Module 7: Design of FIR filters by

windowing method

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4 basic types of generalized linear phase
FIR filters

Filter Length Symmetric / Anti Impulse Response Type

Odd symmetric h(n) = h(M-n) 1
Even symmetric h(n) = h(M-n) 2
Odd anti-symmetric h(n) = -h(M-n) 3
Even anti-symmetric h(n) = -h(M-n) 4

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4 basic types of generalized linear phase
FIR filters

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4 basic types of generalized linear phase
FIR filters

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 4 basic types of linear phase FIR filters
h1= [0.5, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0.5]; % FIR 1
h2= [0.5, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0.5]; % FIR 2
h3= [0.5, 1, 1, 0, -1, -1, -0.5] ; %FIR 3
h4= [0.5, 1, 1, -1, -1, -0.5]; % FIR 4

[H1 w]=freqz(h1, 1, 512);

figure
% Plot the magnitude and phase responses
% in angular frequency from 0 to pi
subplot(121); plot(w/pi, abs(H1));grid; ylabel('FIR 1')
subplot(122); plot(w/pi, unwrap(angle(H1)));grid;

figure
%Plot the zero - pole plots
figure
zplane(h1,1); grid
title('FIR 1')
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Ideal filters

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 Ideal lowpass FIR filter

ℎ𝑑 𝑛

Inverse DTFT

1, 𝜔 ≤ 𝜔𝑐 sin(𝜔𝑐 𝑛)
𝐻𝑑 𝑒 𝑗𝜔 =ቊ ℎ𝑑 𝑛 =
0 𝜔𝑐 < 𝜔 ≤ 𝜋 𝜋𝑛

Noncausal and infinite number of coefficients → unrealizable

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 Design of FIR filters by windowing

• The basic idea behind the window design is to choose a proper

ideal frequency-selective filter (which always has a noncausal,
infinite-duration impulse response) and then to truncate and shift (or
window) its impulse response to obtain a linear-phase and causal
FIR filter

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 Design of FIR filters by windowing

ℎ𝑑 𝑛

Truncate and shift

Noncausal and infinite

number of coefficients

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 Design of FIR filters by windowing
The DTFT of the product of two sequences is
DTFT 1
𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑤[𝑛] 𝐴(𝑒 𝑗𝜔 ) = න 𝑋 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 𝑊 𝑒 𝑗 𝜔−𝜃
𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 2𝜋

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 Example

• Lowpass FIR filter with fc=100Hz

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 Actual frequency response and Filter
specifications
Absolute specifications

➢ 0 ≤ 𝜔 ≤ 𝜔𝑝
1 − 𝛿𝑝 ≤ 𝐻 𝑒 𝑗𝜔 ≤ 1 + 𝛿𝑝
➢ 𝜔𝑠 ≤ 𝜔 ≤ 𝜋
𝐻 𝑒 𝑗𝜔 ≤ 𝛿𝑠

Relative specifications

1 + 𝛿𝑝
𝐴𝑝 = 20 log10
1 − 𝛿𝑝

1 + 𝛿𝑝
𝐴𝑠 = 20 log10 ≈ −20 log10 𝛿𝑠
𝛿𝑠
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Window functions

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Window functions

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 Properties of commonly used windows

𝐿 =𝑀+1

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 Design of FIR filters by windowing

1. Given the design specifications 𝜔𝑝 , 𝜔𝑠 , 𝐴𝑝 , 𝐴𝑠 , determine the ripples 𝛿𝑝

and 𝛿𝑠 and set 𝛿 = min{𝛿𝑝 , 𝛿𝑠 }
2. Determine the cutoff frequency of the ideal lowpass prototype by
𝜔𝑐 = (𝜔𝑝 + 𝜔𝑠 )/2
3. Determine the design parameters 𝐴 = −20 log10 𝛿 and ∆𝜔 = 𝜔𝑠 − 𝜔𝑝
4. Choose the window function that provides the smallest stopband
attenuation greater than A. For this window, determine the required value
of 𝑀 = 𝐿 − 1. If 𝑀 is odd, we may increase it by one.
5. Determine the impulse response of the ideal lowpass filter by
sin[𝜔𝑐 (𝑛)]
ℎ𝑑 𝑛 =
𝜋(𝑛)

