4. - Given that {@) 2C1R (@) + 2NEy(g) —> Na(g) + BHF) + Cl (0) AH? =~ 1195 KJ (b) NHy(0) + On(g) —> No(g) + 24,0(), ‘AH? =~602 KJ (6) ANH (g) + 302(g) —> 2N;(g) + 81,01) ‘AH? =~ 1530 KJ Calculate the value of AH; for the reaction : SN, Hy() + 4C1E,(g) —> 3Nq(g) + 12HF(g) + 2Cl,(g) -2 646K: Calculate the reaction enthalpy (AF3,q) forthe reaction CS:(1) + 2H,0() —> CO2(s) + 2451), from the fllowing ata melee (@) H,Sig)+ 30,16) — 1,00) + 50,60) 562 KJ (©) CS,() +30,() —> COz{g)+ 280,18) ‘AH? =~1075 K . Enthalpy changes have been determined experimentally for the following reactions: PD(s)+ 2Cl;(g) —> PDCI,(5); AH =-329 POCL(s)+Ch(g) —> PbC(s); AH =+30K) ‘What is the enthalpy change for the reaction of lead with, chlorine to give lead(II) chloride? ~ 354 hI ‘Naphthalene, C,gHs, is burned in a calorimeter to find the enthalpy change for the combustion reaction. CagHa(6) + 120,(g) —> 10C0,(g) + 4H,0(0) If AH?,, =-5156 KJ, what is the molar enthalpy of formation of naphthalene? AH? H,0() and CO,(g) are 285 and-394 k/mol. 76k ‘You need to know the enthalpy change for the formation, of benzene, CH, a value that is not available directly from any data table. Use the enthalpy change for the combustion of benzene, which was determined experimentally, to calculate the standard molar enthalpy of formation of benzene. ‘2GgHll) + 1502(g) —> 12CO,(g) + 6H,0(); ‘AH? = ~6535 KJ ‘AH? H,0(0) and CO, (g) are ~285 and -394 kJ/mol. (a) Using the following reactions, find the edepy > change for the formation of PbO(s) from lead metal and oxygen gas. Pb{s) + COlg) —> PbOfs) + C{s); AH® = - 107 KJ 2C{s) + 0z(g)— 200g); AH? =-221.0 (0) If 250 g of lead reacts with oxygen to form lead (11) oxide, what quantity of heat (in kilojoules) is absorbed or evolved? 0a) ~ 2090S RY C6)-263-4SkKT 7 8. m1. 12. 13, 14. Pare metals can often be prepared by reducing the metal oxide with hydrogen gas. For example, ‘WOs(s) + 3H(g) —> W(s)+ 3H,00) () Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction. Given the following enthalpies of formations: AH for WO,(s) is ~642.9 kj/mol and AH} H,0() = 285 Ky/mol) +5 (b) What quantity of heat is evolved or absorbed if WO, is allowed to react with an excess of, seme yat ease “7 katfmel 9 €b) 82> IS Ky/ Calculate standard enthalpy of combustion of glucose”””! from the given information: ‘AH; (glucose) =-1268 kJ/mol, AH} (CO,) = 994 kf/mol, AH (#0) = 205 K]/mol Calculate standard heat of combustion of diamond if standard heat of combustion of graphite is 394 kJ/mol and heat of formation of diamond from graphite is 1.895 Kimol. | ~39S+ 84S kz /mol ‘The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J(CCy.g7 and that of copper is 0.38 J(°C).g™. Calculate the heat that ‘must be supplied to a 500 g copper kettel containing 450 ig of water to raise its temperature from 25°C to the boiling point of water. What percentage of heat is used to ‘raise the temperature of the water? 10-28% ky {a) Calculate the energy needed to raise the temperature of 10.0 g of iron (of specific heat 0.45 J(°C)+.g) from 25°C to 500°C. (b) What mass of gold (of specific heat 0.13 J(°C}+.g") can be heated through the same temperature difference when supplied with same amount of Sno avin a)? C4 2IBT*S KD CD Bd" GOT. {a) How much energy must be removed to lower the temperature of a 25 g block of ice. (Heat capacity of block is 2.03 J(°C).g") from -12°C to -28°C? (0) If the same energy were removed from 25 g of steam, (of heat capacity 2.01 ](°C)-g-) what would be the temperature change? (Q) $12 Cb)AT= 16416 A piece of metal of mass 20 g at 100°C is placed in a calorimeter containing 50.7 g of water at 22.0°C. The final temperature of the mixture is 25.7°C. What is the specific heat of metal? 