} while (i < 5);

 Exit from the do-while Loop

int i = 0;
do
{
Console.WriteLine("i = {0}", i);
i++;
if (i > 5)
break;
} while (i < 10);

 Nested do-while
The do-while loop can be used inside another do-while loop.
 int i = 0;

do
{
Console.WriteLine("Value of i: {0}", i);
int j = i;

i++;

do
{
Console.WriteLine("Value of j: {0}", j);
j++;
} while (j < 2);

} while (i < 2);

CHAPTER 8
8. Arrays [21]

A variable is used to store a literal value, whereas an array is used to store multiple literal values. An
array is the data structure that stores a fixed number of literal values (elements) of the same data type.
Array elements are stored contiguously in the memory.

In C#, an array can be of three types: single-dimensional, multidimensional, and jagged array.

 Single dimensional,
All arrays consist of contiguous memory locations. The lowest address corresponds to the first element
and the highest address to the last element.

To declare an array syntax in C#;

datatype[] arrayName; ///// double[] balance;

////// int[] sum;

Initializing an Array;

Declaring an array does not initialize the array in the memory. When the array variable is initialized,
you can assign values to the array.

double[] balance = new double[10];

You can assign values to individual array elements, by using the index number;

double[] balance = new double[10];

balance[0] = 4500.0;

You can assign values to the array at the time of declaration;

double[] balance = { 2340.0, 4523.69, 3421.0};

You can also create and initialize an array;

int [] marks = new int[5] { 99, 98, 92, 97, 95};

You may also omit the size of the array;

int [] marks = new int[] { 99, 98, 92, 97, 95};

You can copy an array variable into another target array variable. In such case, both the target and
source point to the same memory location.
int [] marks = new int[] { 99, 98, 92, 97, 95};
int[] score = marks;
Ex:
using System;
 namespace ArrayApplication {
class MyArray {
static void Main(string[] args) {
int [] n = new int[10]; /* n is an array of 10 integers */
int i, j;

/* initialize elements of array n */

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
n[i] = i + 100;
}

/* output each array element's value */

for (j = 0; j < 10; j++)
{
Console.WriteLine("Element[{0}] = {1}", j, n[j]);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

 Multidimensional C# supports multidimensional arrays up to 32 dimensions. The

multidimensional array can be declared by adding commas in the square brackets. For
example, [,] declares two-dimensional array, [, ,] declares three-dimensional array, [, , ,]
declares four-dimensional array, and so on. So, in a multidimensional array, no of commas =
No of Dimensions - 1.

Syntax:

int[,] arr2d; // two-dimensional array

int[, ,] arr3d; // three-dimensional array

int[, , ,] arr4d ; // four-dimensional array

int[, , , ,] arr5d; // five-dimensional array

Ex:

int[,] arr2d = new int[3, 2]{

{1, 2},
 {3, 4},
{5, 6}
};

// or
int[,] arr2d = {
{1, 2},
{3, 4},
{5, 6}
};

Ex: You can pass an array as a function argument in C#. The following example demonstrates:
using System;

namespace ArrayApplication
{
class MyArray
{
double getAverage(int[] arr, int size)
{
int i;
double avg;
int sum = 0;

for (i = 0; i < size; ++i)

{
sum += arr[i];
}
avg = (double)sum / size;
return avg;
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
MyArray app = new MyArray();

/* an int array with 5 elements */

int[] balance = new int[] { 1000, 2, 3, 17, 50 };
double avg;

/* pass pointer to the array as an argument */

avg = app.getAverage(balance, 5);

/* output the returned value */

Console.WriteLine("Average value is: {0} ", avg);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

 Array Class
The Array class is the base class for all the arrays in C#. It is defined in the System namespace. The
Array class provides various properties and methods to work with arrays.
 o Properties of the Array Class

The following table describes some of the most commonly used properties of the Array class.

Property Description
IsFixedSize Gets a value indicating whether the Array has a fixed size.
IsReadOnly Gets a value indicating whether the Array is read-only.
Length Gets a 32-bit integer that represents the total number of elements in all the
dimensions of the Array.
LongLength Gets a 64-bit integer that represents the total number of elements in all the
dimensions of the Array.
Rank Gets the rank (number of dimensions) of the Array.

o Methods of the Array Class

The following table describes some of the most commonly used methods of the Array class.

Methods Desciption
Clear Sets a range of elements in the Array to zero, to false, or to null,
depending on the element type.
Copy(Array, Array, Int32) Copies a range of elements from an Array starting at the first
element and pastes them into another Array starting at the first
element. The length is specified as a 32-bit integer.
CopyTo(Array, Int32) Copies all the elements of the current one-dimensional Array to
the specified one-dimensional Array starting at the specified
destination Array index. The index is specified as a 32-bit
integer.
GetLength Gets a 32-bit integer that represents the number of elements in
the specified dimension of the Array.
GetLongLength Gets a 64-bit integer that represents the number of elements in
the specified dimension of the Array.
GetLowerBound Gets the lower bound of the specified dimension in the Array.

GetType Gets the Type of the current instance.

GetUpperBound Gets the upper bound of the specified dimension in the Array.
GetValue(Int32) Gets the value at the specified position in the one-dimensional
Array. The index is specified as a 32-bit integer.
IndexOf(Array, Object) Searches for the specified object and returns the index of the
first occurrence within the entire one-dimensional Array.

Reverse(Array) Reverses the sequence of the elements in the entire one-

 dimensional Array.

SetValue(Object, Int32) Sets a value to the element at the specified position in the one-
dimensional Array. The index is specified as a 32-bit integer.

Sort(Array) Sorts the elements in an entire one-dimensional Array using the

IComparable implementation of each element of the Array.

ToString Returns a string that represents the current object.

Ex:
using System;

namespace ArrayApplication
{
class MyArray
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int[] list = { 34, 72, 13, 44, 25, 30, 10 };
int[] temp = list;
Console.Write("Original Array: ");

foreach (int i in list)

{
Console.Write(i + " ");
}
Console.WriteLine();

// reverse the array

Array.Reverse(temp);
Console.Write("Reversed Array: ");

foreach (int i in temp)

{
Console.Write(i + " ");
}
Console.WriteLine();

//sort the array

Array.Sort(list);
Console.Write("Sorted Array: ");

foreach (int i in list)

{
Console.Write(i + " ");
 }
Console.WriteLine();
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}
 CHAPTER 9

9. Enum
In C#, an enum (or enumeration type) is used to assign constant names to a group of numeric integer
values. It makes constant values more readable, for example, WeekDays.Monday is more readable
then number 0 when referring to the day in a week.

An enum is defined using the enum keyword, directly inside a namespace, class, or structure. All the
constant names can be declared inside the curly brackets and separated by a comma.

Syntax:
enum <enum_name> { enumeration list };
enum Days { Monday, //0
Tuesday, //1
Wednesday, //2
};
enum Categories
{ Electronics = 1,
Food = 5,
}
The enum can be of any numeric data type such as byte, sbyte, short, ushort, int, uint, long, or ulong.
However, an enum cannot be a string type.

An enum can be accessed using the dot syntax: enum.member

enum WeekDays
{
Monday,
Tuesday,
Wednesday,
Thursday,
Friday,
Saturday,
Sunday
}
 Console.WriteLine(WeekDays.Monday); // Monday
Console.WriteLine(WeekDays.Tuesday); // Tuesday
Console.WriteLine(WeekDays.Wednesday); // Wednesday

Explicit casting is required to convert from an enum type to its underlying integral type.

enum WeekDays
{
Monday,
Tuesday,
Wednesday,
Thursday,
Friday,
Saturday,
Sunday
}

Console.WriteLine(WeekDays.Friday); //output: Friday

int day = (int)WeekDays.Friday; // enum to int conversion
Console.WriteLine(day); //output: 4

var wd = (WeekDays)5; // int to enum conversion

Console.WriteLine(wd);//output: Saturday

Ex:
using System;

namespace EnumApplication
{
class EnumProgram
{
enum Days { Sun, Mon, tue, Wed, thu, Fri, Sat };

static void Main(string[] args)

{
int WeekdayStart = (int)Days.Mon;
int WeekdayEnd = (int)Days.Fri;

Console.WriteLine("Monday: {0}", WeekdayStart);

Console.WriteLine("Friday: {0}", WeekdayEnd);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Method Description
GetName(Type, Object) Retrieves the name of the constant in the
specified enumeration that has the specified
value.
GetNames(Type) Retrieves an array of the names of the constants
in a specified enumeration.
IsDefined(Type, Object) Returns a Boolean telling whether a given
integral value, or its name as a string, exists in a
specified enumeration.
 Parse(Type, String, Boolean) Converts the string representation of the name or
numeric value of one or more enumerated
constants to an equivalent enumerated object. A
parameter specifies whether the operation is
case-insensitive.

Note: typeof(Enum) is gets type of enum.

string m= Enum.GetName(typeof(WeekDays),1);
string []=Enum.GetNames(typeof(WeekDays));
 CHAPTER 10

10. Collections
C# includes specialized classes that store series of values or objects are called collections. There are
two types of collections available in C#: non-generic collections and generic collections.

The System.Collections namespace contains the non-generic collection types and

System.Collections.Generic namespace includes generic collection types.

In most cases, it is recommended to use the generic collections because they perform faster than non-
generic collections and also minimize exceptions by giving compile-time errors.

 Generic Collections

C# includes the following generic collection classes in the System.Collections.Generic namespace.

