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Bachelor of Library Science and Information (BLIS)

Assignments
For June 2024 and January 2025 Sessions
Dates For Submission of Assignments
June 2024 Session - 31st March 2025
January 2025 Session - 30 September 2025

BLI-221: Library, Information and Society

Assignment Code: AST/TMA/ Jul.2024/Jan.2025

Total Marks: 70

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I). Answer the following questions in not more than 500

words each. (4X10=40 Marks)

Q1. Define knowledge society. Discuss the characteristics

of knowledge society.
Answer – Definition of Knowledge Society
“The transformation of existing societal structures by
knowledge as a core resource for economic growth,
employment and as a factor of production constitutes the
criteria for designating advanced modern society as a
Knowledge Society”.

“Such a society, in which knowledge plays a crucial and

decisive role, with its entire mechanisms and organisation
gives an impetus for new knowledge, ensuring the conditions
of its inception and use, which further increases new
knowledge, etc. Society is therefore, structured on knowledge,
it is simply deeply penetrated so that complete functioning of
society, including the entire development and progress, rests
on Knowledge” (Stipanov, 2005).

It is necessary to differentiate here between the definitions that

aim to characterise an existing or emerging reality from those
that express a vision – a longing or desire for a potential
society. Both are relevant: the former for their contribution to
analysis, and the latter because they guide policies. In the first
category we shall refer to Manuel Castells, an authority on the
subject information society. As for knowledge society, he
points: “it is to do with a society in which conditions for
generating knowledge and processing information have been
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substantially changed by a technological revolution focussed

on information processing, knowledge generation, and
information technologies”.

Characteristics of Knowledge Society

1) Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Integration - Widespread use of computers, the internet,
and mobile devices facilitates access to information and
communication. High levels of digital literacy among
citizens enable them to effectively use technology for
information gathering, problem-solving, and
communication.

2) Education and Lifelong Learning - Strong focus on

education at all levels, from primary to tertiary, with an
emphasis on critical thinking, creativity, and problem-
solving skills. Continuous learning and professional
development are encouraged and facilitated through various
formal and informal means.

3) Knowledge Creation and Innovation - Significant

investment in R&D across various sectors to drive
innovation and create new knowledge. A supportive
environment for innovation, including policies, institutions,
and incentives that foster creativity and technological
advancements.

4) Information Accessibility - Promotion of open access to

information and knowledge resources, including scientific
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research, data, and educational materials. Robust network

of libraries, archives, and information centers that provide
access to a wide range of information resources.

5) Economic Structure - Economic activities are increasingly

based on knowledge-intensive industries such as
information technology, biotechnology, and advanced
manufacturing. Valuation of intellectual capital and human
expertise as key economic assets.

6) Social and Cultural Development - Enhanced cultural

exchange and understanding through the global flow of
information and knowledge. Efforts to bridge the digital
divide and ensure equitable access to information and
opportunities for all segments of society.

7) Governance and Policy - Informed Decision-Making:

Policymaking and governance are based on evidence and
informed by up-to-date knowledge and data. Increased
transparency in governance and opportunities for citizen
participation in decision-making processes.

8) Global Connectivity - Strong global connectivity and

collaboration through international networks, partnerships,
and knowledge exchanges. International cooperation in
addressing global challenges such as climate change, health
crises, and sustainable development.

9) Ethical and Legal Frameworks - Well-defined intellectual

property rights to protect and incentivize creators while
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balancing public access to knowledge. Adherence to ethical

standards in the creation, dissemination, and use of
knowledge, including issues of privacy, data security, and
the responsible use of AI and other emerging technologies.

Q2. Describe the public library and its role in knowledge

society.
Answer –
Definition - Public libraries are community-cantered
institutions that provide free access to a wide range of
informational, educational, and recreational resources. They
serve people of all ages and backgrounds, offering books,
digital media, internet access, and various programs. Public
libraries promote literacy, lifelong learning, and cultural
enrichment, fostering an inclusive environment for personal
and communal growth. They often provide spaces for study,
collaboration, and community events, acting as vital hubs for
social engagement and knowledge dissemination. Through
their services, public libraries aim to support informed
citizenship and enhance the quality of life within their
communities.

Public libraries have a proud heritage. They are now

acknowledged to be an integral part of community life as
promoters of literacy, providers of a wide range of reading for
all ages, and centres for community information services.
Yet, although the practice of opening libraries to public has
been known since ancient times, it was not without
considerable opposition that the idea became accepted, in the
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19th century, that a library provision was a legitimate charge

on public funds. It required legislation to enable local
authorities to devote funds to this cause.