𝑀 𝑀
where 𝑛 = (− : )
2 2

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 Design of FIR filters by windowing
6. Compute the impulse response ℎ 𝑛 = ℎ𝑑 𝑛 𝑤[𝑛] using the chosen window
7. Check whether the designed filter satisfies the prescribed specifications; if
not, increase the order 𝑀 and go back to step 5.

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 Design of FIR filters by windowing

• Example: Design a lowpass linear-phase FIR filter to satisfy the

following specifications:

𝜔𝑝 = 0.25𝜋 𝜔𝑠 = 0.35𝜋 𝐴𝑝 = 0.1 𝑑𝐵 𝐴𝑠 = 50 𝑑𝐵

1 + 𝛿𝑝
𝐴𝑝 = 20 log10
1 − 𝛿𝑝

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 Design of FIR filters by windowing

• Example: Design a lowpass linear-phase FIR filter to satisfy the

following specifications:

𝐹𝑝 = 40𝐻𝑧 𝐹𝑠 = 50𝐻𝑧 𝐴𝑝 = 0.1 𝑑𝐵 𝐴𝑠 = 50 𝑑𝐵

Sampling frequency 𝑓𝑠 = 1000𝐻𝑧

• Use the filter to remove the 60Hz noise in the openloop signal

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 Design of FIR filters by windowing

• Example: Design a highpass linear-phase FIR filter to satisfy the

following specifications:

𝐹𝑝 = 300𝐻𝑧 𝐹𝑠 = 200𝐻𝑧 𝐴𝑝 = 0.2 𝑑𝐵 𝐴𝑠 = 40 𝑑𝐵

Sampling frequency 𝑓𝑠 = 1200𝐻𝑧

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 Design of FIR filters by windowing

• A highpass FIR filter can also be obtained by replacing z with -z in

the transfer function of a lowpass FIR filter
𝑀−1

𝐻ℎ𝑝 𝑧 = 𝐻𝑙𝑝 (−𝑧) = ෍ 𝑏𝑛 −1 𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛 𝐻ℎ𝑝 (𝑒 𝑗𝜔 ) = 𝐻𝑙𝑝 (𝑒 𝑗 𝜔−𝜋 )

𝑛=0

• Example:

Lowpass filter Highpass filter

1 1
(1 + 𝑧 −1 ) (1 − 𝑧 −1 )
2 2

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 Design of FIR filters by windowing

• A bandpass filter

DTFT
1
ℎ 𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑚 𝑘 ↔ 2
[𝐻(𝑒 𝑗 𝜔−𝜔𝑚 + 𝐻(𝑒 𝑗 𝜔+𝜔𝑚 ]

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 Design of FIR filters by windowing

• Example: Design a band-pass filter with the cut-off frequencies

𝐹𝑐1 = 300𝐻𝑧 and 𝐹𝑐2 = 700𝐻𝑧. Both the low and high transition bands
of this filter are 100𝐻𝑧. The stop-band attenuation needs to be
greater than 60𝑑𝐵 and the pass-band ripple is expected to be less
than 0.1𝑑𝐵. Assume that the sampling frequency 2000𝐻𝑧

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 Filter design using the adjustable
Kaiser window
2
𝑛−𝛼
𝐼𝑂 𝛽 1 − 𝑥 𝑚
𝛼 ∞
𝑤𝑛 = 2
, 0≤𝑛≤𝑀 𝐼𝑂 𝑥 = 1 + ෍
𝐼𝑂 𝛽 𝑚!
𝑚=1
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

