1. What is Interpolation?

The animation of movement from one position to another needs a composition of frames with
intermediate positions (intermediate frames) in between key frames. This is called in between process
performed through INTERPOLATION.

2. Describe Linear Notaion or General purpose language?

Linear Notation Language:-
Each event in an animation is described by a starting & ending frame number & an action that is to take
place. The actions take parameter statements like:
42, 53, B, ROTATE, “PALM” 1, 30
The above statement means between frames 42 & 53, rotate the object called PALM about axis 1 by 30
deg. determining amount of rotation at each frame from table B.
GENERAL PURPOSE LANGUAGES:-
Animation capability may be embedded within a general purpose programming language.
The values of variables in the language can be used as parameters to the routines that perform the
animation.
ASAS is an example of such language built on LISP. Main entities are vectors, colors, polygons, solids,
groups, points of views, light etc.

ASAS is an example of such language built on LISP. Main entities are vectors, colors, polygons, solids, groups, points
of views, light etc. ASAS also has wide range of geometric transformations that operate on objects. The ASAS
program fragment below describes an animated sequence in which the object called my_cube is spun while the
camera pans. The fragment is evaluated at each frame to generate the entire sequence.
(grasp my_cube); The cube becomes the current object
(cw 0.05); Spin it clockwise by a small amount
(grasp camera); Make the camera the current object
(right panning speed); Move it to the right

3. What is meant by kinematics and dynamics of a video scene?

• Kinematics of a Video Scene: Describes how objects move and their positions in a video
without considering the forces causing the motion.
• Dynamics of a Video Scene: Explains why objects in a video move as they do, taking into
account the underlying physical forces and interactions.

4. Explain any one method of transmission of animation.

The symbolic representation:-
The symbolic representation (say circle) of animation object say ball is transmitted symbol along with the
operating commands like roll the ball etc. performed on the object & at the receiver side, the animation is
displayed as discussed above. Transmission time is short as symbolic representation of animated object is
smaller than pix-map representation, but display time at receiver side is longer because the scan-
converting application has to be performed at the receiver side.

PIXMAP REPRESENTATION:
The pixmap representation of the animated objects is transmitted and displayed on the receiver side.
In this case, the transmission time is longer in comparison to the previous approach because of the size of
the pixmap representation, but display time is shorter because scan-conversion of the animated objects at
receiver side is avoided. It is performed at the sender side where animation objects and operation
commands is generated. In this approach, the transmission rate of animation is equal to the size of the
pixmap representation of the animated object (graphical image) multiplied by the number of graphical
images per second.
Animated objects may be symbolically represented using graphical objects or scan converted
pixmap images. Transmission is done by Symbolic representation where an animated object ball
is transmitted symbolically as a circle along with the operating commands like roll the ball etc.
performed on the object & at the
receiver side, the animation is displayed as discussed above.

5. What is motion dynamics and update dynamics? Give examples of them.

To animate means “to bring to life”.
Motion dynamics and update dynamics are terms often used in the context of physics and computer
simulations to describe how objects or systems change and evolve over time.
Motion Dynamics: Motion dynamics refer to the study of how objects move and change their positions in
space over time. EX: projectile,circular,harmonic motion
Update Dynamics: Update dynamics, often used in the context of computer simulations and
modeling, refer to how the state of a system or model changes over discrete time steps.
EX:Cellular automata.

6. Why multimedia files are difficult to handle than text files?

1. Large File Sizes: Multimedia files, such as videos and high-resolution images, tend to have
significantly larger file sizes compared to text files. Handling and transmitting large files
require more storage space, bandwidth, and processing power.
2. Complex Data Types: Multimedia files contain complex data types, including images, audio,
video, and 3D graphics. These data types require specialized software and hardware for
encoding, decoding, rendering, and editing.
3. High Bandwidth Requirements: Streaming or transferring multimedia files in real-time,
especially high-quality video and audio, demands a high-speed internet connection and
network infrastructure. This can be a challenge in regions with limited internet access or
slow connections.
4. Storage and Backup: Storing and backing up multimedia files can be resource-intensive due to their size.
Managing versions and backups is critical to avoid data loss.