By the second half of the 20th century, there was general

agreement around the position that the public library fulfilled
three interconnected roles: education, information and
entertainment. It enabled its users to undertake informal
learning as well as providing a place for study, it provided
access to organised sources of information on all subjects, and
it provided entertainment, primarily through lending fiction.
Within these roles all libraries developed all manner of
services.

Role of Public Libraries in Knowledge Society

• Education – especially self-education where public libraries

have a long and successful history, also in life-long learning
which is an irreplaceable way of personal growth in today’s
world;
• Information – ensuring access to information for all, has
become an obligation in the realisation of human rights;
• Cultural Enrichment – access to different sources of
information and knowledge for all. This also includes
literacy advancement, which today also means information
literacy, as well as awareness of the need to read as a main
process to acquiring knowledge, which means not only to
see something, but to be informed and acquire knowledge;
• Economic Development – public libraries must act as a
form of local economic information service, in accordance
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with the main economic aspects of the area’s tourism,

agriculture, manufacture, technologies etc. Public libraries
are also the most appropriate places to obtain all needed
information and statistics concerning all the above.

In this connection, it may be said that no society can

effectively function and progress without proper
communication system. This is true even more in case of
knowledge societies where the process of transmitting and
accessibility of information and sources of knowledge are
absolutely indispensable. If we accept the fact that public
libraries play an important and fundamental role in our
societies, they should adapt themselves and gear their
functions in that direction. This must be one of the strategic
goals of their development which should of course, be in
accordance with the concept of national advancement of
building knowledge society.

Q3. What do you mean by the term “library and

information networks”? Discuss its characteristics and
major components.
Answer – Definition Library and Information Networks
The basic purpose of a library network is to share resources
and services amongst member libraries. A library network is
broadly defined as group of libraries and / or information
centres that are inter-connected to form a system with an aim
to help each other with information needs of their clientele.
UNISIST-II Main Working Document defines the information
network as “a set of inter-related information systems
associated with communication facilities, which are
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cooperating through more or less formal agreements and

institutional agreements, in order to jointly implement
information handling operations, with a view to pooling their
resources and to offer better services to the users. They
generally follow identical or compatible rules and
procedures”.

Susan Martin defines a network as a “group of individuals or

organisations that are interconnected to form a system to
accomplish some specified goal. This linkage must include a
communications mechanism, and many networks exist for the
express purpose of facilitating certain types of communication
among members.”

Reynard C. Swank defines a library network as a “concept that

includes the development of cooperative systems of libraries
on geographical, subject or other lines, each with some kind of
centre that not only coordinates the internal activities of the
system but also serves as the system’s outlet to and inlet from
the centres of other systems”.

The library and information networks are characterised

by the following aspects:
• Equal Opportunity of Access to All Members - A library
network provides equitable access to all its core resources to
all its member libraries. However, resources that are licensed
from a third party may be offered on subscription basis.
• Interdependence - Members of a library network depend on
each other for sharing their resources. The interdependency

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may go beyond sharing of document resources to sharing of

expertise, manpower, equipments, etc.
• Use of Standards and Protocols - Use of common
standards and protocols is a pre-requisite to successful
implementation of a library and information network. The
standards and protocols exist for network technology,
database structure, and information representation and for
bibliographic records. Use of well-developed, widelyused
standards and their uniform implementation help in
improving the quality of services, interoperability of
databases and digital repositories.
• Broad-Based Library Services - Library and information
networks generally offer a broad range of library services
including union catalogue of books and journals, access to
union catalogues and licensed databases, licensing of e-
resources from publishers, table of content services,
database of experts in various disciplines, etc.
• Centralisation - Network activities are generally
centralised. Large bibliographic databases are centrally
stored and maintained although they have interfaces for
online data feeding and updation. It is however, possible to
maintain distributed databases with single search interface
using standard protocols.
• Economics - The cost involved in maintaining activities and
functioning of a library and information network including
licensing and hosting of third-party databases get distributed
amongst subscribers and members of the network. The
products and services through the network, therefore, tend to

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be more economic than by the subscription directly by the

libraries individually.

Major components of a library and information network

are given below:

• Human Network - While databases, databanks, computer

and communication infrastructure are important for
successful implementation of a library and information
network, the most important component of a library network
is manpower and their willingness to participate in the
library network and share resources of their respective
libraries. While a library network focuses primarily on the
availability and delivery of information, it is the human
resource that makes it possible.