Generic Collections Description

List<T> Generic List<T> contains elements of
specified type. It grows automatically as you
add elements in it.
Dictionary<TKey,TValue> Dictionary<TKey,TValue> contains key-
value pairs.
SortedList<TKey,TValue> SortedList stores key and value pairs. It
automatically adds the elements in
ascending order of key by default.
Queue<T> Queue<T> stores the values in FIFO style
(First In First Out). It keeps the order in
which the values were added. It provides an
Enqueue() method to add values and a
Dequeue() method to retrieve values from
the collection.
Stack<T> Stack<T> stores the values as LIFO (Last In
First Out). It provides a Push() method to
add a value and Pop() & Peek() methods to
retrieve values.
 Hashset<T> Hashset<T> contains non-duplicate
elements. It eliminates duplicate elements.

 Non- Generic Collections

Non-generic Collections Usage

ArrayList ArrayList stores objects of any type like an
array. However, there is no need to specify the
size of the ArrayList like with an array as it
grows automatically.
SortedList SortedList stores key and value pairs. It
automatically arranges elements in ascending
order of key by default. C# includes both,
generic and non-generic SortedList collection.
Stack Stack stores the values in LIFO style (Last In
First Out). It provides a Push() method to add a
value and Pop() & Peek() methods to retrieve
values. C# includes both, generic and non-
generic Stack.
Queue Queue stores the values in FIFO style (First In
First Out). It keeps the order in which the values
were added. It provides an Enqueue() method to
add values and a Dequeue() method to retrieve
values from the collection. C# includes generic
and non-generic Queue.
Hashtable Hashtable stores key and value pairs. It retrieves
the values by comparing the hash value of the
keys.
BitArray BitArray manages a compact array of bit values,
which are represented as Booleans, where true
indicates that the bit is on (1) and false indicates
the bit is off (0).

 ArrayList

In C#, the ArrayList is a non-generic collection of objects whose size increases dynamically. It is the
same as Array except that its size increases dynamically.
An ArrayList can be used to add unknown data where you don't know the types and the size of the
data. The following diagram illustrates the ArrayList class.

Properties Description
Capacity Gets or sets the number of elements that the ArrayList can
contain.
Count Gets the number of elements actually contained in the ArrayList.
IsFixedSize Gets a value indicating whether the ArrayList has a fixed size.
IsReadOnly Gets a value indicating whether the ArrayList is read-only.
Item Gets or sets the element at the specified index.

Methods Description
Add()/AddRange() Add() method adds single elements at the end of ArrayList.
Insert()/InsertRange() Insert() method insert a single elements at the specified index in
ArrayList.
Remove()/RemoveRange() Remove() method removes the specified element from the
 ArrayList.
RemoveAt() Removes the element at the specified index from the ArrayList.
Sort() Sorts entire elements of the ArrayList.
Reverse() Reverses the order of the elements in the entire ArrayList.
Contains Checks whether specified element exists in the ArrayList or not.
Returns true if exists otherwise false.
Clear Removes all the elements in ArrayList.
CopyTo Copies all the elements or range of elements to compitible
Array.
GetRange Returns specified number of elements from specified index from
ArrayList.
IndexOf Search specified element and returns zero based index if found.
Returns -1 if element not found.
ToArray Returns compitible array from an ArrayList.

o Create an ArrayList

The ArrayList class included in the System.Collections namespace. Create an object of the ArrayList
using the new keyword.

Syntax:

using System.Collections;

ArrayList list_1 = new ArrayList();

// or
var list_1 = new ArrayList(); // recommended

o Adding Elements in ArrayList

Use the Add(object) method or object initializer syntax to add elements in an ArrayList. An ArrayList
can contain multiple null and duplicate values.

Syntax:

// adding elements using ArrayList.Add() method

list_1.Add(1);
list_1.Add("Bill");
list_1.Add(" ");
list_1.Add(true);
list_1.Add(4.5);
list_1.Add(null);

// adding elements using object initializer syntax

 var list_2 = new ArrayList()
{
2, "Steve", " ", true, 4.5, null
};

Use the AddRange(ICollection c) method to add an entire Array, HashTable, SortedList,

ArrayList, BitArray, Queue, and Stack in the ArrayList.

var list_1 = new ArrayList();

var list_2 = new ArrayList()

{
1, "Bill", " ", true, 4.5, null
};

int[] arr = { 100, 200, 300, 400 };

Queue myQ = new Queue();

myQ.Enqueue("Hello");
myQ.Enqueue("World!");

list_1.AddRange(arlist2); //adding arraylist in arraylist

list_1.AddRange(arr); //adding array in arraylist
list_1.AddRange(myQ); //adding Queue in arraylist

 Accessing an ArrayList

The ArrayList class implements the IList interface. So, elements can be accessed using indexer, in
the same way as an array. Index starts from zero and increases by one for each subsequent element. An
explicit casting to the appropriate types is required, or use the var variable.

var arlist = new ArrayList()

{
1,
"Bill",
300,
4.5f
};

//Access individual item using indexer

int firstElement = (int)arlist[0]; //returns 1
string secondElement = (string)arlist[1]; //returns "Bill"
//int secondElement = (int) arlist[1]; //Error: cannot cover string to int

//using var keyword without explicit casting

var firstElement = arlist[0]; //returns 1
var secondElement = arlist[1]; //returns "Bill"
//var fifthElement = arlist[5]; //Error: Index out of range

//update elements
arlist[0] = "Steve";
arlist[1] = 100;
//arlist[5] = 500; //Error: Index out of range
 o Iterate an ArrayList

The ArrayList implements the ICollection interface that supports iteration of the collection types. So,
use the foreach and the for loop to iterate an ArrayList. The Count property of an ArrayList returns
the total number of elements in an ArrayList.

ArrayList list_1 = new ArrayList()

{
1,
"Bill",
300,
4.5F
};

foreach (var item in list_1)

Console.Write(item + ", "); //output: 1, Bill, 300, 4.5,

for (int i = 0; i < list_1.Count; i++)

Console.Write(list_1[i] + ", "); //output: 1, Bill, 300, 4.5,

o Insert Elements in ArrayList

Use the Insert() method to insert an element at the specified index into an ArrayList.
Syntax:
void Insert(int index, Object value)
ArrayList list_1 = new ArrayList()
{
1,
"Bill",
300,
4.5f
};

list_1.Insert(1, "Second Item");

foreach (var val in list_1)

Console.WriteLine(val);

Use the InsertRange() method to insert a collection in an ArrayList at the specfied index.
Syntax: Void InsertRange(int index, ICollection c)
ArrayList arlist1 = new ArrayList()
{
100, 200, 600
};

ArrayList arlist2 = new ArrayList()

{
300, 400, 500
};
arlist1.InsertRange(2, arlist2);
 foreach (var item in arlist1)
Console.Write(item + ", "); //output: 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600,

o Remove Elements from ArrayList

Use the Remove(), RemoveAt(), or RemoveRange methods to remove elements from an ArrayList.

list_1.Remove(null); //Removes first occurance of null

list_1.RemoveAt(4); //Removes element at index 4
list_1.RemoveRange(0, 2);//Removes two elements starting from 1st
item (0 index)

o Check Element in ArrayList

Use the Contains() method to determine whether the specified element exists in the ArrayList or not. It
returns true if exists otherwise returns false.

ArrayList arList = new ArrayList()

{
1,
"Bill",
300,
4.5f,
300
};

Console.WriteLine(arList.Contains(300)); // true
Console.WriteLine(arList.Contains("Bill")); // true
Console.WriteLine(arList.Contains(10)); // false
Console.WriteLine(arList.Contains("Steve")); // false

Ex: ArrayList application

using System;
using System.Collections;

namespace List_Example
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
ArrayList list_1 = new ArrayList();
//var list_1 = new ArrayList();

// adding elements using ArrayList.Add() method

list_1.Add(1);
list_1.Add("Bill");
list_1.Add(" ");
list_1.Add(true);
list_1.Add(4.5);
list_1.Add(null);

// adding elements using object initializer syntax

 var list_2 = new ArrayList()
{
2, "Steve", " ", true, 4.5, null
};

int[] arr = { 100, 200, 300, 400 };

Queue myQ = new Queue();

myQ.Enqueue("Hello");
myQ.Enqueue("World!");

list_1.AddRange(list_2); //adding arraylist in arraylist

list_1.AddRange(arr); //adding array in arraylist
list_1.AddRange(myQ); //adding Queue in arraylist

//Access individual item using indexer

int firstElement = (int)list_1[0]; //returns 1
string secondElement = (string)list_1[1]; //returns "Bill"
Console.WriteLine(firstElement);

//using var keyword without explicit casting

// var firstElement = list_1[0]; //returns 1
//var secondElement = list_1[1]; //returns "Bill"

//update elements
list_1[0] = "Steve";
list_1[1] = 100;

///////iterating in the arraylist

foreach (var item in list_1)
Console.Write(item + ", "); //output: 1, Bill, 300, 4.5,

for (int i = 0; i < list_1.Count; i++)

Console.Write(list_1[i] + ", "); //output: 1, Bill, 300, 4.5,

/////insert in the arraylist

list_1.Insert(1, "Second Item");

foreach (var val in list_1)

Console.WriteLine(val);

////Insert Collection in ArrayList

ArrayList arlist1 = new ArrayList()
{
100, 200, 600
};

ArrayList arlist2 = new ArrayList()

{
300, 400, 500
};
arlist1.InsertRange(2, arlist2);

foreach (var item in arlist1)

Console.Write(item + ", "); //output: 100, 200, 300, 400,
500, 600,

///Remove Elements from ArrayList

list_1.Remove(null); //Removes first occurance of null
list_1.RemoveAt(4); //Removes element at index 4
list_1.RemoveRange(0, 2);//Removes two elements starting from 1st
item (0 index)

//////////check element in the arraylist

ArrayList arList = new ArrayList()
{
1,
"Bill",
300,
4.5f,
300
};

Console.WriteLine(arList.Contains(300)); // true
Console.WriteLine(arList.Contains("Bill")); // true
Console.WriteLine(arList.Contains(10)); // false
Console.WriteLine(arList.Contains("Steve")); // false

}
}
}
 CHAPTER 11

11. Methods
A method is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C# program has at least one
class with a method named Main. To use a method, you need to

o Define the method

o Call the method

 Defining Methods in C#
When you define a method, you basically declare the elements of its structure.
Syntax:
<Access Specifier> <Return Type> <Method Name>(Parameter List) {
Method Body }
Access Specifier: This determines the visibility of a variable or a method from another class.