0+53 J (°C)“! g-! ‘A piece of copper of mass 20 g at 100°C is placed in a ‘vessel of negligible heat capacity but containing 50.7 g water at 22°C. Calculate the final temperature of the water. Assume that the water gained all the energy lost by the copper. The specific heat capacity of copper is O3eCICCAE. 26-S4oC,15. Suppose that coal of density 1.5 g/cc is burnt according 25. to the following equation: CEs) + 0,(8) —> co,; aH?=-394)/mol (2) Calculate the heat produced whon a lump of coal of size 7.0 cm x 6.0 em x5.0 om is burned. (©) What mass of water at 15°C can be heated to 100°C ith this pice of coal? (a) O72, | 834e- S KT How much heat can be produ€@a front afeaction mixture 26, of 50 g of iron{i) oxide and 25 g of aluminium in the thermite process as described below: Fe,03(5} + 2Al(s) —s Al,04(s) +2Fe(s) “2-266 kT 17+ Calculate the heat evolved from a reaction mixture of gy 13-4 L of SO, at 1.0 atm and 273 K and 15 g oxygen in the reaction Y2-SU2kT 280312) + Onlg) —> 280,(8) Elemental sulphur occurs in several forms, with zhombic sulphur being most stable under normal condition and 28 ‘monoclinic sulphur slightly less stable. The standard enthalpies of combustion of two forms of sulphur dioxide are ~296.83 and -297.16 kJ/mol respectively. Calculate the change in enthalpy for the rhombic to monoclinic transition. 330 J" Calculate the reaction enthalpy for the hydrogenation of ethyne to ethane, given — standard enthalpy. of combustion of ethyne, ethane and hydrogen; ~1300, 1560 and -286 kjimol, respectively. = 312 kT 20. Determine the partial enthalpy of combustion of ‘methane to CO if heat of combustion of methane and CO are -890 and -163 kf/mol, respectively. ~ 727 kJ 21, Calculate the reaction enthalpy for the synthesis of HCI(g) from the following data: NEA()+HCI(@) —> NHC); AH? =-176 N(@)+3H,() —> 2NTK(g); AH? =-92.22 1) Na(@)+ 44 (g) + Cla(g) —> 2NH CIs); {6+ 47) + Cale) > NBC spon 083 22. Calculate the enthalpy of formation of anhydrous aluminium chloride 2Al(s) + 3Cl(g) —> 2AICh () from the following data: 2Al(s) + 6HCl(ag) —> 2AICI,(ag) + 3H; ‘aH 16. 18. 19. 2. 30. a1. HCl(g) —> HC\(aq); ‘AH® +H, (g) + Cl(g) —> ee ; ae rH wet) Ae Ban: eciee 23. An important esetion that eccurs in those gekS > NOz{g) —+ NO(g)+ Of) su iF which is brought about by the sunlight. How much = energy the sun to cause it must supply? Given, U* dissociation energy of oxygen = 498 kJ/mol and 2 NO(g)+0;(g) —> NO;(g)+O,(g); AH®=-200k) g 30,(g) —> 20s(g); AH? =285.4KJ aa 24, Calculate the enthalpy of hydrogenation of 50 g of benzene to cyclohexane, given enthalpy of formation of CeHg() is 49 Ki/mol and of cyclohexano(/) is 186.4 kj/mol. 2-18) 67 KS Strong sunshine bombards the earth with om 10 Wms, Calculate the maximum mass of pure ethanol that can be vaporised in 10min roma beaker lft in strong sunlight, assuming the surface area of the ethanol to be 50 cm? and enthalpy of vaporisation ethanol be 43.5 K/mol. Assume all the heat is used for vaporisation, not to increase the temperature. 