• Online Databases - The emphasis in a library network is on

the contents and users of the contents rather than on
technology of networking. Library networks lease
communication and network infrastructure of other data
networks and Internet Service Providers and concentrate on
developing contents and making them accessible to member
institutions. Databases and databanks are the backbone of a
library network. The concept of online databases itself has
emerged from the idea of sharing information.

• Computer Hardware and Software Infrastructure - A

library and information network require computer
infrastructure to host databases and databanks developed and
maintained by it. The servers are used to host databases,
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digital objects, browse and search interfaces and to facilitate

their access to the member institutions. Servers for a library
network need to be computationally powerful; have
adequate main memory (RAM) to handle the expected work;
have large amount of secured disc storage for the database(s)
and digital objects. A library network may require a number
of specialised servers for different tasks so as to distribute
the workload on to different servers.

• Data Networks - The servers of a library network are

required to be hooked on to the Internet so as to make them
accessible to its members. Most library networks use
infrastructure of other data networks and Internet Service
Providers. For example, National Knowledge Network,
JANET and AARNET are important data networks in India,
UK and USA respectively.

Q4. State the aims and objectives of library associations.

Answer - Library associations are considered as learned
societies. Their role is vital to the development of the library
movement in a country. They continuously strive for better
provision of library and information services. During this
process, library associations also work for the advancement of
the profession and the
professionals.

Professional associations are established by and for the

professionals. Their membership is open to librarians, library
staff members, library science teachers, libraries, library
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associations and even users of libraries. An association is what

its members make it by their active collaboration and
participation in its programmes and activities. As an entrant to
the profession, it is worthwhile for you to know how you can
participate in the activities of a professional association to
serve its ultimate cause.

Associations and professional societies are also powerful

forces representing the voice of the professional community to
solve the problems related to the welfare, status, working
conditions, physical facilities, education and training
including the research and development activities. Although
the central purpose of the associations has always been to
serve the needs and to protect the interests of the community,
they strive to broaden the purpose and serve the overall needs
of the nation.

Associations gain significance as the society advances in

science and technology, complexity and scale and hence their
study is becoming the part of study of social change. In the
contemporary situation, due to rapid social change,
associations are important as a means of organising people in
order to achieve new ends. They are also of great significance
to the professionals in that they reveal cultural values and
goals that the members themself alone are unable to formulate.
Another important aspect of rapid social change is the way
new forms of organisations create new roles and relationships.

Library associations are established with the following

aims and objectives:
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• To herald the library movement in a country to spread

knowledge and information and ultimately contribute to
human resource development.

• To work for the enactment of public library legislation,

drafting of the bills along progressive lines and based on
sound principles; to make the people library conscious so
that they demand the right of access to public library
services; mobilise social pressure for the healthy
development of library services

• To strive for the evolution of an integrated national library

and information system based on a national policy; and
bring to the attention of the authorities the deficiencies,
defects, etc., in the existing library infrastructure.

• To provide a common forum for library professionals for

exchange of information, ideas, experience and expertise;
and work for the betterment of salaries, grades, service
conditions, status, etc. of library professionals.

• To hold the image of the library profession high in society;

and promote cooperation among libraries and library
professionals.

• To share resources and avoid duplication of efforts.

• To contribute towards manpower development for library

and information work by organising education and training

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programmes, and promoting research, incentives, awards

and rewards, etc.

II). Answer the following questions in not more than 250

words each. (6X5=30 Marks)

Q1. Discuss the implications of first law of library science.

Answer - The First Law of Library Science, coined by Dr.
S.R. Ranganathan, is "Books are for use." This principle
emphasizes that the primary purpose of libraries and their
collections is to be actively utilized by patrons, rather than
merely stored or preserved. The implications of this law are
profound and multifaceted, impacting various aspects of
library operations, policies, and services.

Implications of the First Law of Library Science

1) Library Location
• Accessibility: The library should be located in easily
accessible areas to encourage usage, avoiding long
distances that discourage potential users.
• Environment: It should be situated in quiet, disturbance-
free locations to facilitate serious study. Public libraries
benefit from being in central, quiet areas, school libraries
should be prominent within school premises, and
university libraries should be centrally located within the
campus.

2) Working Hours
• User Convenience: Libraries should have convenient
working hours that align with the availability of their
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users. Libraries in India, in particular, need to stay open

during times when patrons are free from other
engagements, thus maximizing library visits and usage.