7. Different type of file format?

RTF: Rich text Format. Plain text files with only information codes as ASCII, EBCDIC. Formatted text files
contain info codes as well as formatting info. Different word processors may have different formatting
techniques for which RTF aims to bridge the gap between them so that file transfer between different
systems become easier. Main elements of RTF are • Character set: Windows ANSI, IBM PC etc.
• Font table
• Color table
• Document formatting
• Section & page formatting
• Paragraph formatting
• General formatting
• Character formatting

RIFF: Resource Interchange File Format:

• Provided a method for encapsulating the MM files for Windows based applications. A custom file format
can be converted to RIFF format by encapsulating it in RIFF structure.
• Chunks are used to store blocks of data, each chunk has a unique tag. This tag is a 4-character ASCII string
that acts as chunk ID. Various types of chunks are:
(i) RIFF chunk to define the contents of RIFF file. (ii) LIST chunk to store info on data, copyright etc.
(iii) Sub-chunk: To add info to primary chunk.

8. What is flicker? Why does it occur? How to reduce flicker?

Through slow motion, a periodic fluctuation of brightness perception occurs called Flicker. To avoid
it, min frame rate should be > 50 refresh cycles/sec..
Flicker can arise due to several factors, such as low refresh rates in displays, the operation of
certain types of lighting, including older fluorescent lights, and interference in electrical systems.
Flicker can reduce by increase frame rate.

In TV, flicker is reduced through use of display refresh buffer. A full TV picture is divided to two half
pictures consisting of interleaved scanning lines. Each half picture is transmitted in an interleaved
manner. If picture transmission occurs at 25 Hz, the half pictures must be scanned at 2X25 = 50 Hz.
This technique is called Interlacing where each image is divided to two frames having alternate
line.The even horizontal line are scanned once & then the odd horizontal lines. This reduces flicker
without increasing bandwidth.

9. What is aspect ratio (definition) and the value of aspect ratio?

Aspect ratio is the proportional relationship between the width and height of an image or screen.
Common values include 4:3 (standard), 16:9 (widescreen), and 2.35:1 (cinematic).

10. What is kell factor? What is it's value?

The ratio of effectivr resolution to theatrical resolution is known as the kell factor.
It’s value is 0.69.

11. What is entropy? Give it's formula.

Entropy is the total information content (TIC) of any information object
Entropy = Useful information content (entropy) + redundant information content (RIC).

12. What is the difference between entropy encoding and source

encoding? Give two points of difference. Give examples of each.
Entropy Encoding Source Encoding
Lossless compression Lossy compression
Independent of data semantics Depends on data semantics
Examples
Huffman Coding, Arithmetic Coding, Run-Length
Encoding, etc.
Binary Encoding, Gray Coding, ASCII
Encoding, etc

13. Give examples of lossless encoding and lossy encoding.

Lossless: Run-Length encoding,Huffman coding
Lossy: JPEG,MPEG

14. Why is arithmetic encoding preferred over huffman coding?

• Arithmetic coding surpasses the Huffman techniques in its compression ability.
• The Huffman method assigns an integral number of bits to each symbol, while arithmetic
coding assigns one log code to the entire input string.
• Arithmetic coding consists of a few arithmetic operations due to its complexity is less.
• In terms of complexity, arithmetic coding is asymptotically better than Huffman coding.

15. What is predictive encoding and perceptual encoding? Where is is used?

Predictive Encoding:
• Purpose: Reduces data by encoding prediction errors.
• Usage: Common in audio and video compression, lossless data compression, and time-series data
analysis.
EXAMPLES: DPCM, Delta Encoding
Perceptual Encoding:
• Purpose: Optimizes data representation based on human perception.
• Usage: Primarily used in audio and image compression to maintain perceived quality while
achieving compression.
Predictive encoding :- Difference between samples are encoded instead of all sampled values. Used for
Speech.
Perceptual encoding :- Uses frequency and temporal masking to compress audio signal. Used for mp3.
Perceptual encoding gives higher CR .

16. What is order of statistical model?

In statistics and data analysis, the order of a statistical model refers to the number of past
observations, or lags, that are included in the model to predict future values or outcomes. The order
of a model is often denoted as "p."

17. Is audio compression technique lossy or lossless?

Audio compression techniques can be either lossy or lossless, and the choice between them depends on
the trade-off between file size and audio quality that is acceptable for a given application.