Return type: A method may return a value. The return type is the data type of the value the method
returns. If the method is not returning any values, then the return type is void.

Method name: Method name is a unique identifier and it is case sensitive. It cannot be same as any
other identifier declared in the class.

Parameter list: Enclosed between parentheses, the parameters are used to pass and receive data from
a method. The parameter list refers to the type, order, and number of the parameters of a method.
Parameters are optional; that is, a method may contain no parameters.

Method body: This contains the set of instructions needed to complete the required activity.

Ex:
class Program
{

public int FindMax(int num1, int num2)

{
/* local variable declaration */
int result;

if (num1 > num2)

 result = num1;
else
result = num2;

return result;
}
...
}

 Calling Methods in C#
You can call a method using the name of the method. FindMax function that takes two integer values
and returns the larger of the two. It has public access specifier, so it can be accessed from outside the
class using an instance of the class.

using System;

namespace Function_Example
{
class Program
{
public int FindMax(int num1, int num2)
{
/* local variable declaration */
int result;

if (num1 > num2)

result = num1;
else
result = num2;
return result;
}

static void Main(string[] args)

{
/* local variable definition */
int a = 100;
int b = 200;
int ret;
Program n = new Program();

//calling the FindMax method

ret = n.FindMax(a, b);
Console.WriteLine("Max value is : {0}", ret);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}

You can also call public method from other classes by using the instance of the class. For example, the
method FindMax belongs to the Program class, you can call it from another class Test in the below.

using System;

namespace CalculatorApplication
{
class Program
 {
public int FindMax(int num1, int num2)
{
/* local variable declaration */
int result;

if (num1 > num2)

result = num1;
else
result = num2;

return result;
}
}
class Test
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
/* local variable definition */
int a = 100;
int b = 200;
int ret;
Program n = new Program();

//calling the FindMax method

ret = n.FindMax(a, b);
Console.WriteLine("Max value is : {0}", ret);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}

 Recursive Method Call

A method can call itself. This is known as recursion. Following is an example that calculates factorial
for a given number using a recursive function.

using System;

namespace Recursive_Func_Example
{
class Program
{
public int factorial(int num)
{
/* local variable declaration */
int result;
if (num == 1)
{
return 1;
}
else
{
result = factorial(num - 1) * num;
return result;
}
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Program n = new Program();
//calling the factorial method {0}", n.factorial(6));
 Console.WriteLine("Factorial of 7 is : {0}", n.factorial(7));
Console.WriteLine("Factorial of 8 is : {0}", n.factorial(8));
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
 Passing Parameters to a Method

When method with parameters is called, you need to pass the parameters to the method. There are
three ways that parameters can be passed to a method.

Parameter Description
Value parameters This method copies the actual value of an
argument into the formal parameter of the
function. In this case, changes made to the
parameter inside the function have no effect on
the argument.
Reference parameters This method copies the reference to the memory
location of an argument into the formal
parameter. This means that changes made to the
parameter affect the argument.
Output parameters This method helps in returning more than one
value.

o Passing Parameters by Value

When a method is called, a new storage location is created for each value parameter. The values of the
actual parameters are copied into them. Hence, the changes made to the parameter inside the method
have no effect on the argument.

Ex:
using System;

namespace Passing_byValue
{
class Program
{
public void swap(int x, int y)
{
int temp;

temp = x; /* save the value of x */

x = y; /* put y into x */
y = temp; /* put temp into y */
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
 Program n = new Program();

/* local variable definition */

int a = 100;
int b = 200;

Console.WriteLine("Before swap, value of a : {0}", a);

Console.WriteLine("Before swap, value of b : {0}", b);

/* calling a function to swap the values */

n.swap(a, b);

Console.WriteLine("After swap, value of a : {0}", a);

Console.WriteLine("After swap, value of b : {0}", b);

Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}

It shows that there is no change in the values though they had changed inside the function.
o Passing Parameters by Reference

A reference parameter is a reference to a memory location of a variable. When you pass parameters by
reference, unlike value parameters, a new storage location is not created for these parameters. The
reference parameters represent the same memory location as the actual parameters that are supplied to
the method. You can declare the reference parameters using the ref keyword.

Ex:
using System;
namespace Passing_byReference
{
class Program
{
public void swap(ref int x, ref int y)
{
int temp;

temp = x; /* save the value of x */

x = y; /* put y into x */
y = temp; /* put temp into y */
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Program n = new Program();

/* local variable definition */

int a = 100;
int b = 200;

Console.WriteLine("Before swap, value of a : {0}", a);

Console.WriteLine("Before swap, value of b : {0}", b);

/* calling a function to swap the values */

n.swap(ref a, ref b);

Console.WriteLine("After swap, value of a : {0}", a);

 Console.WriteLine("After swap, value of b : {0}", b);

Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}

It shows that the values have changed inside the swap function and this change reflects in the Main
function.

o Passing Parameters by Output

A return statement can be used for returning only one value from a function. However, using output
parameters, you can return two values from a function. Output parameters are similar to reference
parameters, except that they transfer data out of the method rather than into it.

Ex:

using System;

namespace PAssing_byOutput
{
class Program
{
public void getValue(out int x)
{
int temp = 5;
x = temp;
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Program n = new Program();

/* local variable definition */

int a = 100;

Console.WriteLine("Before method call, value of a : {0}", a);

/* calling a function to get the value */

n.getValue(out a);

Console.WriteLine("After method call, value of a : {0}", a);

Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
The variable supplied for the output parameter need not be assigned a value. Output parameters are
particularly useful when you need to return values from a method through the parameters without
assigning an initial value to the parameter.

Ex:

using System;

namespace Passing_byOutputfromFunc
{
class Program
{
public void getValues(out int x, out int y)
{
Console.WriteLine("Enter the first value: ");
x = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

Console.WriteLine("Enter the second value: ");

y = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Program n = new Program();

/* local variable definition */

int a, b;

/* calling a function to get the values */

n.getValues(out a, out b);

Console.WriteLine("After method call, value of a : {0}", a);

Console.WriteLine("After method call, value of b : {0}", b);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
 CHAPTER 12

12. Date-Time Expressions

C# includes DateTime struct to work with dates and times. To work with date and time in C#, create
an object of the DateTime struct using the new keyword. The following creates a DateTime object
with the default value.

Syntax:
DateTime dt = new DateTime(); // assigns default value 01.01.0001
00:00:00

Use different constructors of the DateTime struct to assign an initial value to a DateTime object.
Ex:
using System;

namespace DateTimeObject
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
DateTime dt = new DateTime(); // assigns default value 01.01.0001
00:00:00
Console.WriteLine(dt);

//assigns year, month, day

DateTime dt1 = new DateTime(2020, 09, 07);
Console.WriteLine(dt1);

//assigns year, month, day, hour, min, seconds

DateTime dt2 = new DateTime(2019, 11, 23, 5, 10, 20);
Console.WriteLine(dt2);

//assigns year, month, day, hour, min, seconds, UTC timezone

DateTime dt3 = new DateTime(2019, 12, 31, 5, 10, 20,
DateTimeKind.Utc);
Console.WriteLine(dt3);

}
}
}
In the above example, we specified a year, a month, and a day in the constructor. The year can be from
0001 to 9999, and the Month can be from 1 to 12, and the day can be from 1 to 31. Setting any other
value out of these ranges will result in a run-time exception.

 DateTime Static Fields

The DateTime struct includes static fields, properties, and methods. The following example
demonstrates important static fields and properties.

