MIL Types of Media

What’s In

If you are to trace the history of media and communication technology, you
will observe that the usual observable sequence of the main media forms or type
would be:

Instruction: Analyze the Infographics below and answer the process questions in
your worksheet or notebook.

Source: https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/06/01/
Media-killings-journalists-Duterte-Philippines.html

Guide questions:

1. What information is show in the Infographics?

2. What is the implication of media killings in the Philippines?
3. Do you agree that media killing is a danger to Philippine democracy?
Why? Why not?
 What is It

Types of Media

1. Print Media

Print media is also known as

the “press”, this type of media refers
to materials that are written and are
physically distributed. Perhaps the
most significant event in the history
of printing is the invention of the
printing press by Johannes
Gutenberg in (1440). This eventually
led to the mass production of books,
which gave people an access to
knowledge that they never dreamt of
during those times. Example of Print
Media are: books, newspapers,
magazines, and other periodicals,
manuscripts, correspondence,
memoranda, loose leaf materials, notes, and brochures.

Books are the very first mass media in human history. Baran (2010)
consider books as very personal because they contain records of past
experiences and human knowledge that are passed on to later generations.
Books are movers and shakers of culture. As a statement to this, books in
physical form are being stored digitally as e-books.

Magazines and newspapers may be targeted for the general audience

or may address the interests of a particular group of readers. Magazines
typically contain features or human interest articles, whereas newspapers will
definitely have news stories and occasionally have other types of articles. Both
the magazine and the newspaper may also have online versions for them to
reach a wider and larger audience who are more often virtually connected
through the Internet.
 2. Broadcast Media (Broadcasting)

The main sources of the broadcast

are television and radio. We can watch all
types of events which are happening on
earth. Usually, people are interested to
watch the news regarding spiritual,
politics, sports and so on. Radio is also the
source of broadcasting we can hear all
kinds of news on it and also enjoy the
music on it through changing the
channels.

Broadcast media is considered

“household” media because they be found
in practically any corner of a home. According to Baran (2010), radio was the
first electronic mass medium and precursor of television. For a long time, radio
was the “young people’s media. “This first evident in the proliferation of FM
radio stations catering to the musical taste of younger generations, also
known as format radio. In the Philippines, you customarily expect FM
programming to be format radio, whereas AM programming is dominated by
a news format.

Broadcasting has also started to conquer the Internet and mobile

technology through Internet-based radio and television programmed.

3. Movies (Film/Cinema)

It is one of the oldest platforms of

media and people went to the theaters to watch
it but know people can watch movies at home
via safelight and cable in HD resolution.

According to Wikipedia, a film is

created by photographing actual scenes with a
motion picture camera; by photographing
drawings or miniature models using traditional
animation; or by a combination of some or all
of these techniques and other visual effects. It is a series of images, which when
displayed on screen, create an illusion of moving images by the phi phenomenon.

Films are very important artifacts because, like books, they reflect the
desires, ideologies, and sensibilities of the culture to which they originate from.
4 Internet / New Media

The Internet is one of the

newest sources of media. The
majority of the users prefer the
internet to watch news quickly.
It is more fast and capable in
compare to any other source of
media. Internet changes the
world and connects the people
also deliver the users to keep in
touch with the latest inventions
and news.
https://bit.ly/LTlOSW

The Internet also gives you a chance to express your ideas all over the globe.

The internet and social media provide young people with a range of benefits,
and opportunities to empower themselves in a variety of ways. Young people can
maintain social connections and support networks that otherwise wouldn't be
possible, and can access more information than ever before. The communities and
social interactions young people form online can be invaluable for bolstering and
developing young people's self-confidence and social skills.

5) Video Games

Video games continue to grow

popular to both young and old because of
their increased interactivity and
interconnectivity. It is only grown in youth
with high dimensions and more graphics.
Games are the form of electronic media
devices. Now games are also available on
mobile phones and people are easily
https://bit.ly/2bzuE44 accessible to them.

What is Media Convergence?

Converge means to meeting at a point, it is synonymous to the words: join,
unite, interest, merge, connect, coincide. Media Convergence happens when
different (two or more) media sources join together. It allows media texts to be
produced and distributed on multiple media devices.
 Media convergence is the ability to transform different kinds of media into
digital code, which is then accessible by a range of devices. Media convergence
usually occurs in various platforms such as:

1. Social Network
2. Learning Management System
3. Product Advertisement
4. News Agency
5. Multimedia Personality

Example of Media Convergence

Device / Media Converged Media

Type or Forms
Smartphones o Camera
o TV
o Telephone
o Web browser
o Digital map
o Radio, etc.

Computers o Camera
o Music player
o Video player
o Web browser, etc.

