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Chebysev Polynomial Examples With Clear Understanding To Learn ..

The document discusses various basis functions used in numerical analysis and spectral methods, including Chebyshev polynomials, Fourier series and transforms, Legendre, Laguerre, and Hermite polynomials. Each basis function is suited for specific types of problems, such as Chebyshev for finite domains and Fourier for periodic functions. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of selecting the appropriate basis function based on the problem at hand.

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18 views4 pages

Chebysev Polynomial Examples With Clear Understanding To Learn ..

The document discusses various basis functions used in numerical analysis and spectral methods, including Chebyshev polynomials, Fourier series and transforms, Legendre, Laguerre, and Hermite polynomials. Each basis function is suited for specific types of problems, such as Chebyshev for finite domains and Fourier for periodic functions. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of selecting the appropriate basis function based on the problem at hand.

Uploaded by

karthikbollu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Examples of Basis Functions:

Chebyshev Polynomials, Fourier


Transforms, and Others

1 Introduction
In numerical analysis and spectral methods, different sets of basis functions are
used for function approximation and solving differential equations. The most
common include:

• Chebyshev Polynomials: Useful for problems on finite domains.


• Fourier Series and Fourier Transform: Suitable for periodic problems
and frequency analysis.
• Legendre Polynomials: Commonly used in solving problems with spher-
ical symmetry.
• Laguerre and Hermite Polynomials: Used for semi-infinite and infi-
nite domains.

2 Chebyshev Polynomials
The Chebyshev polynomials Tn (x) are defined as:

Tn (x) = cos(n cos−1 (x)), x ∈ [−1, 1] (1)

They satisfy the recurrence relation:

T0 (x) = 1, T1 (x) = x, Tn+1 (x) = 2xTn (x) − Tn−1 (x). (2)

1
2.1 Example of Chebyshev Polynomials
For small values of n, the polynomials are:

T0 (x) = 1,
T1 (x) = x,
T2 (x) = 2x2 − 1,
T3 (x) = 4x3 − 3x,
T4 (x) = 8x4 − 8x2 + 1.

3 Fourier Series and Fourier Transform


3.1 Fourier Series
For a periodic function f (x) defined on x ∈ [−L, L], the Fourier series expansion
is:
∞ 
X nπx nπx 
f (x) = a0 + an cos + bn sin , (3)
n=1
L L
where the coefficients are:
Z L
1 nπx
an = f (x) cos dx, (4)
L −L L
Z L
1 nπx
bn = f (x) sin dx. (5)
L −L L

3.2 Fourier Transform


For a function f (x), the Fourier Transform is given by:
Z ∞
F (k) = f (x)e−ikx dx. (6)
−∞

The inverse Fourier Transform reconstructs f (x):


Z ∞
1
f (x) = F (k)eikx dk. (7)
2π −∞

3.3 Example of Fourier Transform


Consider the Gaussian function:
2
f (x) = e−x . (8)

Its Fourier transform is: √ 2


F (k) = πe−k /4
. (9)

2
4 Other Basis Functions
4.1 Legendre Polynomials
Legendre polynomials Pn (x) are solutions to the Legendre differential equation:

(1 − x2 )Pn′′ (x) − 2xPn′ (x) + n(n + 1)Pn (x) = 0. (10)

For example,

P0 (x) = 1,
P1 (x) = x,
1
P2 (x) = (3x2 − 1).
2

4.2 Laguerre Polynomials


Laguerre polynomials Ln (x) are solutions to:

xL′′n (x) + (1 − x)L′n (x) + nLn (x) = 0. (11)

For example,

L0 (x) = 1,
L1 (x) = 1 − x,
1
L2 (x) = (2 − 4x + x2 ).
2

4.3 Hermite Polynomials


Hermite polynomials Hn (x) satisfy:

Hn′′ (x) − 2xHn′ (x) + 2nHn (x) = 0. (12)

For example,

H0 (x) = 1,
H1 (x) = 2x,
H2 (x) = 4x2 − 2.

5 Conclusion
This document has provided examples of several important basis functions used
in numerical analysis. The choice of the appropriate basis depends on the prob-
lem:

• Use Chebyshev polynomials for finite, non-periodic domains.

3
• Use Fourier series for periodic functions.
• Use Legendre polynomials for problems on a sphere.
• Use Laguerre polynomials for semi-infinite domains.
• Use Hermite polynomials for infinite domains.

These basis functions form the foundation for many spectral and computa-
tional techniques.

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