Now returns current date and DateTime currentDateTime =

time DateTime.Now;

Today returns today's date DateTime todaysDate =

DateTime.Today;

DaysInMonth return what day of the int daysInSeptember =

month DateTime.DaysInMonth(2001, 10);

DayOfWeek gets the day of the week DateTime dt7 = new DateTime(2020,
9, 6);
represented by this Console.WriteLine(dt7.
instance DayOfWeek);

DayOfYear gets the day of the year DateTime dt7 = new DateTime(2020,
9, 6);
represented by this Console.WriteLine(dt7.DayOfYear);
instance
Hour gets the instance hour DateTime Dtclock = DateTime.Now;
Console.WriteLine(Dtcl
ock.Hour);

Minute gets the instance minute DateTime Dtclock = DateTime.Now;

Console.WriteLine(Dtcl
ock.Minute);

Second gets the instance second DateTime Dtclock = DateTime.Now;

Console.WriteLine(Dtcl
ock.Second);

Milisecond gets the instance DateTime Dtclock = DateTime.Now;

Console.WriteLine(Dtcl
milisecond
ock.Milisecond);

Month Gets the month DateTime tMont = DateTime.Now;

Console.WriteLine(tMon
componenet of the date
t.Month);
represented instance
Year Gets the year DateTime tMont = DateTime.Now;
Console.WriteLine(tMon
 componenet of the date t.Year);

represented instance
UtcNow returns current UTC date DateTime currentDateTimeUTC =
DateTime.UtcNow;
and time
MaxValue returns max value of DateTime maxDateTimeValue =
DateTime.MaxValue;
DateTime
MinValue returns min value of DateTime minDateTimeValue =
DateTime.MinValue;
DateTime
Ticks TimeSpan ToLongDateString()
Add() TotalDays ToLongTimeString()
AddDays() TotalHours ToShortDateString()
AddHours() Seconds ToShortTimeString()
AddMilisecond() TotalMinutes DayIsMonth(,)
AddMinutes() TotalMiliSeconds IsleapYear()
AddMonts TimeSpan CompareTo(DateTime )
AddSeconds() TotalDays ToString(string )
AddYears() TotalHours Parse(string)
ToLongDateString() ToLongTimeString()

 TimeSpan

TimeSpan is a struct that is used to represent time in days, hour, minutes, seconds, and milliseconds.
Ex:
DateTime dt4 = new DateTime(2015, 12, 31);

TimeSpan ts = new TimeSpan(25, 20, 55);

DateTime newDate = dt4.Add(ts);

Console.WriteLine(newDate);

 Subtraction of two dates results in TimeSpan

DateTime dt4 = new DateTime(2015, 12, 31);

TimeSpan ts = new TimeSpan(25, 20, 55);
DateTime newDate = dt4.Add(ts);
Console.WriteLine(newDate);

o Operators
The DateTime struct overloads +, -, ==, !=, >, <, <=, >= operators to ease out addition,
subtraction, and comparison of dates. These make it easy to work with dates.

DateTime dt1 = new DateTime(2015, 12, 20);

DateTime dt2 = new DateTime(2016, 12, 31, 5, 10, 20);
TimeSpan time = new TimeSpan(10, 5, 25, 50);

Console.WriteLine(dt2 + time); // 1/10/2017 10:36:10 AM

Console.WriteLine(dt2 - dt1); //377.05:10:20
Console.WriteLine(dt1 == dt2); //False
Console.WriteLine(dt1 != dt2); //True
Console.WriteLine(dt1 > dt2); //False
Console.WriteLine(dt1 < dt2); //True
Console.WriteLine(dt1 >= dt2); //False
Console.WriteLine(dt1 <= dt2);//True

 Convert DateTime to String

The DateTime struct includes the following methods to convert a date and time to string.

string str = "7/10/1974 7:10:24 AM";

DateTime dt;

var isValidDate = DateTime.TryParse(str, out dt);

if (isValidDate)
Console.WriteLine(dt);
else
Console.WriteLine($"{str} is not a valid date string");
 CHAPTER 13
13. Math Class
The C# Math class has many methods that allows you to perform mathematical tasks on numbers.
Math class comes under the System namespace. It is used to provide static methods and constants for
logarithmic, trigonometric, and other useful mathematical functions. It is a static class and inherits the
object class.

public static class Math class contains the two fields i.e. E and PI.

 Math.E Field: This field represents the natural logarithmic base, specified by the constant, e.
 Math.PI Field: It represents the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, specified
by the constant, PI(π).

Ex:

using System;

namespace Math_Pi_E
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// To find E constant values
double e = Math.E;

// Print result
Console.WriteLine("Math.E = " + e);

// To find PI constant values

double pi_value = Math.PI;

// Print result
Console.WriteLine("Math.PI = " + pi_value);
}
}
}
Math class contains methods:

Method Description
Abs() Returns the absolute value of a specified number.
Acos() Returns the angle whose cosine is the specified number.
Acosh() Returns the Inverse hyperbolic cosine of the specified number.
Asin() Returns the angle whose sine is the specified number.
Asinh() Returns the Inverse hyperbolic sine of the specified number.
Atan() Returns the angle whose tangent is the specified number.
Atanh() Returns the Inverse hyperbolic tangent of the specified number.
BigMul() Produces the full product of two 32-bit numbers.
Cbrt() Returns the cube root of a specified value.
Returns the smallest integral value greater than or equal to the
Ceiling() specified number.
Clamp() It is used to restrict a value to a given range.
Cos() Returns the cosine of the specified angle.
Cosh() Returns the hyperbolic cosine of the specified angle.
Calculates the quotient of two numbers and also returns the
DivRem() remainder in an output parameter.
Exp() Returns e raised to the specified power.
Returns the largest integral value less than or equal to the specified
Floor() number.
Returns the remainder resulting from the division of a specified
IEEERemainder() number by another specified number.
Log() Returns the logarithm of a specified number.
Log10() Returns the base 10 logarithm of a specified number.
Max() Returns the larger of two specified numbers.
Min() Returns the smaller of two numbers.
Pow() Returns a specified number raised to the specified power.
Rounds a value to the nearest integer or to the specified number of
Round() fractional digits.
Sign() Returns an integer that indicates the sign of a number.
Sin() Returns the sine of the specified angle.
Sinh() Returns the hyperbolic sine of the specified angle.
Sqrt() Returns the square root of a specified number.
Tan() Returns the tangent of the specified angle.
Tanh() Returns the hyperbolic tangent of the specified angle.
Truncate() Calculates the integral part of a number.

using System;

namespace MAth_Methods
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// using Floor() Method
Console.WriteLine("Floor value of 123.123: "
+ Math.Floor(123.123));

// using Asin() Method

Console.WriteLine("Asin value of 0.35: "
+ Math.Asin(0.35));

// using Sqrt() Method

Console.WriteLine("Square Root of 81: "
+ Math.Sqrt(81));

// using Round() Method

Console.WriteLine("Round value of 14.6534: "
+ Math.Round(14.6534));
}
}
}
 CHAPTER 14
14. Class [22]
Procedural programming is about writing procedures or methods that perform operations on the data,
while object-oriented programming is about creating objects that contain both data and methods.
Object-oriented programming (OOP) has several advantages over procedural programming:

 OOP is faster and easier to execute

 OOP provides a clear structure for the programs
 OOP helps to keep the C# code DRY "Don't Repeat Yourself", and makes the code
easier to maintain, modify and debug
 OOP makes it possible to create full reusable applications with less code and shorter
development time

 Classes and Objects

Classes and objects are the two main aspects of object-oriented programming. Look at the following
illustration to see the difference between class and objects:

Class Objects
Apple
Car Banana
Strawberry

So, a class is a template for objects, and an object is an instance of a class. When the individual objects
are created, they inherit all the variables and methods from the class.

Everything in C# is associated with classes and objects, along with its attributes and methods. For
example: in real life, a car is an object. The car has attributes, such as weight and color, and methods,
such as drive and brake.

 Create a Class
To create a class, use the class keyword:

Create a class named "Car" with a variable color:

 class Car
{
string color = "red";
}

When a variable is declared directly in a class, it is often referred to as a field (or attribute)

 Create an Object

An object is created from a class. We have already created the class named Car, so now we can use
this to create objects. To create an object of Car, specify the class name, followed by the object name,
and use the keyword new. Create an object called “myObj” and use it to print the value of color:

Ex:

using System;

namespace Create_Obj_Class
{
class Car
{
string color = "red";
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Car myObj = new Car();
Console.WriteLine(myObj.color);
}
}
}

 Using Multiple Classes

You can also create an object of a class and access it in another class. This is often used for better
organization of classes (one class has all the fields and methods, while the other class holds the Main()
method). Car.cs and Program.cs

Car.cs

using System;

namespace MyApplication
{
class Car
{
public string color = "red";
}
}
Program.cs
using System;

namespace MyApplication
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Car myObj = new Car();
Console.WriteLine(myObj.color);
}
}
}

The color variable/field of Car is accessible for other classes as well, such as Program.So, we must use
“public” access modifier.

 Class Members
Fields and methods inside classes are often referred to as "Class Members". For example, Create a Car
class with three class members: two fields and one method.

class MyClass
{
// Class members
string color = "red"; // field
int maxSpeed = 200; // field
public void fullThrottle() // method
{
Console.WriteLine("The car is going as fast as it can!");
}
}

 Fields
The variables inside a class are called fields, and that you can access them by creating an object of the
class, and by using the dot syntax (.).

The following example will create an object of the Car class, with the name myObj. Then we print the
value of the fields color and maxSpeed:

class Car
{
string color = "red";
int maxSpeed = 200;

static void Main(string[] args)

{
Car myObj = new Car();
Console.WriteLine(myObj.color);
Console.WriteLine(myObj.maxSpeed);
}
}
Ex: This is especially useful when creating multiple objects of one class.
using System;

namespace MyApplication
{
class Car
{
string model;
string color;
int year;

static void Main(string[] args)

{
Car Ford = new Car();
Ford.model = "Mustang";
Ford.color = "red";
Ford.year = 1969;

Car Opel = new Car();

Opel.model = "Astra";
Opel.color = "white";
Opel.year = 2005;

Console.WriteLine(Ford.model);
Console.WriteLine(Opel.model);
}
}
}

 Object Methods
Methods normally belongs to a class, and they define how an object of a class behaves. Just like with
fields, you can access methods with the dot syntax. However, note that the method must be public.
And remember that we use the name of the method followed by two parantheses () and a semicolon; to
call the method.