Google o Google search, drive, mail, play store

o Youtube, google wallet, android, hangout
o Google chrome, google plus
o Blogspot, google map

Book o E-books
o Print on demand (POD)

Newspaper o Online version

o Mobile application version

Magazine o Online and costume publishing

o Movement from print to television (or vice
versa)
o Advertorial

Film o Concept movies

o Sequels, remakes, and franchise
o Television, comic book, and video
game remakes

Radio o Digital radio

o Internet-based radio and podcasting
o Radio on television (and vice versa)

Television o Video cassette recorders (VCR)

 o Digital video disc (DVD)
o Digital vide recorder (DVR)
o Digital television or high-definition television
o Internet-based television
o Video on the internet
o Interactive television
o Phone-over-cable
o Mobile video
o Television recording

Video games o Online interactive gaming

o Internet-capable handheld game devices
o Advocacy gaming

Internet and the o Functionalities of the traditional media

World Wide Web moving to the Web platform
o Internet technology incorporated to mobile
technology (e.g. smartphones and tablets)
o Internet connected, Wi-Fi capable television
monitor.

Media convergence have a vital element of life for many people. With the
development of technology in different platforms and cooperation such as television,
Internet and mobile communication, audiences have had both a bigger choice of
media and a life which media technologies has made easier.

CLASSIFICATION OF MEDIA

There are different ways to classify media.

1. Print media, non-print media, electronic media
· Print media. They include: books, journals, magazines, newspapers,
workbook, textbooks
· Non-print media: they include: projected and non-projected media
· Electronic media: they include: Audio media, Visual media and Audio-Visual

2. Projected media & non-projected media

·Projected media: they require light source for projection.
E.g. film projector slides etc.
·Non-projected media: they do not require light source.
They include 3 dimensional objects, 2dimensional objects,
prints, charts, models etc.

3. Audio media, Visual media & Audio-visual

· Audio media: this form of media carry sounds alone.
E.g. audio tapes, record player,
·Visual media: These are the ones that can be seen.
E.g. TV, computer, white board
 ·Audio-Visual: this term refers to those instructional materials which
provide students with audio and visual experiences by appearing to the
hearing and seeing senses at the same time. E.g. TV, video tapes, closed circuit
television (CCTV).

4. Hardware and software

·Hardware: this the classification of machines or equipment used in the
instructional process. It is upon these gadgets that the software is transmitted.
E.g. Television set, tape recorder etc.
·Software: this classification consists of all materials used with the machine.
They are the real carrier of knowledge or information. They include, films, tapes
transparencies.
Educational Media Classification

What’s
More
Write your answer in your worksheet or notebook.
1. Listen to both FM and AM radio programs and compare them. In what aspects
are they similar? How are they different?
2. Which of the following functions did your chosen programs fulfill? Why do you
say so?
 Persuade
 Entertain
 Inform
 educate
 What I Know

Let us determine how much you already know about the media and
information languages by answering the questions below. Use your worksheet for
your answers.

A. Multiple Choice. Answer the questions that follows. Choose letter of the best
answer from among the given choices.

1. These are known as a system or collection of signs that create meaning when put
together.
A. Conventions B. Formats C. Codes D. Symbols

2. These codes show that it is beneath the surface of what we see or iconic
symbols that are easily understood.
A. Technical Codes C. Written Codes
B. Symbolic Codes D. Pseudo Codes

3. The codes that use language style and textual layout like headlines, captions,
speech bubbles, language style, and more.
C. Technical Codes C. Written Codes
D. Symbolic Codes D. Pseudo Codes

4. A signs that inform road users of traffic laws and regulations which, if disregarded,
will constitute an offense.
A. Technical Signs C. Warning Signs
B. Genre D. Regulatory Signs

5. It is a French word which means “kind” or “class” The original Latin word is
“genus” and means a class of things that can be broken down into subcategories.
A. Format C. Entertainment
B. Genre D. Conventions
B. Identification: Identify each symbols.
Symbol Meaning/What it represents.
6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

Media and Information

MIL Languages

What’s In
Activity 1: Community Signs and Symbols
a. Identify the signs and symbols in your community that are used for a variety
of purposes to convey information (e.g. for directions, locations of
attractions, etc.).
b. Describe the verbal and visual ‘languages’ used in these signs and symbols
so they are commonly understood by people in your community. Consider
the use of font, stylized images, design, etc.

Rubrics
Category 4 3 2 1
Observations Student makes Student makes Student makes Student
a complete and a detailed a detailed descriptions
detailed description of description of are not
description of most of the some of the detailed or
the subject subject matter subject matter complete.
matter
Understanding Analysis of the Analysis of the Analysis of the Analysis of
piece piece piece the piece
demonstrated demonstrated demonstrated demonstrated
thorough considerable some little
understanding understanding understanding understanding
of principles, of principles, of principles, of principles,
concepts and concepts and concepts and concepts and
relationships. relationships. relationships. relationships.