3) Library Building and Furniture

• Design and Functionality: The library should be both
functional and aesthetically pleasing. Furniture should be
comfortable and attractive, with shelves at convenient
heights. Children's libraries require specially designed
furniture to attract young users.
• Open-Shelf Concept: The library should support an
open-shelf system, with tools and furnishings that make
books easily accessible and promote their use.
4) Staff
• Qualifications and Personal Qualities: Library staff
should have the necessary qualifications to organize and
manage the library effectively and be courteous, cheerful,
and helpful. A service-oriented attitude is essential to
encourage patrons to return and use the library's
resources, ensuring the success of the first law.

Q2. Explain the code of ethics in digital era.

Answer - The code of ethics in the digital era encompasses a
set of principles and guidelines designed to ensure ethical
behavior and integrity in the use of digital technologies. This
code aims to address the unique challenges and ethical
considerations that arise from the rapid advancement and
widespread adoption of digital technologies. Here are key
components typically included in a code of ethics for the
digital era:
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1. Privacy and Data Protection: Prioritize the confidentiality

and privacy of individuals' personal data by implementing
robust security measures. Ensure that data collection, use,
and sharing are conducted with explicit user consent and
transparency, safeguarding against unauthorized access and
breaches.
2. Transparency and Accountability: Maintain clear and
open communication about data practices and digital
processes. Organizations and individuals should be
accountable for their actions, allowing for independent
verification and auditing to build trust and ensure adherence
to ethical standards.
3. Fairness and Non-Discrimination: Design and deploy
digital technologies that promote equality and accessibility,
avoiding discrimination or bias. Ensure that all users,
regardless of background or abilities, have equal access to
digital resources and opportunities, fostering an inclusive
digital environment.
4. Integrity and Honesty: Uphold honesty in representing
digital products and services, avoiding deceptive practices
such as false advertising or manipulation. Build and
maintain trust with users by adhering to ethical principles
and providing accurate, truthful information.
5. Cybersecurity and Risk Management: Implement
proactive cybersecurity measures to identify and mitigate
risks. Establish clear protocols for responding to security
incidents and breaches, and educate users on best practices
for protecting their digital identities. Ensuring a secure
digital environment is paramount for maintaining trust and
protecting sensitive information.
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Q3. Discuss the objectives and activities of IFLA.

Answer – The International Federation of Library
Associations and Institutions (IFLA) is a global organization
that represents the interests of libraries, librarians, and library
users. It serves as the leading international body for the library
and information services sector. Here are the primary
objectives and activities of IFLA:

Objectives of IFLA.

• IFLA works to enhance the quality of library and

information services worldwide. It sets standards and
guidelines to ensure that libraries meet the diverse needs
of their communities.

• IFLA advocates for the importance of libraries in society.

It emphasizes the critical role libraries play in education,
culture, information literacy, and access to information.

• IFLA represents libraries and librarians on the global

stage. It acts as a voice for the profession in international
policy discussions and works to influence information
policies in favor of libraries.

• IFLA fosters cooperation among libraries and promotes

the sharing of knowledge and resources. It supports the
development of libraries, particularly in developing
countries, through various initiatives and programs.

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• IFLA is committed to promoting literacy and lifelong

learning. It encourages libraries to provide resources and
programs that support reading, information literacy, and
continuous education.

Activities of IFLA.

• IFLA organizes annual World Library and Information

Congresses, which provide a platform for librarians and
information professionals to share knowledge, network,
and discuss emerging trends and issues in the field.

• IFLA offers various professional development

opportunities, including workshops, webinars, and
training programs. These initiatives help library
professionals enhance their skills and stay updated with
the latest developments in the field.

• IFLA publishes research, reports, guidelines, and best

practice documents on a wide range of topics related to
library and information services. These publications are
valuable resources for library professionals worldwide.

• IFLA engages in advocacy efforts to influence

information policies at national and international levels. It
works to ensure that libraries are recognized as essential
institutions for access to information, education, and
cultural preservation.

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• IFLA develops and promotes standards and guidelines for

libraries to ensure high-quality services. These standards
cover various aspects of library operations, including
cataloging, digital preservation, and library management.

Q4. Discuss the Model library and information services

Act.
Answer – At the request of Indian Library Association, Delhi
Dr. Venkatappaiah drafted the Model Public Libraries Act in
1989, keeping in view the developments and experiences. This
Model Act was discussed in the National Seminar on Library
Legislation held at New Delhi 1990.