Ex:

using System;

namespace Create_Methods_Class
{
class Car
{
string color; // field
int maxSpeed; // field
public void fullThrottle() // method
{
Console.WriteLine("The car is going as fast as it can!");
}

static void Main(string[] args)

{
Car myObj = new Car();
myObj.fullThrottle(); // Call the method
}
 }
}

We declare the method as public, and not static .The reason is simple: a static method can be accessed
without creating an object of the class, while public methods can only be accessed by objects.

 Constructors
A constructor is a special method that is used to initialize objects. The advantage of a constructor, is
that it is called when an object of a class is created. It can be used to set initial values for fields.

Ex:
using System;

namespace Create_Constructor
{
// Create a Car class
class Car
{
public string model; // Create a field

// Create a class constructor for the Car class

public Car()
{
model = "Mustang"; // Set the initial value for model
}

static void Main(string[] args)

{
Car Ford = new Car(); // Create an object of the Car Class (this
will call the constructor)
Console.WriteLine(Ford.model); // Print the value of model
}
}
}

Note that the constructor name must match the class name, and it cannot have a return type (like void
or int). Also note that the constructor is called when the object is created. All classes have constructors
by default: if you do not create a class constructor yourself, C# creates one for you. However, then you
are not able to set initial values for fields. Constructors save time!

 Constructor Parameters

Constructors can also take parameters, which is used to initialize fields.

The following example adds a string modelName parameter to the constructor. Inside the constructor
we set model to modelName (model=modelName). When we call the constructor, we pass a
parameter to the constructor ("Mustang"), which will set the value of model to “Mustang”.
Ex:

using System;

namespace Create_Constructor_Parameter
{
class Car
{
public string model;
public string color;
public int year;

// Create a class constructor with multiple parameters

public Car(string modelName, string modelColor, int modelYear)
{
model = modelName;
color = modelColor;
year = modelYear;
}

static void Main(string[] args)

{
Car Ford = new Car("Mustang", "Red", 1969);
Console.WriteLine(Ford.color + " " + Ford.year + " " +
Ford.model);
}
}
}

When you consider the example from the previous chapter, you will notice that constructors are very
useful, as they help reducing the amount of code:

Without constructor Program.cs With constructor Program.cs

class Program class Program
{ {
static void Main(string[] args) static void Main(string[] args)
{ {
Car Ford = new Car(); Car Ford = new Car("Mustang",
Ford.model = "Mustang"; "Red", 1969);
Ford.color = "red"; Car Opel = new Car("Astra",
Ford.year = 1969; "White", 2005);

Car Opel = new Car();

Opel.model = "Astra"; Console.WriteLine(Ford.model);
Opel.color = "white";
Opel.year = 2005; Console.WriteLine(Opel.model);
}
}
Console.WriteLine(Ford.model);

Console.WriteLine(Opel.model);
}
}
  Access Modifiers

C# has the following access modifiers:

Modifier Description
public The code is accessible for all classes
private The code is only accessible within the same
class
protected The code is accessible within the same class, or
in a class that is inherited from that class. You
will learn more about inheritance in a later
chapter
internal The code is only accessible within its own
assembly, but not from another assembly. You
will learn more about this in a later chapter

o Private Modifier

If you declare a field with a private access modifier, it can only be accessed within the same class. By
default, all members of a class are private if you don't specify an access modifier. To achieve
"Encapsulation" - which is the process of making sure that "sensitive" data is hidden from users. This
is done by declaring fields as private.

using System;

namespace MyApplication
{
class Car
{
private string model = "Mustang";

static void Main(string[] args)

{
Car myObj = new Car();
Console.WriteLine(myObj.model);
}
}
}

If you try to access it outside the class, an error will ocur.

Car.cs Program.cs
using System; using System;

namespace MyApplication namespace MyApplication

{ {
 class Car class Program
{ {
private string model = static void Main(string[]
"Mustang"; args)
} {
} Car myObj = new Car();

Console.WriteLine(myObj.model);
}
}
}

o Public Modifier

If you declare a field with a public access modifier, it is accessible for all classes.

Car.cs Program.cs
using System; using System;

namespace MyApplication namespace MyApplication

{ {
class Car class Program
{ {
public string model = static void Main(string[]
"Mustang"; args)
} {
} Car myObj = new Car();

Console.WriteLine(myObj.model);
}
}
}

 C# Properties (Get and Set)

Properties and Encapsulation

Encapsulation is to make sure that sensitive data is hidden from users. To achieve this:

 declare fields/variables as private

 provide public get and set methods, through properties, to access and update the value of a
private field

o Properties

Private variables can only be accessed within the same class (an outside class has no access to it).
However, sometimes we need to access them - and it can be done with properties. A property is like a
combination of a variable and a method, and it has two methods: a get and a set method.

Ex:
 Person.cs Program.cs
using System; using System;

namespace MyApplication namespace MyApplication

{ {
class Person class Program
{ {
private string name; //
field static void Main(string[]
public string Name // args)
property {
{ Person myObj = new
get { return name; } Person();
set { name = value; } myObj.Name = "Liam";
}
} Console.WriteLine(myObj.Name);
} }
}
}

The Name property is associated with the name field. It is a good practice to use the same name for
both the property and the private field, but with an uppercase first letter. The get method returns the
value of the variable name. The set method assigns a value to the name variable. The value keyword
represents the value we assign to the property. We can use the Name property to access and update the
private field of the Person class

o Automatic Properties

C# also provides a way to use short-hand / automatic properties, where you do not have to define the
field for the property, and you only have to write get; and set; inside the property. The following
example will produce the same result as the example above. The only difference is that there is less
code:

Ex:

Person.cs Program.cs
using System; using System;

namespace MyApplication namespace MyApplication

{ {
class Person class Program
{ {
public string Name //
property static void Main(string[]
{ get; set; } args)
} {
} Person myObj = new
Person();
myObj.Name = "Liam";

Console.WriteLine(myObj.Name);
}
 }
}

We use Encapsulation, because;

 Better control of class members (reduce the possibility of yourself (or others) to mess up the
code)
 Fields can be made read-only (if you only use the get method), or write-only (if you only use
the set method)
 Flexible: the programmer can change one part of the code without affecting other parts
 Increased security of data

 Inheritance

It is possible to inherit fields and methods from one class to another. We group the “inheritance
concept” into two categories:

 Derived Class (child): the class that inherits from another class
 Base Class (parent): the class being inherited from

To inherit from a class, use the : symbol. It is useful for code reusability: reuse fields and methods of
an existing class when you create a new class.

In the example below, the Car class (child) inherits the fields and methods from the Vehicle class
(parent):

Ex:

Vehicle.cs Car.cs Program.cs

using System; using System; using System;

namespace MyApplication namespace namespace MyApplication

{ MyApplication {
class Vehicle // { class Program
Base class class Car : {
{ Vehicle // Derived static void
public string class Main(string[] args)
brand = "Ford"; // { {
Vehicle field public string // Create a
public void modelName = "Mustang"; myCar object
honk() // // Car field Car myCar =
Vehicle method } new Car();
{ }
// Call the
Console.WriteLine("Tuut, honk() method (From the
tuut!"); Vehicle class) on the
} myCar object
} myCar.honk();
 }
// Display the
value of the brand field
(from the Vehicle class)
and the value of the
modelName from the Car
class

Console.WriteLine(myCar.br
and + " " +
myCar.modelName);
}
}
}

If you don't want other classes to inherit from a class, use the sealed keyword.

sealed class Vehicle

{
...
}
class Car : Vehicle
{
...
}

 Polymorphism

Polymorphism means “many forms”, and it occurs when we have many classes that are related to each
other by inheritance. Inheritance lets us inherit fields and methods from another class. Polymorphism
uses those methods to perform different tasks. This allows us to perform a single action in different
ways.

For example, think of a base class called Animal that has a method called animalSound(). Derived
classes of Animals could be Pigs, Cats, Dogs, Birds. And they also have their own implementation of
an animal sound (the pig oinks, and the cat meows, etc.).

Ex:

using System;

namespace Polymorphism
{
 class Animal // Base class (parent)
{
public virtual void animalSound()
{
Console.WriteLine("The animal makes a sound");
}
}

class Pig : Animal // Derived class (child)

{
public override void animalSound()
{
Console.WriteLine("The pig says: wee wee");
}
}

class Dog : Animal // Derived class (child)

{
public override void animalSound()
{
Console.WriteLine("The dog says: bow wow");
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Animal myAnimal = new Animal(); // Create a Animal object
Animal myPig = new Pig(); // Create a Pig object
Animal myDog = new Dog(); // Create a Dog object

myAnimal.animalSound();
myPig.animalSound();
myDog.animalSound();
}
}
}

 Abstraction

Data abstraction is the process of hiding certain details and showing only essential information to the
user. The abstract keyword is used for classes and methods.

Abstract class: is a restricted class that cannot be used to create objects (to access it, it must be
inherited from another class).

Abstract method: can only be used in an abstract class, and it does not have a body. The body is
provided by the derived class (inherited from).

An abstract class can have both abstract and regular methods.