Inquiry Analysis and Analysis and Analysis and Analysis and

Interpretation Interpretation is Interpretation Interpretation
is strong. sound. is satisfactory. is weak.
Application Ability to make Ability to make Ability to make Ability to make
and express and express and express and express
judgements, and judgements and judgements, judgements
conclusions was conclusions was and and
insightful and considerably conclusions conclusions
effective. effective. was moderately was limited.
effective.

What’s New

Activity 2: Symbols. An answer could be a form of phrase or a sentence.

1. What does a red Rose symbolizes?

.
 2. What does the colors in a traffic light symbolize?

What is It

Media Languages. These are codes, conventions, formats, symbols and narrative
structures that indicate the meaning of media messages to an audience.

Codes. In media studies, codes are known as a system or collection of signs that
create meaning when put together. As boy scouts, or girl scout, you might be
familiar with the use of morse code, the smoke signals, or the signal flags for
relating a message to another. Semiotics is the study of signs.

Three Types of Media Codes

1. The Symbolic Codes

These codes show what is beneath the surface of what we see (objects,
setting, body language, clothing, color, etc.) or iconic symbols that are easily
understood. Symbolic codes in media include setting, mise en scene, acting
and color.

Example: What does a clenched fist symbolizes?

A clenched fist may convey anger.

a. Setting is the time and place of the narrative. A setting can be a s big as the
galaxy or space, or as small as a specific room. It can even be a created
atmosphere or frame of mind.

b. Mise en Scene means the stage setting, everything within the frame. The
arrangement of actors and scenery on a stage for a theatrical production
(https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mise-en-sc%C3%A8ne )
In media terms it has become to mean the description of all the objects
 within a frame of the media product and how they have been arranged. An
analysis of mise en scene includes: Set Design, Costume.

c. Acting. The actors portray characters in media products and contribute to

character development, creating tension or advancing.

d. Color has highly cultural and strong connotations. When studying the use of
color in a media product the different aspects to be looked at are: Dominant
color, Contrasting foils, and Color Symbolism.

2. Technical Codes
The technical codes include sound, camera angles, types of shots and
lightning. They may include, for example, ominous music to communicate danger in
a feature film, or high-angle camera shots to create a feeling of power in a
photograph. Technical codes in media may include Camerawork, Editing, Audio and
Lightning. The actor portrays a character through: Facial expression, Movement
and Body contact.
Film makers control what the audience focus on and therefore every shot
is chosen for a reason. Changing how an object or person is framed can
drastically alter how audience react to that character/ object. There is no such
thing as neutral.
Camerawork refers to how the camera is operated, positioned and
moved for specific effects. Camerawork includes: Positioning, Movement,
Framing, Exposure, and Lens choice.
Editing is the process of choosing, manipulating and arranging images
and sound.
Audio is the expressive or naturalistic use of sound. The three aspects of
audio are: Dialogue, Sound effects, and Music.
Lighting is the manipulation of natural or artificial light to selectively
highlight specific elements of the scene. Elements of lighting include: Quality,
Direction, Source, & Colour. Camera shots are an essential aspect of filmmaking
and video productions, because by combining different types of shots, angels
and camera movements, the filmmakers are able to emphasize specific
emotions, ideas and movement for each scene.

Types of Camera Shot Sizes

1. Extreme Wide Shot (ELS)
2. Long Shot (LS) / Wide Shot (WS)
3. Full Shot (FS)
4. Medium Long Shot (MLS) / Medium Wide Shot (MWS)
5. Cowboy Shot
6. Medium Shot (MS)
7. Medium Close Up (MCU)
8. Close Up (CU)
9. Extreme Close UP (ECU)

Photo caption - also known as cut lines, are a few lines of text used to
explain or elaborate on published photographs.

Comic Strips – is a sequence of drawings arranged in interrelated panels

to display brief humor or form a narrative, often serialized, with text in balloons
 and captions.

Camera Shot Framing – is the art and science of placing subjects in your
shots. Camera shots are all about composition. Rather than pointing the camera
at the subject, you need to compose an image.

For filmmakers and videographers, a major consideration for framing is the

number of subjects you feature in our shots, and their physical relationship to each
other and the camera.

Based on how you plan to position your subjects, you’ll need to adjust your
camerawork. You’ll want to capture your framing details on a shot list well before
you arrive on set. That way you have a clear idea for the scene and can
communicate your vision with ease.