In the wake of developments in the country such as, New

Panchayat and Municipal Acts, after amending the
Constitution in 1992, releasing of UNESCO Public Library
Manifesto in 1994, Total Literacy Campaign, emerging
necessity of information at all levels, the earlier Model Act of
Dr. Venkatappaiah was revised as Model Library and
Information Services Act in 1995 and again in 2005.

The salient features of this new Model Act are given

below:
1) State Library and Information Service, based on a State
Policy.
2) Constitution of State Library Authority at the apex level
with Minister for Libraries as Chairman, as policy making
and executive body.

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3) Formation of Directorate of Public Libraries for streaming

the administration.
4) Constitution of City, District Library Authorities for
rendering service from district to village level.
5) Provision for a network of Public Library and Information
Service from state level to village level.
6) Constitution of the State Library and Information Services.
7) Collection of library cess on house tax and property tax,
entertainment tax, professional tax, vehicle tax, etc.
8) Constitution of State Boards for education, book
production, co-ordination, etc.
9) Accountability of public expenditure and services.

Q5. Discuss the objectives and features of Consortium on

Core electronic resources in Taiwan (CONCERT)
Answer – The CONCERT was set up in 1990 to take
advantage of the growing popularity of web-based full-text
documents. It consists of members mainly from universities,
colleges as well as research institutes in Taiwan. As the
coordinator of CONCERT, Science and Technology Policy
Research and Information Center (STPI) tries its best to fully
exploit the economies from group-purchase and resource
sharing. In the year 2002, CONCERT leased 22 international
database systems, partly funded by the Ministry of Education
and National Applied Research Laboratories.

The main objectives of CONCERT include the following:

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• To enhance sci-tech policy research and establish

knowledge bank: major themes include critical national
issues; and
• To establish national integrated information service
mechanism.

The following are some of the salient features of

CONCERT:
• To Sustain Academic Research Progress - developing
and integrating national information resources and
introducing international information resources to foster the
domestic research through our information service
databases like CONCERT, ILL, etc.

• To Support Policy-Decision Makers - providing critical

insights for governmental policy decision-makers by
undertaking policy research of S&T development and
value-added analysis, establishing the monitor system of
manpower allocation in the S&T industry as well as
performing information & communication security
endorsed by the Executive Yuan of ROC.

• To Facilitate Circulation of Industrial Innovation -

serving as a major dissemination gateway of knowledge
innovation in support of cutting-edge technology research
through taking part in nation-based nanotechnology
programme, performing patent analyses, and offering
technology transfer interface, and bringing about economic
benefits as a result.

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• To Enhance S&T Cooperation Across Nations -

accelerating bilateral & multi-lateral collaboration via
participating in the information activities worldwide, and
introducing our research accomplishments throughout
nations as so to upgrade our image.

Q6. Explain the internal objectives of ALA.

Answer – The American Library Association (ALA) has the
uniqueness of being the oldest and largest library association
in the world. It was founded in 1876 with its
headquarters at Chicago.

A group of 103 library activists, at a meeting held in

Philadelphia in the fall of 1876 to coincide with the nation’s
centennial celebrations, resolved on a motion moved by
Melvile Dewey, the father of librarianship, to form the
American Library Association. ALA, thus born, has been a
success story by dedicated efforts of eminent librarians who
steered the association in its formative periods, the ALA grew
in strength steadily and became even in the early part of this
century the national voice for library interests.

Internal Objectives of ALA:

• “Develop a campaign that represents and is useful to all
types of libraries
• Create turnkey tools, resources and materials that could be
utilised by all types of libraries

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• Provide an opportunity to share public

relations/marketing/advocacy best practices within the
library community
• Tie together ALA promotions into one unified brand,
reinforcing key messages
• Quickly respond to emerging issues such as library
funding cuts
• Develop more cross-collaboration across the association to
ensure that new Campaign projects and initiatives are
inclusive and effective; work more closely with ALA
Chapters and Affiliates to help them achieve their public
awareness objectives
• Promote the contribution of all library staff, including both
librarians and support staff
• Seek increased foundation and sponsor funding to expand
Campaign activities
• Conduct public opinion research to refine and expand
Campaign messages on an ongoing basis
• Increase coordination with other public relations and
marketing efforts, such as READ posters, National Library
Week, Library Card Sign-up Month, etc”.

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