Comprehensive Study Notes for Star Coder Program 2025 Exam Preparation

mcq question

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Brief Description:

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects,"

Key Concepts:

1. Class and Object:

o Class: A class is a template or blueprint for creating objects. It defines the properties and
behaviors of the objects.

o Object: An object is an instance of a class. It contains real-time values for the properties
defined in the class.

o Example:

o class Car:

o def __init__(self, brand, model):

o self.brand = brand

o self.model = model

o car1 = Car("Toyota", "Corolla")

o print(car1.brand) # Output: Toyota

2. Inheritance:

o Inheritance allows one class (child) to acquire the properties and methods of another
class (parent).

o Example:

o class Vehicle:

o def __init__(self, name):

o self.name = name
 o

o class Car(Vehicle):

o def display(self):

o print("This is a", self.name)

o car = Car("Sedan")

o car.display() # Output: This is a Sedan

3. Polymorphism:

o Polymorphism allows methods in different classes to be used interchangeably through a

o Example:

o class Animal:

o def sound(self):

o print("Animal makes a sound")

o class Dog(Animal):

o def sound(self):

o print("Dog barks")

o animal = Dog()

o animal.sound() # Output: Dog barks

4. Encapsulation:

o Encapsulation restricts access to certain components of an object to ensure controlled

o Example:

o class BankAccount:

o def __init__(self):
 o self.__balance = 0

o def deposit(self, amount):

o self.__balance += amount

o def get_balance(self):

o return self.__balance

o account = BankAccount()

o account.deposit(1000)

o print(account.get_balance()) # Output: 1000

5. Abstraction:

o Abstraction focuses on hiding the implementation details and exposing only the
necessary parts.

o Example:

o from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

o class Shape(ABC):

o @abstractmethod

o def area(self):

o pass

o class Circle(Shape):

o def __init__(self, radius):

o self.radius = radius

o def area(self):

o return 3.14 * self.radius * self.radius

o circle = Circle(5)

o print(circle.area()) # Output: 78.5

Important Questions:

1. Differentiate between Abstract Class and Interface.

2. Write a program to demonstrate method overriding.

3. Explain multiple inheritance with an example.

4. Trace the output of the following:

5. class A:

6. def display(self):

7. print("A")

8.

9. class B(A):

10. def display(self):

11. print("B")

12.

13. obj = B()

14. obj.display()

15.

Database

Brief Description:

A database is a structured collection of data that is stored, managed, and retrieved efficiently. Relational
databases use tables to store data and allow users to perform operations using SQL. Databases ensure
data integrity, scalability, and security.

Key Concepts:

1. SQL Basics:

o SQL (Structured Query Language) is used for defining, manipulating, and querying data
in a relational database.
 o Example:

o -- Create table

o CREATE TABLE Students (

o ID INT PRIMARY KEY,

o Name VARCHAR(50),

o Age INT

o );

o -- Insert data

o INSERT INTO Students VALUES (1, 'John', 20);

o -- Select data

o SELECT * FROM Students;

2. Joins:

o Joins are used to combine rows from two or more tables based on related columns.

o Example:

o SELECT Orders.OrderID, Customers.CustomerName

o FROM Orders

o INNER JOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID;

3. Normalization:

o Normalization organizes data to minimize redundancy and dependency.

o Example: Moving data to higher normal forms like 1NF, 2NF, and 3NF.

4. Indexes:

o Indexes enhance query performance by creating a quick lookup mechanism.

Important Questions:

1. Write a query to fetch the second-highest salary from a table.

2. SELECT MAX(Salary)
 3. FROM Employees

4. WHERE Salary < (SELECT MAX(Salary) FROM Employees);

5.

6. What is a clustered vs. non-clustered index?

7. Explain normalization with examples.

Data Structure & Algorithm

Brief Description:

Data structures provide a way to organize and manage data efficiently, while algorithms are step-by-step
instructions to solve problems. Together, they optimize computational tasks.

Key Concepts:

1. Sorting Algorithms:

o Sorting algorithms arrange data in ascending or descending order.

o Examples: Quick Sort, Merge Sort, Bubble Sort.

2. Common Data Structures:

o Arrays, Linked Lists, Stacks, Queues, Trees, Graphs are essential for problem-solving.

3. Time Complexity:

o Big-O notation measures the performance of an algorithm in terms of time and space.

Important Questions:

1. Write a program to implement binary search.

2. Explain the difference between DFS and BFS.

3. Solve:

o Find the largest element in an array.

o Check if a string is a palindrome.

Problem-Solving

Brief Description:

Problem-solving is the process of finding solutions to complex issues by breaking them down into
smaller, manageable tasks. It emphasizes logic, critical thinking, and the application of algorithms.
Key Concepts:

1. Logical Patterns:

o Identify sequences, trends, or repetitive structures in problems.

2. Algorithmic Thinking:

o Use structured approaches like divide-and-conquer, dynamic programming, or

Important Questions:

1. Write a program to find factorial using recursion.

2. Solve puzzles like:

o Find missing numbers in a series.

Output Tracing

Brief Description:

Output tracing involves analyzing code to predict its output. It helps in understanding the flow of
execution and debugging errors.

Key Concepts:

• Understand loops, conditionals, and recursion to determine the output of code snippets.

Important Questions:

1. Predict output:

2. for i in range(3):

3. print(i)

4.

Analytical Ability

Brief Description:

Analytical ability tests assess logical reasoning and problem-solving skills. They often involve numerical
and verbal puzzles, patterns, and logical deductions.

Key Concepts:

• Logical reasoning, puzzles, and mental aptitude exercises.

Important Questions:
 1. If two trains travel at 60 km/h in opposite directions, how far apart will they be in 1 hour?

Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Brief Description:

SDLC outlines the steps involved in creating a software application systematically. It ensures quality and
efficiency through structured stages.

Key Concepts:

1. Phases:

o Requirement Analysis: Understand and document user needs.

o Design: Create architecture and design specifications.

o Implementation: Write code to build the system.

o Testing: Validate functionality and fix defects.

o Deployment: Deliver the final product to users.

o Maintenance: Update and improve the product post-deployment.

2. Agile vs. Waterfall:

o Agile focuses on iterative and incremental development.

o Waterfall is a linear and sequential approach.

Important Questions:

1. Differentiate between Agile and Waterfall.

2. What are the key deliverables of each SDLC phase?

Here's a structured reading of the study notes for Star Coder Program 2025 exam:

Main Topics:

• 1. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

o A programming paradigm based on objects containing data and methods

o Key concepts include classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and

• 2. Database

o Focuses on structured data storage and management using SQL

• 3. Data Structure & Algorithm

o Covers organization of data and problem-solving methods

o Includes sorting algorithms, common data structures, and time complexity

• 4. Problem-Solving

o Emphasizes breaking down complex problems into manageable tasks

o Focuses on logical patterns and algorithmic thinking

• 5. SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle)

o Systematic approach to software development

o Covers all phases from requirement analysis to maintenance

Each section includes practical examples and important questions for exam preparation.