Types of Camera Shot Framing

1. Single Shot –What you shot captures one subject it’s known as a single shot.
This can be set and framed in any shot size you like, just as long as there is
only one character featured within the frame.
2. Two Shot – is camera shot with two characters featured in the frame. Two shots
are often really useful for allowing performances to play out in a single take,
which can be especially useful for comedy.
3. Three Shot – A three-shot features three characters in the frame. Three shots
are really important in adventure films, or really any film that has a group of
characters, because it is an enormous time drain to shoot 3 single just to
show every character, not to mention jarring.
4. Over-the Shoulder Shot (OTS)- Another elements of camera shots to consider is
the perspective of the shot. An over-the-shoulder shot shows your subject
 from behind the shoulder of another character. Because it emulates
perspective, it’s common in conversation scenes.
Over-the-shoulder shots can help to provide orientation, and connect
the characters on an emotional level.
An over-the hip shot is similar to over-the-shoulder in the that the
camera is placed with a character’s hip in the foreground, and the focus
subject in the plane of acceptable focus. You’ll gain a similar effect form an
over-the-hip shot as you would an OTS, but if you have one-character
standing, and the other sitting, kneeling, or any other configuration that
places the subjects on uneven terrain” it will often suggest a power imbalance.
5. Point-of-View Shot (POV) - A POV shot is camera shot that shows the viewer
exactly what the character sees. This transports the audience into the
character. A point of View shot (POV) is generally sandwiched between two
other shots. A camera shot of a character looking at something.

Camera Focus
What is depth of Field?
Depth of Field (DOF) is the tem used to describe the size of the area in your
image where objects appear acceptably sharp. The area in questions is known as
the field, and the size (in z-space) of the area is the depth of that field.
The center most point of the field is known as the point of focus. The imaginary
two dimensional plane that extends from the point is known as the plan of focus.
Any part of your image that falls directly on this place is officially in focus.

Types of Camera Shot Focus

1. Rack Focus / Focus Pull
2. Shallow Focus
3. Deep Focus
4. Tilt-Shift

3. Written Codes – it is use of language style and textual layout (headlines,

captions, speech bubbles, language style, etc.) The study of written codes
includes:
- Headlines / Titles – It is the text indicating the nature of the article below it.
- Typeface/Font
- Slogans / Taglines
- Captions (print) or inter-titles (moving image)
- Style
- Choice of words
- Emphasis of words.

The use of language style and textual layout also express meaning. In
newspapers for instance, the layout speaks about the degree of importance of a news
story with respect to other news stories. Typically, newspaper editors follow the
inverted “S” of news layout because the mode by which people read would be from
left to right and from the upper fold of the newspaper down to the lower fold.
Captions, titles, slogans, taglines, and some other language elements are also
utilizing in a way suggest a particular meaning.

Conventions are accepted ways of using media codes. Conventions are

closely connected to the audience expectations of a media product. Different types
of conventions include form conventions, story conventions and genre
conventions.
 Form conventions are the certain ways we expect types of media codes
to be arranged. For instance, an audience expects to have a title of the film at the
beginning, and then credits at the end. Newspapers will have the headline or the
most important news on the front page and sports news on the back page. Video
games usually start with a tutorial to explain the mechanics of how the game
works.

Story conventions are common narrative structures and understandings

that are common in story telling media products. Examples of story conventions
include: Narrative structures, Cause and effect, Character construction, and
Point of View.

Genre conventions point to the common use of images, characters,

settings or themes in a particular type of medium. Genre conventions are closely
linked with audience expectations. Genre conventions can be formal or thematic.

Source: https://englishyourway.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/VOCABULARY-
TRafficSigns.png

Types of Signs
A. Regulatory Signs – signs that inform road users of traffic laws and
regulations which, if disregarded, will constitute an offense.
1. Priority Signs, like Stop sign, Give way sign, Left turner must give way
2. Direction Signs
3. Prohibitive / Restriction Signs
4. Speed Signs
5. Parking Signs
6. Miscellaneous Signs
 B. Warning signs – Signs used to warn motorists of potentially hazardous
conditions on or adjacent to the road. It advises motorists of road conditions
that require caution and may call for a reduction in speed, in the interest of
safety and that of other road users.
1. Horizontal signs
2. Intersection signs
3. Advance Warning/ Traffic Control Device Signs
4. Road Width Signs
5. Road Obstacle Signs
6. Pedestrian School Signs

What is Genre?
Genre is a French word which means “kind” or “class”. The original Latin
word is “genus” and means a class of things that can be broken down into
subcategories. The primary genres that media and information industry
consider are the following in broad strokes: news, information, education,
entertainment, and
advertising.

News. These are stories that have critical importance to community and national life.
Like the storytelling of fictional dramas, news stories are also told following the basic
structure of beginning, middle, and end.

Major Division of News Stories Employed by Journalists

(Sub-genres in delivering news)

1. Hard news (straight news) – It is usually found in the first page of a

newspapers or make up the headline of a regular episode of primetime news.

Hard news values two elements: seriousness and timeliness.

Seriousness – means topics or issues that are critical to the lives of the
community and the body politics.

Timeliness – It is the stories that cover current events and the current
peace negotiations, the outbreak of war, a significant public statement
issued by a leader or a situation of current crisis.

2. Soft news – It is also called human interest stories. The journalist is able to
relax in presenting soft news. This include lifestyle news, travel news, articles
offering the best way to do something.