3°17 4.50.0 gic cube at OC is added to glass containing 400 g of water at 45°C. What is the final temperature of the system? Assume that no heat is lost to the surroundings. AHayion of ice is 6.0 kJ/mol. T=2l+)4 ‘6 7 A.0.922 g sample of naphthalene,CyoM, is bumed in a calorimeter that has a heat capacity of 9.44KJ(*C)"!. The temperature of calorimeter rose from 15.73 to 19.66°C. Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of naphthalene, - ‘8.20 g of ice cube at 14°C was heated wBli it becobies steam at 110°C. The specific heat capacities are : ice; 2.03, water vapour; 2.01 and H,0(); 4.18 J (°C)? gs respectively. Calculate the total heat that must have been supplied AMffujoq Of ice is 6 kjmol and AH?,, of water is 40.6 kjmol. 64-10 KT Calculate enthalpy of vaporisation of solid NaCl to a gas of ions NaCl{s) —> Na*g)+Cr@) From the following information : Na(s) —> Nalg); AH®. Nalg) —> Na*(g)+e7; aH? Chl) —> 2Clg); aH? Clg) +e" —> cr; 848.6 KJ and AH7 of NaCl(s) == 411.15 k/mol AW 187-75 kT Calculate enthalpy of formation of ethyl acetate fom ethanol and acetic acid, Given that the enthalpies of combustion of ethanol, acetic acid and ethyl acotate are ~34 kcal, -21 kcal and ~55.4 kcal, respectively. Yoo cal Magnetite (Fes0,)is reduced to iron () by hydrogen, (i) by CO, Calculate the change in enthalpy accompanying the formation of 1.0 g of iron. Given the following thermal information: AH? FeO,(s) = 267 kcal; AH? COs) = -26.5 keal; AH? H,O(g) = -58 kcal and AH} CO, =-9¢ kcal, C1 268 Cal cli}-17-35 Cal 108.4] + 495.8 KJ 242 KJ From the following thermal information, determine the avorage Xe—F bond enthalpy: ek, > Xe+F +R +F; aye Xe —> Xe" +e} Fee 5 F: ~957 kJ/mol R32 153 K/mo) The heat ofthe following reaction at 25°C are = !35-25 3) Nafs)+ Ech ig) — NaClis); AH? =~98.23 keal Fh(s) + S(6) + 202(g) —> H,S0,(); AH? =~ 193,91 kcal Is. 75 keal 196 kJ/mol 171 kj/molNal) + 861+ 2056) —y Ne,8049); ‘a 1 2 Hhte)+ Zeki) — HK; ane 330.50 keal = 22.60 keal Using the above information, determine heat of reaction at constant volume at 25°C for 2NaCils) + HySO,(0) —> Na,SO4(s) + 2HCIg) 84. Calculate the heat of reaction for the process C_H,(@) + HCIlg) — C,H,Clig) Given that the heats of formation of chloroethane(g), HCl(g) and ethane(g) are -26.81, 22.062 and 12,49 kcal per mole, respectively at 25°C. QWs ~\7+24 Kea | 35. Calculate the standard heat of formation of dilute solution of HNO from nitrogen, oxygen and water from the following thermal data: HINO, (aq) + NH,(g) —> NH,NO,(aq); aH NE,NO,(6) +. ag —> NH,NO,(aq); AH? =+ 6.32 kcal NH,NO,(s) —> Ny(g)+2H,O(1) + 0, (8): ‘AH® = — 40.45 kcal 16.01 keal =-20.84kcal (6) +5 Hale) —> NEG): AH and ¥y(@)+ 30, — 1,00); A 36, On igniting 0.1 g of liquid benzene in e calorimeter ‘whose water equivalent in 375 g of water a temperature rise of 2.67°C was noted. Calculate the molar heat of combustion of benzene. The specific heat of water is 4.18 Veper degree. AH2 -2264 +S ky /me! 37. The “heat of total cracking” Hye for a hydrocarbon is defined, for the purpose of this equation, as the AH fora reaction of the type: CoH +(2n-2) mt — nCH,@) Given that Hr, is -15.6 kcal for ethane(g) and -20.9 kcal for propane(g), and that the heat of formation of methane(g) at 25°C is 17.9 keal per mole, calculate AH for the reaction: CH,(a) + CoHals) —> 2C,H@) AH 38, Calculate the heat of dilution, for diluting a solution containing one mole of AgNO; in 100 moles of water by adding 400 moles of water. The heat of formations is, 24.637 and -24.362 kcal per mole for the solution containing 100 and 500 moles of water respectively added to one mole of AgNOs at 25°C. AHz 275 kei 39. Estimate the enthalpy change for the reaction: SilH,(g) + 4HCIlg) —> SICI(g) + 44) Given the following bond enthalpies: ‘SiH = 76 kcal/mol, H—Cl = 103 kcal; Si—Cl = 87 keal; H-H = 103 keal AW=- uy Keal 40. Hydrazine, NgH,, decomposes according to the following, reaction: 3NzH,() —> 4NHG(g) + Nala) AH? =~68.35 kcal 4y 03 Kea a1. 