0, 𝐴 < 21
𝛽 = ቐ0.5842 𝐴 − 21 0.4 + 0.07886 𝐴 − 21 , 21 ≤ 𝐴 ≤ 50
0.1102 𝐴 − 8.7 , 𝐴 > 50

𝐴−8
𝑀=
2.285∆𝜔
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Filter design using the adjustable
Kaiser window
𝑀 = 20

𝛽=5

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 Filter design using the adjustable
Kaiser window
1. Given the design specifications 𝜔𝑝 , 𝜔𝑠 , 𝐴𝑝 , 𝐴𝑠 , determine the ripples 𝛿𝑝
and 𝛿𝑠 and set 𝛿 = min{𝛿𝑝 , 𝛿𝑠 }
2. Determine the cutoff frequency of the ideal lowpass prototype by
𝜔𝑐 = (𝜔𝑝 + 𝜔𝑠 )/2
3. Determine the design parameters 𝐴 = −20 log10 𝛿 and ∆𝜔 = 𝜔𝑠 − 𝜔𝑝
4. Determine the required values of 𝛽 and 𝑀. If 𝑀 is odd, we may increase it
by one.
5. Determine the impulse response of the ideal lowpass filter by

sin[𝜔𝑐 (𝑛)]
ℎ𝑑 𝑛 =
𝜋(𝑛)

𝑀 𝑀
where 𝑛 = (− : )
2 2

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 Filter design using the adjustable
Kaiser window
6. Compute the impulse response ℎ 𝑛 = ℎ𝑑 𝑛 𝑤[𝑛] using the Kaiser window
7. Check whether the designed filter satisfies the prescribed specifications; if
not, increase the order 𝑀 and go back to step 5.

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 Filter design using the adjustable
Kaiser window
• Consider the lowpass linear-phase FIR filter specifications

𝜔𝑝 = 0.25𝜋 𝜔𝑠 = 0.35𝜋 𝐴𝑝 = 0.1 𝑑𝐵 𝐴𝑠 = 50 𝑑𝐵

Design the filter using Kaiser window

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 Highpass, bandpass…

• https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/technical-articles/design-examples-
of-fir-filters-using-window-method/

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 Discrete-time frequency transformations

𝐻𝑙𝑝 (𝑤) 𝐻(𝑧)

𝑤 −1 = 𝐺(𝑧 −1 )

𝐻 𝑧 = 𝐻𝑙𝑝 𝑤 ቚ
𝑤 −1 =𝐺(𝑧 −1 )

• 𝐺(𝑧 −1 ) should be a rational function of 𝑧 −1 . This ensures that a

rational 𝐻𝑙𝑝 𝑤 will be transformed into a rational 𝐻(𝑧).
• The interior of the unit circle in the 𝑤-plane must map to the interior
of the unit circle in the z-plane. This requirement preserves stability.
• The unit circle of the 𝑤-plane must map onto the unit circle of the z-
plane.

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 Discrete-time frequency transformations

On the unit circle:

𝐺(𝑒 −𝑗𝜔 ) = 1 (allpass filter)
−𝑗𝜃 −𝑗𝜔 𝑗 𝐺(𝑒 −𝑗𝜔 )
𝑒 = 𝐺(𝑒 )𝑒
−𝜃 = 𝐺(𝑒 −𝑗𝜔 )
−1 + 𝛼
𝑧
Example of an allpass filter: 𝑤 −1 = 𝐺 𝑧 −1 = −
1 + 𝛼𝑧 −1
𝑒 −𝑗𝜔 + 𝛼
On the unit circle: 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃 = −
1 + 𝛼𝑒 −𝑗𝜔

We obtain: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜃𝑐 + 𝜔𝑐 )/2

𝛼=−
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜃𝑐 − 𝜔𝑐 )/2
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Discrete-time frequency transformations

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 Task 3

• Design a FIR low-pass filter for DC motor’s velocity

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 Matlab implementation

• fdatool

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