3. Features – The feature stories are extensions of soft news in a sense that the
human interest angle is played up and presented in a longer and elaborate
format.

4. Opinion and Editorial. Opinion against hard news are reserved for editorials
and opinion columns. Columns are opinion articles and editorials express an
individual or organizational point of view. Editorials can serve many purposes,
it can argue for a certain issue and calls on a person or an entity to act on the
issue or respond to the clamor of the citizens.
 5. Investigative News (reporting) – It has a very specific relation to power
because it focuses in finding, reporting, and presenting news which the
authorities try to conceal. It is to expose wrong doing, questionable
transactions or shady deals brokered by those in power, there is the more
compelling need to be more in-depth and analytical with the facts that are
uncovered in a process that usually takes longer than conventional news
reporting.

Advertisements are messages that are created to sell a product or services.

Three established broad sub-genres of Advertising

1. Hard-sell advertisements. These are commercial in nature and utilizes
explicit messages to get the consumers to purchase a product or patronize
service.

2. Soft-sell advertisements. These are associate in nature. A major soda

company associates its product with the happiness derived from family
togetherness.

3. Infomercial –Derived from the word “information” and “commercials”

combine the need to inform or educate and the intent to sell a product.
Advocacy groups use infomercials to send messages.

Entertainment derives from the French word entretenir which means ‘ to hold the
attention, keep you busy, or amused,”.

According to Turow, he identified four Entertainment subgenre which are

festival, drama, gaming and comedy.

Table 1: Entertainment Genre

G ENTERTAINMENT

S Festival Drama Gaming Comedy

2nd Level Parades Workplace Sports Situation

subgenre Comedy
3rd Level subgenre
Secular parades Dramas about Professional Sports
Work-based
professionals sitcoms
Nonrecurring
4th Level subgenre Hospital dramas NFL Football Hospital- based
secular parades sitcoms

Role of Genre in Understanding Media Messages

Genre helps audiences-readers and viewers- to understand the text by
merely looking at those signs that you can recognize and interpret. Oftentimes, you
may not understand the whole film you are watching but because there are clues in
context that these codes or signs provide, you are able to form interpretations. This
is why those who construct the message should “conform to certain standard
practice within the boundaries of a particular genre (Bhatia, 1993).” The codes in
the genre guide the audience toward a particular understanding of the message.
 But a genre is not fixed or static. There are factors that may influence how
message may be understood. The factors include:
 One’s role in the society, i.e., a student may interpret the massage differently
compared to someone who is working adult;
 Group purposes-your reasons for consuming the message affect your
understanding of it, e.g., when you what for entertainment, you may tend to
be less critical of the hidden intention of the message;
 Professional and organizational preferences and prerequisites-your biases
toward the massage may also affect your interpretation of it; and
 Culture constraints-the culture you belong to may have a different way of
looking at things compared to other cultures.

Table 2. Chandler’s Typology of Genre Codes

Major Code Subcode

Phonological , Syntactical, Lexical, Prosodic,
Verbal Language Paralinguistic
Social Codes

Bodily Contact, Proximity, Physical

Bodily Codes Orientation, Appearance, Facial Expression,
Gaze, Head Nods, Gestures, Posture
Commodity Codes Fashion, Clothing, Cars
Behavioral Codes Protocols, Rituals, Role-playing, Games
Scientific Codes
Aesthetic Codes within the Poetry, Drama, Painting, Sculpture, Music,
Representational

Various Expressive Art Classicism, Romanticism, Realism

Genre, Rhetorical, and Narrative (Plot, Character, Action, Dialogue,
Codes

Stylistic Codes Setting, Etc.), Exposition

Argument
Mass Media Codes Photographic, Televisual, Filmic, Radio,
Newspaper, and Magazine Codes
Both Technical and Conventional Codes
(including Format)
Textual Codes

Perceptual Codes Visual Perception (Hall 1980, 132; Nichols

1981, 11ff; Eco 1982)
Note: This code does not assume intentional
communication.
Interpretative Codes

Ideological Codes  More broadly, these include codes for

encoding’ and ‘decoding’ texts
o Dominant (or ‘hegemonic’)
o Negotiated
o Oppositional (Hall, 1980; Morley,
1980)
 Individualism, Liberalism, Feminism,
Racism, Materialism, Capitalism,
Progressivism, Conservatism,
Socialism, Objectivism, Consumerism,
and Populism
Note: All codes can be seen as ideological.
Format
The formats are templates that provide the working and provisional
structures of media and information texts. Formats provide the architectural
foundation of a media or information text and thus dictate the kind of content that
will be generated and the specific audience a program will attract.
A formula is an established procedure for achieving something. In media
creation and production, the formula is the combination of elements that will
generate the kind of content and the optimal effect that is envisioned.