45. Jo30 keal 47. (6) If standard molar enthalpies of formations of hydrazine(/) and ammonia(g) are 50.42k) and ~ 46.3 KJ respectively, determine AH® for the above ‘mentioned decomposition reaction of hydrazine. (b) Both ammonia and hydrazine burn to produce water and nitrogen gas. If standard molar enthalpy of formation water is ~286 KJ, predict which is the better fye] for mass scale production? aatnel SANS gece od a ac, 6 allowed to melt at 17°C and is then heated to 118°C (its normal boiling point) at 1.00 atm. The sample is allowed to vaporise at 118°C and is then readily quenched to 17°C, so that it recrystallizes. Calculate the AH* for the total process, AH=0-co (cyalic Process . A 44.00 g sample of an unknown metal at 99.00°C was placed in a constant pressure calorimeter containing 80.00 g of water at 24°C. The final temperature of the system was found to be 28.4°C. Calculate the specific hheat of metal, The heat capacity of calorimeter is 12:4 JOC. A) SP: Head = O4ASCOC)~I S™} . Compare the heat produced by the complete combustion of 1.0 mole of methane (AH? =~75 Kj/mol) with amole of ‘water gas(equimolar mixture of Hz and CO) under the identical conditions. On the basis of your answer, suggest which one is the better fuel? Given standard molar enthalpies of formation of H,O()), CO(g) and (©O,(g) are ~286 KJ, -110.5 kJ and ~394 Kj, respectively. Hyon ps nd a afl as tbs EP 2H, +0; —> 2H,0() Calculate volume of hydrogen gas at 25°C and 1.00 atm pressure required to produce an amount of energy equivalent to that produced by combustion of a gallon of octane. The density of octane is 2.66 kg/gal, and its standard enthalpy of formation is -249.9 Kj/mol. J (2.0 gallon = 3.875 L) AM =~ 127+73X 103 KT / gallon Ethanol and octane are both used as automobile fuel. If octane is selling for Rs: 60/gal, what would be the price of ethanol have to be, in order to provide the same amount of heat per rupee. The density of octane is 0.7025 g/mL. and standard molar enthalpy of formation of octane is ~249.9 kJ/mol. Density of ethanol is 0.7894 g/mL and its enthalpy of formation is -277 kJ/mol. Also 1.0 gallon = 3.7851. Also standard molar enthalpy of formation of CO; and water are - 394 and -286 kJ/mol, respectively. In an experiment, 60 g of liquid nitrogen (BP = ~196°C) ‘was produced in a Styrofoam cup containing 200 g of ‘water at 55.3°C. Calculate the molar heat of vaporisation of liquid nitrogen ifthe final temperature of the water is arc, AHZS S$ kT/mol ‘A person ate some cheese whose combustion produced 4000 J of energy. Suppose none of the energy was stored in his body. What mass of water would he needed to be perspired in order to maintain his original body temperature? Standard molar enthalpy of vaporisation of wateris 44. 