Chapter 2:

Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

KC1 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

N.Q.HUY
 Idealized Structure
 To model or idealize a structure so that structural analysis
can be performed
 Idealized Structure
 Support Connections
 Pin connection (allows slight rotation)
 Roller support (allows slight rotation/translation)

 Fixed joint (allows no rotation/translation)

Idealized Structure
 Idealized Structure
 In reality, all connections and supports are modeled with
assumptions. Need to be aware how the assumptions will
affect the actual performance
Idealized Structure
 Idealized Structure
 Idealized Structure
 No thickness for the components  line elements
 The support at A can be modeled as a fixed support
 Idealized Structure
 Idealized Structure
 Consider the framing used to support a typical
floor slab in a building
 The slab is supported by floor joists located at even intervals

 These are in turn supported by 2 side girders AB & CD

 Idealized Structure
 Idealized Structure
 Foranalysis, it is reasonable to assume that the joints are pin
and/or roller connected to girders & the girders are pin
and/or roller connected to columns
 Idealized Structure
 Tributary Loadings
 There are 2 ways in which the load on surfaces can transmit
to various structural elements
 1-way system

 2-way system
 Idealized Structure
 Tributary Loadings
 1-way system
 Idealized Structure
 Tributary Loadings
 2-way system
 Idealized Structure
 Tributary Loadings
 2-way system
Uniform load = 100 lb/ft2
Principle of Superposition

y (x)
 y1( x )  y2 ( x )

=
y1( x )

y2 ( x )
 Principle of Superposition
 Total disp. (or internal loadings, stress) at a point in a structure
subjected to several external loadings can be determined
by adding together the displacements (or internal loadings, stress)
caused by each of the external loads acting separately
 Linear relationship exists among loads, stresses &
displacements
 2 requirements for the principle to apply:
 Material must behave in a linear-elastic manner, i.e. Hooke’s Law is valid
 The geometry of the structure must not undergo significant change when the
loads are applied, i,.e. small displacement theory
 Equilibrium and Determinacy
 For general 3D equilibrium:

 Fx  0  Fy  0  Fz  0
 M x 0  M y 0  M z 0

 For 2D structures, it can be reduced to:

 Fx  0
 Fy  0
 M o 0
Equilibrium and Determinacy
P w
A B  Fx  0
F1
 Fy  0
F2 F3
 M o 0
3 EQs 3 unknown reactions

P w
A B
F1

MA
F2
Stable Structures!
Equilibrium and Determinacy
P w
A B
Stable Structures?
F1 F2 F3

3 EQs 3 unknown reactions

P w Not properly supported
A B
F1 Stable Structures?

MA F3
F2

3 EQs 4 unknown reactions

Indeterminate stable
1 degree indeterminancy
Equilibrium and Determinacy
P w
A B
F1 Stable Structures !?

MA F2
F3
6 equilibrium conditions
F4
F1
6 unknown forces
MA F2
F5

F4
F3
Equilibrium and Determinacy
P w
A B
F1 3 equilibrium conditions
+
MA  M cC
cb
0
F2 F3
4 equilibrium conditions

4 unknown forces

F5

F4
F3
 Equilibrium and Determinacy
 Equilibrium and Determinacy
 Ifthe reaction forces can be determined solely from the
equilibrium EQs  STATICALLY DETERMINATE STRUCTURE
 No. of unknown forces > equilibrium EQs  STATICALLY
INDETERMINATE
 Can be viewed globally or locally (via free body diagram - FBD)
 Equilibrium and Determinacy
 Determinacy and Indeterminacy
 For a 2D structure
No. of components

r  3n, statically determinate

r  3n, statically indeterminate
r  3n : degree of indeterminacy
No. of unknown forces
 The additional EQs needed to solve for the unknown forces
are referred to as compatibility EQs
Discuss the Determinacy
Discuss the Determinacy
 Stability
 To ensure equilibrium (stability) of a structure or its
members:
 Must satisfy equilibrium EQs
 Members must be properly held or constrained by their
supports
 There is a unique set of values for reaction forces and internal
forces
 Determinacy and Stability
 Partial constraints
 Fewer reactive forces than equilibrium EQs
 Some equilibrium EQs can not be satisfied
 Structure or Member is unstable
 Determinacy and Stability
 Improper constraints
 In some cases, unknown forces may equal equilibrium EQs
 However, instability or movement of structure could still occur if
support reactions are concurrent at a point
 Determinacy and Stability
 Improper constraints

Parallel

Concurrent
Determinacy and Stability

6 Reactions – 6 Conditions
P/2
B C B
P/2
C

unstable stable
 Solving Determinate Structures
Determine the reactions on the beam as shown.

135 kN

60.4 kN 173.4 kN
50.7 kN 183.1 kN
Ignore thickness Ignore thickness
 Example 2.13
The side of the building subjected to a wind loading that creates a
uniform normal pressure of 15kPa on the windward side & a suction
pressure of 5kPa on the leeward side. Determine the horizontal &
vertical components of reaction at the pin connections A, B & C of the
supporting gable arch.
Solution
 Example
5 kN/m
3 kN/m

Ax A F
B C D E
20m 20m 50m 20m 20m
Ay Cy Dy Fy
5 unknown forces
Needs 5 equations (equilibrium conditions)
5 kN/m
• 3 global equilibriums 3 kN/m
Ax Bx • 2 hinge conditions Ex
A B E F
Ay By Ey Fy
AB EF
 M B  20 A y  100  10  0  M E  20Fy  60  10  0
Summary
 Difference between an actual structure and its
idealized model
 Principle of superposition
 Equilibrium, determinacy and stability
 Analyzing statically determinate structures