What’s More

Activity 3: Inform Me
Instruction: Search for videos tackling infomercial selling the Philippines as tourist
destination. Below are guide questions and write your answer in a short bond
paper.
1. What are the codes and conventions used in advertising that are applied in
this short infomercial?
2. How does it represent the Philippines, the “product” it is trying to sell?
3. What create tools were used?
4. How did everything blend?
5. Was it successful in selling the “product”?
6. Did the media creators introduce innovations to the established codes and
conventions of advertising?
 Legal, Ethical &
MIL Societal Issues in
Media and Information

What’s In

In previous lesson was about Media and Information Languages. The lesson
discusses the Media Languages, Codes, Conventions, and Messages, Audiences,
Procedures and Other stakeholders. In codes or conventions, you have to follow
standards like traffic signs if green means go then if it red meaning stop.
The next lesson we will tackling copyright, fair use, and plagiarism for another
standard to be followed.

What’s New

Activity 1: Complete Me. The following terms are all associated with ethical use of
media and information, before you proceed, try to figure out what these terms.

1. C___R_G_

2. C_MM__ S

3. P_ TE__

4. _A_R U__

5. F_AM__G

6. __BE_ __LL___G

7. __AG__R__M

8. _E__QU___E
 What is It

What is copyright?
Copyright is mainly the protection of one’s expressions which only becomes
tangible and concepts when objects are created as manifestation of these expression.
Copyright could be a variety of protection provided by the laws to the authors of
“original works of authorship,” together with literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and
bound different intellectual works. This protection is obtainable to each revealed and
unpublished works.
• Set of rights granted the author
• Creator of a piece, to limit others ability to repeat
• Redistribute and reshape the content.

Related Issues
A copyright protects solely original works of “authorship” enclosed
within the following seven categories:
• Literary works (including pc programs),
• Musical works, together with any incidental words,
• Dramatic works, together with any incidental music,
• Pantomimes and dance works,
• Pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works,
• Motion photos and different audiovisual works,
• Sound recordings.

Registering Copyright
Majority of the state signatories of WIPO adhere to the Berne convention that
provides automatic copyright protection. This means that a registration or any other
formality is not required. As for most countries, including the Philippine, there is a
system for voluntary registration of works. Such system “help solve disputes over
ownership or creation, as well as facilitate financial transactions, sales, and the
assignment and/or transfer of rights.”

Fair Use
Fair Use is the limitation and to the prerogative granted by copyright law to
the author of an ingenious work. samples of use embrace statement, search
engines, criticism, news coverage, research, teaching, library archiving and
scholarship.

Plagiarism
The plagiarism is copying or closely imitating the work of another author,
composer, etc., while no permission and with the intention of passing the results of
as original.

What is netiquette?
Netiquette refers to a collection of rules that governs what conduct is socially
acceptable in a web or digital scenario. It’s a social code of network communication.
Netiquette is a set of rules for behaving properly on-line. It represents the
importance of correct manners and behavior on-line. In general, netiquette is that
the set of skilled and social etiquettes practiced and advocated in transmission
over any
electronic network. Common pointers embody being courteous and precise, and
avoiding cyber-bullying.

Netiquette additionally dictates that users ought to adapt copyright laws and
avoid over victimization emoticons. It could be a short type of network rule or net
rule. The word netiquette could be a combination of ‘net’ (from internet) and
‘etiquette’. It suggests that respecting alternative users’ views and displaying
common courtesy once posting your views to on-line discussion teams.

10 Basic Rules of Netiquette or Internet Etiquette

Know your manners when using Technology. The rules of etiquette are just
as important in cyberspace as they are in the evidence of poor netiquette can stick
around to haunt you for much longer. Follow these basic rules of netiquette to
avoid damaging your online and offline relationships.

DO DON’T
- Respect other people’s privacy - Name-call or express offensive opinions
- Verify facts before reposting - Post private or embarrassing images or
- Check messages and respond comments
promptly - Exclude people or talk behind their backs.

1. Remember That Real People Take Priority

If someone is in the room with you, stop what you are doing and look at them.
And don’t answer your cellphone unless it is to tell the person on the other end
that you will call them right back. If you are expecting an important call or email,
let the person know upfront, and apologize for taking the call. This is also true of
public places, such as restaurants, public transit, stores, and libraries. Avoid
taking phone calls and having conversations in these shared spaces.

2. If You Wouldn’t Say It to Someone’s Face, Don’t Say It Online

Name-calling, cursing, expressing deliberately offensive opinions – if you
wouldn’t do it to the face of anyone who might conceivably see what you write,
don’t write it. This goes for any social media site, forum, chat room, or email
message, even if you think it can’t be traced back to you.

3. If You Wouldn’t Show it in Public, Don’t Share It Online

Naked sex pictures, drunk pictures, drug use pictures, unedited home video
- if you would have a problem with your boss, your parents, or your kids seeing
it now, or at any point in the future, don’t post it online.