1/6 9- harpoon predns LL Ih48. The total volume of Pacific ocean is estimated to be 7.2109 kin’, A medium-sized atom bomb produces 10% Joule of energy upon explosion. Calculate the number of atomic bombs needed to release enough energy to raise the temperature of the water in Pacific, ocean by 9G, 81X10 4 49. The enthalpy of combustion of benzoic acid is \commonly used as standard for calibrating constant Xb voltime bomb calorimeter; its value has been accurately & determined to be~3226.7 kmol, When 1.9062 g benzoic acid is bumed, the temperature rises from 21.84°C to } 25.67°C. What is the heat capacity of calorimeter if the & quantity of water surrounding the calorimeter is 2000 g? 50;-Calcium oxide is used to remove the sulphur dioxide B generated by coal burning power station: 2Ca0{s) + 280,(g) + On() —> 2CaSO,(s) & Calculate the enthalpy change for this process if this B process removes 6.6 x 10° g of SO» every day. The ‘& standard molar enthalpies of formations of CaO, SO; and ZH CaSO, are -636 i, ~1432 Kj and -296 W, respectively. 51. Glauber salt, sodium — sulphate decahydrate (@VazS0,- 10H,0), undergoes a phase transition at a convenient temperature of about 32°C. NajSO,-10H,0(s) —+ NazSO,-10H,0() ‘AH? =74.4 KJ ‘As a result, this compound is used to regulate the temperature in homes. It is placed in a plastic bag in ceiling of a room. During the day, the endothermic ‘melting process absorbs heat from surroundings, cooling the room, At night, it gives offheat ast freezes. Calculate the mass of Glauber’s salt in kilogram needed to lower the temperature of air in a room by 8.2°C at 1.0 atm. The dimensions of the room are 2.8 x 10.6 x 17.2 m, the specific heat of air is 1.2 J/g°C, and the average molar ‘mass of air may be taken as 29 g/mol. Consider the room temperature in the night to be 27°C. 25+63 KS 552. (a) A person drinks four glasses of cold water (3.0°C) every day. The volume of each glass is 250 mL. How much heat does the body have to supply to raise the temperature of water to 37°C, the body temperature? (0) How much heat would your body lose if you were to ingest 600 g of snow at 0°C to quench the thirst? 0 ings 8 a he “$I Wari K, 56. 87. 58. (olar enthalpy of fusion of ice is 6.01 K) Molar enthalpy of fusion ofie is 6.01 1.00) MSZ) 53. A.46-kg person drinks 500 g of milk, which has a éalorie value of 8.0 kg If only 1696 of the energy in milk is available for muscular work, how high (in m) can the person climb based on this energy intake? © +782 54, Ice at 0°C is placed in a Styrofoam cup containing 361 g of a soft drink at 23°C. The specific heat of the drink is about the same as that of water. Some ice remains after the ico and soft drink reaches the equilibrium temperature of O°C. Determine the mass of ice that has ‘melted. Ignore the heat capacity of cup. |o4 § 55, Pentaborane(9), BsHa, was once studied as a potential rocket fuel. Calculate molar enthalpy of combustion of pentaborane as: 60. BgHiy(g) +O2(g) —> BrOs(6)+#208) wn standard molar enthalpy of formation of BsHa(g) is 73 Kj, standard molar enthalpy of ‘combustion of solid boron [B(s)] is -636 kJ and standard molar enthalpy, of formation of steam is ~242KJ. ~ 4342 Kk ]mo Oxy-acetylene torches, which operate at temperature as high as 3900°C, are fueled by combustion of acetylene gas into COs(g) and H,0(g). Given the following bond enthalpies (all in kJ/mol): C—H=415; C=C O=0 = 498; c=0=745; O—H= 404 (a) Determine molar enthalpy of combustion of acetylene as C,H,(g) + 0,(6) —+ CO2(e) + H,0(@) (b) Also, given the standard state enthalpy of formation of acetylene(g), CO,(g) and H,O(g) to be 226, - 394 and -242 kJ per mole respectively, determine