Ex:

using System;
namespace Abstract
{// Abstract class
abstract class Animal
{
// Abstract method (does not have a body)
public abstract void animalSound();
// Regular method
public void sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Zzz");
}
}

// Derived class (inherit from Animal)

class Pig : Animal
{
public override void animalSound()
{
// The body of animalSound() is provided here
Console.WriteLine("The pig says: wee wee");
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Pig myPig = new Pig(); // Create a Pig object
myPig.animalSound();
myPig.sleep();
}
}
}
 CHAPTER 15
15. Windows Form Application Creating

When you create a Windows Forms App project, you actually build a program that runs. For now, it
displays an empty window that shows Form1 in the title bar.

15.1.How to run your app?

1. Choose one of the following methods:

 Choose the F5 key.

On the menu bar, choose Debug > Start Debugging.
  On the toolbar, choose the Start Debugging button, which appears as follows:
Start Debugging toolbar button

2. Visual Studio runs your app, and a window called Form1 appears. The following screenshot shows
the app you just built.

3. Go back to the Visual Studio integrated development environment (IDE), and then look at the new
toolbar. Additional buttons appear on the toolbar when you run an application. These buttons let you
do things like stop and start your app, and help you track down any errors (bugs) it may have. For this
example, we're using it to start and stop the app.

4. Use one of the following methods to stop your app:

On the toolbar, choose the Stop Debugging button.

On the menu bar, choose Debug > Stop Debugging.

Use your keyboard and press Shift+F5.

Choose the X button in the upper corner of the Form1 window.

15.2. Windows Form Application Environment Design

Visual Studio will display a default blank form, onto which you can drag the controls onto your
applications main form and adjust their size and position.

1. Form
You can see a default Form (Form1) in the new C# project. The Windows Form you see in Designer
view is a visual representation of the window that will open when your application is opened.

At the top of the form there is a title bar which displays the forms title. Form1 is the default name, and
you can change the name to your convenience. The title bar also includes the control box, which holds
the minimize, maximize, and close buttons.If you want to set any properties of the Form, you can use
Visual Studio Property window to change it. If you do not see the Properties window, on the View
menu, click Properties window. This window lists the properties of the currently selected Windows
Form or control, and its here that you can change the existing values.

To change the forms title from Form1 to MyForm, click on Form1 and move to the right side down
Properties window, set Text property to MyForm. Then you can see the Title of the form is changed.
Likewise you can set any properties of Form through Properties window.

You can also set the properties of the Form1 through coding. For coding, you should right-click the
design surface or code window and then clicking View Code [23].
When you right click on Form then you will get code behind window, there you can write your code.

Form object has many properties in Properties menu. These:

Form object has many events in Properties menu. These:

Locate the toolbox on the side of the Form1. If the toolbox is not visible, pull down the View menu
and select Toolbox. Drag and drop an item from the tool box to the form.
Detailed descriptions of each feature and event can be found in Microsoft documentation [24].

2. Button [25]

A Button is an essential part of an application, or software, or webpage. It allows the user to interact
with the application or software. For example, if a user wants to exit from the current application so,
he/she click the exit button which closes the application. It can be used to perform many actions like to
submit, upload, download, etc. according to the requirement of your program. It can be available with
different shape, size, color, etc. and you can reuse them in different applications. In .NET Framework,
Button class is used to represent windows button control and it is inherited from ButtonBase class. It is
defined under System.Windows.Forms namespace.

In C# you can create a button on the windows form by using two different ways:

1. Design-Time: It is the easiest method to create a button. Use the below steps:
 Step 1: Create a windows form.
 Step 2: Drag the Button control from the ToolBox and drop it on the windows form. You are
allowed to place a Button control anywhere on the windows form according to your need.
Step 3: After drag and drop you will go to the properties of the Button control to set the properties of
the Button.

2. Run-Time You can create your own Button using the Button class.

 Step 1: Create a button using the Button() constructor is provided by the Button class.
// Creating Button using Button class
Button MyButton = new Button();

 Step 2: After creating Button, set the properties of the Button provided by the Button class.

// Set the location of the button

Mybutton.Location = new Point(225, 198);

// Set text inside the button

Mybutton.Text = "Submit";

// Set the AutoSize property of the button

Mybutton.AutoSize = true;

// Set the background color of the button

Mybutton.BackColor = Color.LightBlue;
// Set the padding of the button
Mybutton.Padding = new Padding(6);

// Set font of the text present in the button

Mybutton.Font = new Font("French Script MT", 18);

 Step 3: And last add this button control to form using Add() method.

// Add this Button to form

this.Controls.Add(Mybutton);

 Important Properties of Button

PROPERTY DESCRIPTION

Using BackColor property you can set the background color of the
BackColor button.

Using BackgroundImage poperty you can set the background image on

BackgroundImage the button.

Using AutoEllipsis property you can set a value which shows that
whether the ellipsis character (…) appears at the right edge of the
control which denotes that the button text extends beyond the specified
AutoEllipsis length of the button.

Using AutoSize property you can set a value which shows whether the
AutoSize button resizes based on its contents.

Using Enabled property you can set a value which shows whether the
Enabled button can respond to user interaction.

Using Events property you can get the list of the event handlers that are
Events applied on the given button.

Font Using Font property you can set the font of the button.

FontHeight Using FontHeight property you can set the height of the font.
 Using ForeColor property you can set the foreground color of the
ForeColor button.

Height Using Height property you can set the height of the button.

Image Using Image property you can set the image on the button.

Margin Using Margin property you can set the margin between controls.

Name Using Name property you can set the name of the button.

Padding Using Padding property you can set the padding within the button.

Visible Using Visible property you can set a value which shows whether the
button and all its child buttons are displayed.

 Important Events of Button

EVENT DESCRIPTION
Click This event occur when the button is clicked.
This event occur when the user performs
DoubleClick double click on the button.
This event occur when the control is
Enter entered.
This event occur when the character, or
space, or backspace key is pressed while
KeyPress the control has focus.
This event occur when the input focus
Leave leaves the control.
This event occur when you click the mouse
MouseClick pointer on the button.
This event occur when you double click the
MouseDoubleClick mouse pointer on the button.
This event occur when the mouse pointer
MouseHover placed on the button.
MouseLeave This event occur when the mouse pointer
 leaves the button.

Ex:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace FormApp_Introduction
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{

// Creating and setting the properties of label

Label l = new Label();
l.AutoSize = true;
l.Text = "Do you want to submit this project?";
l.Location = new Point(222, 145);
l.Font = new Font("French Script MT", 18);
// Adding this label to form
this.Controls.Add(l);

// Creating and setting the properties of Button

Button Mybutton = new Button();
Mybutton.Location = new Point(225, 198);
Mybutton.Text = "Submit";
Mybutton.AutoSize = true;
Mybutton.BackColor = Color.LightBlue;
Mybutton.Padding = new Padding(6);
Mybutton.Font = new Font("French Script MT", 18);

// Adding this button to form

this.Controls.Add(Mybutton);

// Creating and setting the properties of Button

Button Mybutton1 = new Button();
Mybutton1.Location = new Point(360, 198);
Mybutton1.Text = "Cancel";
Mybutton1.AutoSize = true;
Mybutton1.BackColor = Color.LightPink;
Mybutton1.Padding = new Padding(6);
Mybutton1.Font = new Font("French Script MT", 18);

// Adding this button to form

this.Controls.Add(Mybutton1);
}
 }
}

3. TextBox
In Windows forms, TextBox plays an important role. With the help of TextBox, the user can enter data
in the application, it can be of a single line or of multiple lines. In TextBox, you are allowed to set the
text associated with the TextBox by using the Text property of the TextBox. In Windows form, you
can set this property in two different ways:

1. Design-Time: It is the simplest way to set the Text property of the TextBox as shown in the
following steps:
 Step 1: Create a windows form.
 Step 2: Drag the TextBox control from the ToolBox and Drop it on the windows form.
You can place TextBox anywhere on the windows form according to your need.
 Step 3: After drag and drop you will go to the properties of the TextBox control to set the
Text property of the TextBox.

2. Run-Time: Following steps are used to set the Text property of the TextBox:

Step 1 : Create a textbox using the TextBox() constructor provided by the TextBox class.

// Creating textbox
TextBox Mytextbox = new TextBox();
Step 2 : After creating TextBox set the Text property of the TextBox provided by the TextBox class.

// Set Text property

Mytextbox.Text = "Enter City Name...";

Step 3 : And last add this textbox control to from using Add() method.

// Add this textbox to form

this.Controls.Add(Mytextbox);

 Important properties of TextBox

PROPERTY DESCRIPTION
This property is used to set a value which shows
whether pressing ENTER in a multiline TextBox
control creates a new line of text in the control
or activates the default button for the given
AcceptsReturn form.
This property is used to adjust the size of the
AutoSize TextBox according to the content.
This property is used to set the background color
BackColor of the TextBox.
This property is used to adjust the border type of
BorderStyle the textbox.
This property is used to check whether the
TextBox control modifies the case of characters
CharacterCasing as they are typed.
This property is used to provide a list of event
Events handlers that are attached to this Component.
This property is used to adjust the font of the
Font text displayed by the textbox control.
This property is used to adjust the foreground
ForeColor color of the textbox control.
This property is used to adjust the coordinates of
the upper-left corner of the textbox control
Location relative to the upper-left corner of its form.
Margin This property is used to set the margin between
 two textbox controls.
This property is used to set the maximum
number of characters the user can type or paste
MaxLength into the text box control.
This property is used to set a value which shows
Multiline whether this is a multiline TextBox control.
This property is used to provide a name to the
Name TextBox control.
This property is used to set the character used to
mask characters of a password in a single-line
PasswordChar TextBox control.
This property is used to set which scroll bars
ScrollBars should appear in a multiline TextBox control.
This property is used to set the text associated
Text with this control.
This property is used to adjust the alignment of
the text in the TextBox control.
TextAlign
This property is used to get the length of the text
TextLength in the TextBox control.
This property is used to set a value which shows
whether the text in the TextBox control should
UseSystemPasswordChar appear as the default password character.
This property is used to get or set a value which
determine whether the control and all its child
Visible controls are displayed.