4. Don’t Exclude Your Audience

If you have an in-joke to share with one other person, or a small number of
people in a larger online group, send them a private message. Don’t make
everyone else feel left out by posting an obscure comment to your Facebook
status, forum, or Instagram story.
5. Don’t “Friend” Then “Unfriend” People
NO one believes you have 1,000 friends, but it is insulting to be dropped from
someone’s friend list. Think about it before adding them or accepting their
invitation. If you don’t want to be in touch with them, don’t add them in the first
place. If you want to stay in touch for professional reasons, tell them you only
 use Facebook for close personal friendships, and join LinkedIn or another
professional networking site for more distant contacts.
6. Don’t Overload System Resources With Enormous Files
You might think that sequence of nature pictures with inspirational
statements is wonderfully moving. It might even give you a sense of serenity. But
that is the last thing it will give the person you email it to if it crashes their server,
depletes their inbox quota so their emails get bounced for a week before they
realize, or uses up the last bit of space they needed to complete an important
assignment. So post it to your own space and send people a link. Don’t attached
it to an email.
7. Respect People’s Privacy
Don’t forward information sent to you without checking with the original
sender first. Use BCC (blind carbon copy) rather than CC (Carbon Copy) if you are
sending something out to more than one person. You might think that we are
sending online, but your friends may not want their names and or email addresses
publicized to people they do not even know.
8. Don’t Repost Without Checking the Facts
That cure for cancer might sound pretty impressive, but it will cause upset if
it is a hoax. And urban myths add to the noise of the internet and waste people’s
time. If you aren’t sure of the facts, email it to someone who does know or can
find out. Or do a search on Google or snopes.com.
9. Check and Respond to Email Promptly
By all means, ignore and delete spam, unsolicited messages, and crazy stuff.
But if you have given someone your email address or if you are in a position where
people could reasonably be expected to contact you by email and your email
address is public, have the courtesy to reply to their message within a few days.
If it is going to take longer to reply, email them and tell them that.
10. Update Online Information That People Depend Upon
Don’t leave inaccurate information online just because you can’t be bothered
to update your website. If you are going to be unavailable, for example, don’t leave
your hours of operation online indicating you will be available. If you can’t keep
your website up to date, take it down.

Digital Divide, Addiction, Bullying

Digital Divide
Digital divide could be a term that refers to the gap between demographics
and regions that have access to trendy info and technology, and people that do not
or have restricted access. Before the late twentieth century, digital divide referred
principally to the division between those with and without phone access.

The digital divide generally exists between those in cities and people in rural
areas; between the educated and the uneducated; between socioeconomic groups;
and, globally, between the more and less industrially developed nations. Even among
populations with some access to technology, the digital divide can be evident in the
form of lower-performance computers, lower-speed wireless connections, lower-
priced connections such as dial-up, and limited access to subscription-based content
(Rouse, 2014).
Computer Addiction
A disorder in which the individual turns to the Internet or plays computer
games to change moods, overcome anxiety, deal with depression, reduce isolation
or loneliness, or distract themselves from overwhelming problems. The elderly, as
well as children and adolescents, are particularly vulnerable because they may not
realize the extent of their dependency. In many instances, individuals with
computer addiction may seek help for another condition, such as depression,
phobias or other addictions (Shiel, 2018).

Bullying
Stopbullying.org (2019) defines bullying as unwanted, aggressive behavior
among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance.
The behavior is repeated, or has the potential to be repeated, over time. Both kids
who are bullied and who bully others may have serious, lasting problems.

In order to be considered bullying, the behavior must be aggressive and include:

• An Imbalance of Power: Kids who bully use their power—such as physical
strength, access to embarrassing information, or popularity—to control or
harm others. Power imbalances can change over time and in different
situations, even if they involve the same people.
• Repetition: Bullying behaviors happen more than once or have the potential
to happen more than once.

Bullying includes actions such as making threats, spreading rumors,

attacking someone physically or verbally, and excluding someone from a group on
purpose.

Three Types of Bullying

 Verbal bullying is saying or writing means things. Verbal bullying includes:

Examples: - Teasing
- Name-calling
- Inappropriate sexual comments
- Taunting,
- Threatening to cause harm.

 Social bullying, sometimes referred to as relational bullying, involves hurting

someone’s reputation or relationships. Social bullying includes:
Examples:
- Leaving someone out on purpose
- Telling other children not to be friends with someone
- Spreading rumors about someone
- Embarrassing someone in public

 Physical bullying involves hurting a person’s body or possessions.

Physical bullying includes:
- Hitting/kicking/pinching
- Spitting
- Tripping/pushing
- Taking or breaking someone’s things
- Making mean or rude hand gestures
 Intellectual Property in International and Local Context
Intellectual property, or IP, as defined by the World Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO), is the “creation of the mind, such as inventions, literary and
artistic works, designs and symbols, names and images used in commerce.” Since
the products of human intellect have a direct influence on human civilization and
on the development of societies, there should be safeguards on intellectual
property.