18. Why multimedia files are difficult to handle than text files?

.Multimedia files are more challenging to handle than text files for several reasons:
1. Large File Sizes: Multimedia files, like videos and high-resolution images, are much larger in size than text
files. This necessitates more storage space, bandwidth, and processing power for handling and transmitting
them.
2. Complex Data Types: Multimedia files encompass a variety of complex data types, including images,
audio, video, and 3D graphics. These diverse formats require specialized software and hardware for tasks
such as encoding, decoding, rendering, and editing.
3. High Bandwidth Requirements: Real-time streaming or transferring of multimedia files, especially high-
quality video and audio, demands a fast internet connection and robust network infrastructure. In regions
with limited internet access or slow connections, this can pose a significant challenge.
4. Storage and Backup: Due to their size, storing and backing up multimedia files can be resource-intensive.
Properly managing versions and backups is crucial to prevent data loss.

19. What is vertical blanking and horizontal blanking?

Horizontal blanking:
as the beam scans from left to right, the electron beam of the picture tube of TV is turned on & intensity is
modulated. When it flies back from right to left side of next line, electron beam is blanked/ turned off. This
is called horizontal blanking & the period for which it is blanked off is called horizontal blanking period.
Vertical blanking :
When beam reaches the right hand side of the bottom most horizontal line of an image to be scanned of a
frame, it moves back quickly to the left topmost corner of ext frame. This diagonal movement is blanked
off & called Vertical blanking.

20. Defination of Multimedia?

An MM system is characterized by computer controlled, integrated production, manipulation,
presentation, storage & communication of independent information which is encoded through a
continuous (time-dependent) & discrete (time-independent) medium.
21. Different type of chromatic model?

CHROMATIC MODELS: One parameter defines luminance or brightness, the other two defines color of
pixels called chrominance. Two chromatic components are required which are added to get the final color.
These are additive models.
▪ RGB MODEL:
▪ Additive model
▪ Originally for image capture & display
▪ R+G+B = 1

▪ CMYK Model • Cyan, magenta, yellow & black represent the image
• Subtractive model.
▪ YUV Model
Y stands for luminance , U,V for two color components called chrominance.
Y = 0.299R + 0.587G + 0.114B
U = 0.596R - 0.247G - 0.322B
V = 0.211R – 0.532G + 0.312B
There are several YUV models another of which is:
Y = 0.3R + 0.6G + 0.1B
U = B-Y
V = R-Y If R=G=B=0; Y=U=V=0; it is a monochrome grayscale image.
22. What is optimum viewing angle while viewing TV? 15 degree.

23. What should be the frame rate for continuous video, for smooth video, for motion
picture and for television viewing? (For TV it is 50 frames/sec)
24. Indian TVs have _________ horizontal scanning lines (625)
25. Our eyes are more sensitive to luminance (brightness) or chrominance (colour)?

Our eyes are more sensitive to luminance that is brightness and less to colour
 26. What is the perception medium?

The Perception medium: It is through seeing or hearing the information. Visual media such as text, image
& video are used for perception of seeing. For perception of hearing, auditory media such as music, noise &
speech are relevant.
The Representation Medium: Represents coding of computer Information

27. Different type of medium ?

• The Presentation Medium: refers to tools & devices for input (Keyboard, mouse, camera, microphone) &
output of information (paper, screen, speaker).
• The storage medium: refers to a data carrier which enables storage of data (Microfilm, floppy disk, HD,
CD-ROM).
• The transmission medium: The different carriers that enable continuous data transmission. Storage
media are excluded. Information is transmitted over networks, wire & cable transmission co-axial cables &
fibre optics.
• The information exchange medium: Includes all information carriers for transmission & storage.
Quantization is defined as a lossy data compression technique by
which intervals of data are grouped or binned into a single value
(or quantum).

28. What is Huffman coding?

Huffman coding – It is widely used in image compression. First, a statistical model is made of the input data.
This model gives the probability of occurrence of each input symbol. Based on these probabilities, code
words are assigned to data characters. The code is built using probabilities in statistical model It is used in
JPEG & MPEG for still & moving image compression.
Entropy E( c) = - log2( Pc)

29. Differnce between Lossy compression and Lossless compression.

Lossy: Irreversibale compression. Reduces the Quality. Data reduction is higher. Used to compress audio,
video, image
Lossless: - Reversible compression. Does not reduce quality. Data reduction is lower. Used for text, data
files