Ex: Textbox properties

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace TextBox_Application
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
 public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
// Creating and setting the properties of Lable1
Label Mylablel = new Label();
Mylablel.Location = new Point(96, 54);
Mylablel.Text = "City";
Mylablel.AutoSize = true;
Mylablel.BackColor = Color.LightGray;

// Add this label to form

this.Controls.Add(Mylablel);

// Creating and setting the properties of TextBox1

TextBox Mytextbox = new TextBox();
Mytextbox.Location = new Point(187, 51);
Mytextbox.BackColor = Color.LightGray;
Mytextbox.ForeColor = Color.DarkOliveGreen;
Mytextbox.AutoSize = true;
Mytextbox.Name = "text_box1";
Mytextbox.Text = "Enter City Name...";
Mytextbox.TextAlign = HorizontalAlignment.Center;

// Add this textbox to form

this.Controls.Add(Mytextbox);
}
}
}

Ex: How to set the PasswordChar of the TextBox in C#?

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace my
{

public partial class Form1 : Form

{
 public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
// Creating and setting the properties of Lable1
Label Mylablel1 = new Label();
Mylablel1.Location = new Point(96, 54);
Mylablel1.Text = "Enter Name";
Mylablel1.AutoSize = true;
Mylablel1.BackColor = Color.LightGray;

// Add this label to form

this.Controls.Add(Mylablel1);

// Creating and setting the properties of TextBox1

TextBox Mytextbox1 = new TextBox();
Mytextbox1.Location = new Point(187, 51);
Mytextbox1.BackColor = Color.LightGray;
Mytextbox1.AutoSize = true;
Mytextbox1.Name = "text_box1";

// Add this textbox to form

this.Controls.Add(Mytextbox1);

// Creating and setting the properties of Lable1

Label Mylablel2 = new Label();
Mylablel2.Location = new Point(96, 102);
Mylablel2.Text = "Enter Password";
Mylablel2.AutoSize = true;
Mylablel2.BackColor = Color.LightGray;

// Add this label to form

this.Controls.Add(Mylablel2);

// Creating and setting the properties of TextBox2

TextBox Mytextbox2 = new TextBox();
Mytextbox2.Location = new Point(187, 99);
Mytextbox2.BackColor = Color.LightGray;
Mytextbox2.AutoSize = true;
Mytextbox2.PasswordChar = '^';
Mytextbox2.Name = "text_box2";

// Add this textbox to form

this.Controls.Add(Mytextbox2);
}
}
}
Ex: How to set Scrollbar in TextBox in C#?
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace ScrolbarTexrbox_Application
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
// Creating and setting the properties of Lable1
Label Mylablel = new Label();
Mylablel.Location = new Point(96, 54);
Mylablel.Text = "Introduction";
Mylablel.AutoSize = true;
Mylablel.BackColor = Color.LightGray;

// Add this label to form

this.Controls.Add(Mylablel);

// Creating and setting the properties of TextBox1

TextBox Mytextbox = new TextBox();
Mytextbox.Location = new Point(187, 51);
Mytextbox.BackColor = Color.LightGray;
Mytextbox.ForeColor = Color.DarkOliveGreen;
Mytextbox.Height = 100;
Mytextbox.Width = 200;
Mytextbox.Name = "text_box1";
Mytextbox.Multiline = true;
Mytextbox.ScrollBars = ScrollBars.Vertical;
Mytextbox.CharacterCasing = CharacterCasing.Upper;

// Add this textbox to form

this.Controls.Add(Mytextbox);
}
}
}

Ex: How to set Default Password Character in TextBox in C#?

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace TextboxPassword_Application
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
// Creating and setting the properties of Lable1
Label Mylablel = new Label();
Mylablel.Location = new Point(96, 54);
Mylablel.Text = "Enter Password";
Mylablel.AutoSize = true;
Mylablel.BackColor = Color.LightGray;

// Add this label to form

this.Controls.Add(Mylablel);

// Creating and setting the properties of TextBox1

TextBox Mytextbox = new TextBox();
Mytextbox.Location = new Point(187, 51);
Mytextbox.BackColor = Color.LightGray;
Mytextbox.ForeColor = Color.DarkOliveGreen;
Mytextbox.AutoSize = true;
Mytextbox.Name = "text_box1";
Mytextbox.Multiline = true;
Mytextbox.UseSystemPasswordChar = true;

// Add this textbox to form

this.Controls.Add(Mytextbox);
}
}
}

4. Label
In Windows Forms, Label control is used to display text on the form and it does not take part in user
input or in mouse or keyboard events. The Label is a class and it is defined under
System.Windows.Forms namespace.
  Important Properties of the Label Control

PROPERTY DESCRIPTION
This property is used to set a value indicating whether the Label
AutoSize control is automatically resized to display its entire contents.
This property is used to set the background color for the Label
BackColor control.
This property is used to set the background image for the Label
BackgroundImage control.
BorderStyle This property is used to set the border style for the Label control.
This property is used to set the flat style appearance of the label
FlatStyle control.
This property is used to set the font of the text displayed by the
Font Label control.
This property is used to set the height of the font of the Label
FontHeight control.
This property is used to set the foreground color of the Label
ForeColor control.
Height This property is used to set the height of the Label control.
This property is used to set the image that is displayed on a
Image Label.
This property is used to set the coordinates of the upper-left
corner of the Label control relative to the upper-left corner of its
Location form.
Name This property is used to set the name of the Label control.
Padding This property is used to set padding within the Label control.
This property is used to set the height and width of the Label
Size control.
This property is used to set the text associated with this Label
Text control.
TextAlign This property is used to set the alignment of text in the label.
This property is used to set a value indicating whether the
Visible control and all its child controls are displayed.
Width This property is used to set the width of the Label control.
Ex:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
 using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace Label_Application
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
// Creating and setting the label
Label mylab = new Label();
mylab.Text = "GeeksforGeeks";
mylab.Location = new Point(222, 90);
mylab.AutoSize = true;
mylab.Font = new Font("Calibri", 18);
mylab.ForeColor = Color.Green;
mylab.Padding = new Padding(6);
// Adding this control to the form
this.Controls.Add(mylab);
label1.BackColor = Color.Red;
}
}
}

5. RadioButton
In Windows Forms, RadioButton control is used to select a single option among the group of the
options. For example, select your gender from the given list, so you will choose only one option
among three options like Male or Female. In C#, RadioButton is a class and it is defined under
System.Windows.Forms namespace. In RadioButton, you are allowed to display text, image, or both
and when you select one radio button in a group other radio buttons automatically clear.

 Important Properties

PROPERTY DESCRIPTION
This property is used to set a value determining
Appearance the appearance of the RadioButton.
This property is used to set a value indicating
whether the Checked value and the appearance
of the RadioButton control automatically change
AutoCheck when the RadioButton control is clicked.
AutoSize This property is used to set a value that indicates
whether the RadioButton control resizes based
 on its contents.
This property is used to set the background color
BackColor of the RadioButton control.
This property is used to set the location of the
CheckAlign check box portion of the RadioButton.
This property is used to set a value indicating
Checked whether the RadioButton control is checked.
This property is used to set the font of the text
Font displayed by the RadioButton control.
This property is used to set the foreground color
ForeColor of the RadioButton control.
This property is used to sets the coordinates of
the upper-left corner of the RadioButton control
Location relative to the upper-left corner of its form.
This property is used to sets the name of the
Name RadioButton control.
This property is used to sets padding within the
Padding RadioButton control.
This property is used to set the text associated
Text with this RadioButton control.
This property is used to set the alignment of the
TextAlign text on the RadioButton control.
This property is used to set a value indicating
whether the RadioButton control and all its child
Visible controls are displayed.

 Important Events

EVENT DESCRIPTION
This event occurs when the RadioButton control
Click is clicked.
This event occurs when the value of the
CheckedChanged Checked property changes.
This event occurs when the Appearance property
AppearanceChanged value changes.
This event occurs when the user double-clicks
DoubleClick the RadioButton control.
 This event occurs when the input focus leaves
Leave the RadioButton control.
This event occurs when the RadioButton control
MouseClick is clicked by the mouse.
This event occurs when the user double-clicks
MouseDoubleClick the RadioButton control with the mouse.
This event occurs when the mouse pointer rests
MouseHover on the RadioButton control.