Laws are enacted to enforce and recognition toward the fruits of other
people’s ingenuity. Inventions or creations serve some benefits to user, thus in the
logic of commerce of business, inventions and creators should be properly
compensated for their contribution. If their intellectual property right is protected,
people will be motivated to contribute more by continuously inventing and
creating for the public good on the spirit of fair play.

The WIPO is the “global forum for intellectual property service, policy,
information, and cooperation.” In the Convention Establishing the World
Intellectual Property Organization signed at Stockholm on 14 July 1967 and
amended on 28 September 1979, it has been agreed among the state signatories
that the WIPO will be “responsible for the promotion and protection of intellectual
property throughout the world through cooperation among state and, where
appropriate, in collaboration with other international organizations, and for the
administration of various treaties dealing with intellectual property rights,” WIPO
has classified the forms of IP .

Table 1. Types of Intellectual Property

Terms Description Coverage
 Legal terms used to describe the rights  Books , Music,
Copyright that creators have over their literary Paintings, Sculpture,
and artistic works Films, Computer
program, Databases,
Advertisement, Maps,
Technical drawings

 Provides the patent owner with the right  Exclusive right granted
Patent to diced how, or whether, the invention for an invention
can be used by others in exchange for
this right. The patent owner makes
technical information about the
invention publicly available in the published
patent document
Trademark  A sign capable of distinguishing goods  Products sold or services
or services of one enterprise from those offered by a business
of other enterprises entity
 Dates back to ancient times when
craftsmen used to put their signature or
“mark” on their products
Industrial  Constitutes the ornamental or aesthetic  Design of an object
Design aspect of an article/object (shape or surface,
patterns, lines, or
colors)
Geographical  Sign used on goods that have specific  The name of the place of
Indication geographical origin and possess origin of the
and qualities, a reputation or characteristics goods/products
Appellation that are essentially attributable to that
of Origin place of origin
The Intellectual Property Law of the Philippines
The Philippines, as a State signatory in the Convention Establishing the
World Intellectual Property Organization, is duty-bound to pass a law on
intellectual property protection. Thus, the enactment of Republic Act 8293,
otherwise known as “The Intellectual Property Code of 1997”.
According to this piece of legislation, intellectual property rights consist of:
1. Copyright and related rights;
2. Trademarks and service marks;
3. Geographic indication;
4. Industrial designs;
5. Patents;
6. Layout-designs {Topographies) of integrated circuits; and
7. Protection of understanding information.

Copyright Protected Works

Under Philippine copyright, both original works and derivative works are
protected.
Original works are those that are literary or artistic in natures which include
the following:
 Books, pamphlets, article, and other writings
 Periodicals and newspapers
 Lectures, sermons, addresses, dissertation prepared for oral delivery, whether or
not reduced in writing or other material form
 Letters
 Dramatic or dramatic-musical compositions; choreographic works or
entertainment in dumb show
 Musical compositions, with or without words
 Works of drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture, engraving, lithography or
other works of art; models or designs for works of art
 Original ornamental designs or models for articles of manufacture, whether or
not registrable as an industrial design, and other works of applied art
 Illustration, maps, plans, sketches, chart and three-dimensional works relative
to geography, topography, architecture or science
 Drawings or plastic works of scientific or technical character
 Photographic works including work produced by a process analogous to
photography; lantern sides
 Audiovisual works and cinematographic works and works produced by a process
analogous to cinematography or any process of making audio-visual recordings;
 Pictorial illustrations and advertisements
 Computer programs
 Other literary, scholarly, scientific and artistic works

Works Not Protected

There are also works that are not covered by copyright due to insufficient
authorship or due to the work being of importance to public interest.

1. Unprotected Subject Matter

 Any idea, produce, system, method or operation, concept, principle,
discovery or mere data as such, even if they are expressed, explained,
illustrated or embodied in a mark
  News of the day and other miscellaneous facts having the character of mere
items of press information
 Any official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, as well as
any official translation.

2. Works of the Government

Any purpose of statutes, rules and regulations, and speeches, lectures,
sermons, addresses, and dissertations, pronounced, read or rendered in courts of
justice, before administrative agencies, in deliberative assembles and in meeting of
public character. (Sec. 9, first par., P.D. No. 49)

What’s More

Activity 3:
a. In 100 words or more, explain the value of intellectual property especially in the
case of media content or products.

b. What is the main difference between copyright and patent?

c. Do you think technology and internet have made plagiarism easier? Do you think
technology has made people more or less creative? Explain your answer with
examples.

What I Can Do

1. Cite one example in your school or community of teenagers who have

experienced computer addiction. What happen them? Have they recovered
from their addiction?

2. Give one suggestion to avoid cyber bullying. Give one suggestion to

avoid being a cyberbully.