the ‘molar enthalpy of combustion of acetylene(g) for the ‘same reaction using these thermal information and explain the difference, C4) AM =— 996 KT /mol / Cb) AH z= 1256 ks} mol In the presence of a spark, nitrogen and oxygen react to form NO{g) as Na(g) + 03(2) —> 2NO() Calculate AH® for the reaction from the following thermal data: Na(g) +202(2) —> 2NO2(8); AH? =33.2 kJ/mol of NO, 2NO(g) + Oalg) —> 2NOz(8); ‘AH 57.1 kJ/mol of Qs Phosphine is a foul smelling gas, which often Burns oa contact with air to P\Oy9 and HO. Given the following thermal information: AH} HPO,(s) =-1279 j/mol, AH? P,Orofs) = 2984 kJ/mol, AH H,O() = ~286 kf/mol and: APH(g) + 803(6) —> P,O,ofs) + 81,010 ‘aH =~1177.7 Kj/molof PH) ‘Determine AH” for the following reaction: PHs(g) +202(g) —> HyPO,(8) -231+7kY |. Nitrogen and oxygen don't react directly to form dinitrogen pentoxide as 2N;(g) + 5026) —> 2N,Os(6) Use the following thermochemical information to determine the AH for the above mentioned hypothetical reaction: Nile) + 304(@)+ Fale) —> 2HNO4(aq): AH® =~ 407.4KJ/mol of HNO, * N,Os(g) + H,O(]) —> 2HNO,(aq); AH? =218.4kj/ mol of HNO, 2H,(g) + Oz(g) —> 2H,0(0); ‘AH? =~ 285.8 kJ/mol of H,O ~ {43 Use the bond entalples to estimate the nary given af when isooctane used in octane rating is burned as 2,3,3-trimethyl pentaneC(g) + O2(g) > CO,(g) + 3H,0(g) Given the BE (kJ/mol): C-H = 415, CC = 350, 0=0 = 498,C=0 =745 and H—O = 464. . 4127 ky/mol61. Using the bond enthalpies, determine the enthalpy of reaction for combustion of CS,(g) as: CS,{g) + On(g) —> COs{g) + 2802) Given the bond enthalpies(in kJ/mol): C=S = 477, O=0 =498,C =0 =745 and S=O = 523. Also given, standard state molar enthalpies of formations of CS,(g), CO,{g) and $O,(g) to be 117 kj, ~394 kj and -296 Kj, respectively. Determine the standard molar enthalpy of combustion of CSs{g) from these enthalpies of formations and explain the difference from that calculated using bond enthalpies. dp -g4 ks ci-WesRT 62, Using reaction a, b and c, determine the enthalpy change of this reaction: CHY(g) +3 0416) —> CO) +2108) (a) CHy(g) + 202(g) —> 2CO,(g) + 2H,01g); AH? =~802 kJ/mol (b) CH,lg) + CO2(g) —> 2CO(g) + 2H (a); AH® = +206 kJ/mol (©) CH,lg)+#,0(g) —> COG) + 3H,() AH? = + 247 kJ/mol ~S10+SOKTConcept Building Numerical Problems ase Level) 1. -2666 kK) 2. 49 ky 3. 359K) 4. 76K 5 40.56) 6.(a) -217.5k) (b) -203.955) 2. (a}-12.1 Kj/mol, (o)-52.15 mol 8, ~2808 ky 98. ~395.895 kJ/mol 10, 90.8259 kJ 14. (@) 21975 (b)3460g 12, (a) 812) (b) AT =16.6, 13. 0.53 JO)" 5 14, 26.54°C 15. (a) q=~10342.5KJ (6) 29.1 kg 16. q=~266 KJ 17, q=~ 59.2 kj 18. 330} 39. 212k) 20.-727 J 21, aH =~ 92.32 K) 22, AH =~ 1408.00 KJ 23. AH = 163.6 k) 24, q=~ 191.67 kj 25. 3.178 26.7 =91.14°C 27. -5150.43 5) 28. 61.10K) 29. AH = 787.75) 30. 400 cal 31. (1) 208 cal (if) ~17.85 cal 32, BE = 135.25 kJ/mol 33, 15.75 kcal 94. AH = ~17.24 keal 95, AH =~ 44.08 kcal 36, AH = ~3264.5 kJ/mol 87, AH = 10.30 kcal 98. AH = 278 keal 39, AH =~ 44 kcal 40, (a) AH = 33.94) (b) NH 41, AH = 0.00 (Cyclic process) a2, 43, 45, a, 50. 52, 54 56, 57. 60, 62, (0) Sp. Heat = 0.49 J(°Cy? g Methane 44, AH = 127.7810" Kj/gallon 41.77 rupee/Gallon 40. aH = 5.58 Xf/mol 158 48, 3.01% 10° 49,5.36 KIC)" Q= 1027x108 51. 25.63) (142.125) (b) 290.8415 83. 0.9782m 1088 55, -4342 kJ/mol (a) AH =~ 996 kj/mol (b) AH = ~1256 kJ/mol 180.60K} 58. -1261.7K) 59, 1931.60 K) 4127 Kkjfmol 61. (0) ~1134J (ii) 1103 Ky 870.50 K)