Ex:

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace RadioButton_Application
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
// Creating and setting label
Label l = new Label();
l.AutoSize = true;
l.Location = new Point(176, 40);
l.Text = "Select Post:";
l.Font = new Font("Berlin Sans FB", 12);

// Adding this label to the form

this.Controls.Add(l);

// Creating and setting the

// properties of the RadioButton
RadioButton r1 = new RadioButton();
r1.AutoSize = true;
r1.Text = "Intern";
r1.Location = new Point(286, 40);
r1.Font = new Font("Berlin Sans FB", 12);
r1.Checked = true;

// Adding this label to the form

this.Controls.Add(r1);
 // Creating and setting the
// properties of the RadioButton
RadioButton r2 = new RadioButton();
r2.AutoSize = true;
r2.Text = "Team Leader";
r2.Location = new Point(356, 40);
r2.Font = new Font("Berlin Sans FB", 12);
// Adding this label to the form
this.Controls.Add(r2);

// Creating and setting the

// properties of the RadioButton
RadioButton r3 = new RadioButton();
r3.AutoSize = true;
r3.Text = "Software Engineer";
r3.Location = new Point(480, 40);
r3.Font = new Font("Berlin Sans FB", 12);
r3.Checked = true;

// Adding this label to the form

this.Controls.Add(r3);
}
}
}

6. ComboBox
A ComboBox displays a text box combined with a ListBox, which enables the user to select items
from the list or enter a new value. The user can type a value in the text field or click the button to
display a drop down list. You can add individual objects with the Add method. You can delete items
with the Remove method or clear the entire list with the Clear method.

 Important Properties of the ComboBox

PROPERTY DESCRIPTION
This property is used to set the background color
BackColor for the ComboBox control.
This property is used to set the height in pixels
of the drop-down portion of the ComboBox
DropDownHeight control.
This property is used to set a value specifying
DropDownStyle the style of the ComboBox control.
DropDownWidth This property is used to set the width of the of
 the drop-down portion of a ComboBox control.
This property is used to set the font of the text
Font displayed by the ComboBox control.
This property is used to set the foreground color
ForeColor of the ComboBox control.
This property is used to set the height of the
Height ComboBox control.
This property is used to get an object
representing the collection of the items
Items contained in this ComboBox control.
This property is used to set the maximum
number of items to be shown in the drop-down
MaxDropDownItems portion of the ComboBox control.
This property is used to set the number of
characters a user can type into the ComboBox
MaxLength control.
This property is used to set the name of the
Name ComboBox control.
This property is used to set currently selected
SelectedItem item in the ComboBox.
This property is used to set the height and width
Size of the ComboBox control.
This property is used to set a value indicating
Sorted whether the items in the combo box are sorted.
This property is used to set the text associated
Text with this ComboBox control.
This property is used to set a value indicating
whether the control and all its child controls are
Visible displayed.

 Important Events

EVENT DESCRIPTION
This event occur when the ComboBox control is
Click clicked.
DragDrop This event occur when a drag-and-drop
 operation is completed.
This event occur when the drop-down portion of
DropDown a ComboBox is shown.
This event occur when the drop-down portion of
DropDownClosed the ComboBox is no longer visible.
This event occur when the DropDownStyle
DropDownStyleChanged property has changed.
This event occur when the input focus leaves the
Leave ComboBox control.
This event occur when the ComboBox control is
MouseClick clicked by the mouse.
This event occur when the ComboBox control is
MouseDoubleClick double clicked by the mouse.
This event occur when the mouse pointer is over
the ComboBox control and a mouse button is
MouseDown pressed.
This event occur when the mouse pointer enters
MouseEnter the ComboBox control.
This event occur when the mouse pointer rests
MouseHover on the ComboBox control.
This event occur when the SelectedIndex
SelectedIndexChanged property has changed.

Ex:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace Combobox_Application
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

 {
// Creating and setting the properties of label
Label l = new Label();
l.Location = new Point(30, 40);
l.AutoSize = true;
l.Text = "Select Programming Language";

// Adding this label to the form

this.Controls.Add(l);

// Creating and setting the properties of comboBox

ComboBox mybox = new ComboBox();
mybox.Location = new Point(200,40);
mybox.Size = new Size(216, 26);
mybox.Items.Add("C#");
mybox.Items.Add("Java");
mybox.Items.Add("Scala");
mybox.Items.Add("C");
mybox.Items.Add("C++");
mybox.Sorted = true;

// Adding this ComboBox to the form

this.Controls.Add(mybox);
}
}
}

Ex:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace Combobox_2_Application
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
comboBox1.Items.Add("weekdays");
comboBox1.Items.Add("year");
}
private void comboBox1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender, EventArgs
e)
{
comboBox2.Items.Clear();
if (comboBox1.SelectedItem.Equals("weekdays"))
{
comboBox2.Items.Add("Sunday");
comboBox2.Items.Add("Monday");
comboBox2.Items.Add("Tuesday");
 }
else if (comboBox1.SelectedItem.Equals("year"))
{
comboBox2.Items.Add("2012");
comboBox2.Items.Add("2013");
comboBox2.Items.Add("2014");
}
}
}
}

7. ListBox
The ListBox control enables you to display a list of items to the user that the user can select by
clicking.

Ex:

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace ListBox_Application
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{

listBox1.Font = new Font("Bradley Hand ITC", 12);

listBox1.BorderStyle = BorderStyle.Fixed3D;
listBox1.Sorted = true;
listBox1.Items.Add("Sunday");
listBox1.Items.Add("Monday");
listBox1.Items.Add("Tuesday");
listBox1.Items.Add("Wednesday");
listBox1.Items.Add("Thursday");
listBox1.Items.Add("Friday");
 listBox1.Items.Add("Saturday");
//listBox1.SelectionMode = SelectionMode.MultiSimple;
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
/////Listedeki günleri teker teker gösterir
foreach (Object obj in listBox1.SelectedItems)
{
MessageBox.Show(obj.ToString());
}

//////Listeyi tek mesaj penceresinde gösterir

/*string items = "";
foreach (var item in listBox1.Items)
{
items += item.ToString() + ", ";
}
MessageBox.Show(items);
*/
}
}
}

Ex: checkedList Box

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace CheckedList_Application
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
}

private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
string[] days = new[] { "Sunday", "Monday", "Tuesday" };
checkedListBox1.Items.AddRange(days);

for (int i = 0; i < checkedListBox1.Items.Count; i++)

{
checkedListBox1.SetItemChecked(i, true);
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
foreach (int indexChecked in checkedListBox1.CheckedIndices)
{
// The indexChecked variable contains the index of the item.
MessageBox.Show("Index: " + indexChecked.ToString() + ", is
 checked. Checked state is:" +

checkedListBox1.GetItemCheckState(indexChecked).ToString() + ".");

}
}
}
}

8. RichText
RichTextBox control is a textbox which gives you rich text editing controls and advanced formatting
features also includes a loading rich text format (RTF) files. Or in other words, RichTextBox controls
allows you to display or edit flow content, including paragraphs, images, tables, etc. In RichTextBox,
you are allowed to change the foreground color of the RichTextBox control using ForeColor Property
which makes your RichTextBox control more attractive.

9. DateTimePicker

10. TreeView

11. ListView

12. OpenFileDialog

13. ColorDialog

14. FontDialog

Homework 1: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/ide/tutorial-2-create-a-timed-math-
quiz?view=vs-2019
Homework 2: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/ide/tutorial-3-create-a-matching-
game?view=vs-2019


 CHAPTER 18

References

1. https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/program.htm
2. https://hackr.io/blog/what-is-programming
3. https://dm7blog.wordpress.com/2011/07/09/programlama-ve-gorsel-programcilik-nedir/
4. https://www.techopedia.com/definition/22855/visual-programming-language-vpl
5. [https://www.donnfelker.com/how-did-c-get-its-name/]
6. https://www.educative.io/edpresso/what-is-c-used-for
7. https://steemit.com/writing/@adolp/best-programming-languages-to-learn-in-2018
8. https://trungtq.com/2019/02/06/why-learn-c/
9. Computer and Information Technology, Programming in Visual C# 2008,
Bradley−Millspaugh
10. C# ile Görsel Programlama-I Ders Notları, Dr. Bülent Çobanoğlu
11. https://docs.microsoft.com/tr-tr/dotnet/csharp/getting-started/introduction-to-the-csharp-
language-and-the-net-framework
12. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/get-started/csharp/visual-studio-ide?
view=vs-2019
13. https://www.c-sharpcorner.com/article/creating-console-application-in-c-sharp/
14. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-c-sharp-windows-forms-applications/
#:~:text=Windows%20Forms%20is%20a%20Graphical,for%20desktop%2C%20tablet
 %2C%20PCs.&text=WinForms%20applications%20can%20contain%20the,%2C%20list
%20boxes%2C%20tooltip%20etc.
15. http://net-informations.com/faq/net/dll.htm
16. https://www.programiz.com/csharp-programming/namespaces
17. https://docs.microsoft.com/tr-tr/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/inside-a-program/hello-
world-your-first-program?tabs=windows
18. http://tecnokolik.com/visual-studio-2017-klavye-kisayol-tuslari-keyboard-shortcuts/
19. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/csharp/csharp_operators.htm
20. https://qawithexperts.com/tutorial/c-sharp/22/c-sharp-class-and-objects
21. https://www.tutorialsteacher.com/csharp/csharp-multi-dimensional-array
22. https://www.w3schools.com/cs/cs_classes.asp
23. http://csharp.net-informations.com/gui/cs_forms.htm
24. https://docs.microsoft.com/tr-tr/dotnet/api/system.windows.forms.form?view=netcore-3.1
25. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/button-in-c-sharp/?ref=lbp