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UNIT IV – FIR FILTER DESIGN

1. How phase distortion and delay distortion are introduced?
The phase distortion is introduced when the phase characteristics of a filter is
nonlinear within the desired frequency band. The delay distortion is introduced when the
delay is not constant within the desired frequency band.
2. What is mean by FIR filter?
The filter designed by selecting finite number of samples of impulse response h (n)
obtained from inverse Fourier transform of desired frequency response H(w) are called FIR
filters
3. Write the steps involved in FIR filter design
Choose the desired frequency response Hd(w)
Take the inverse Fourier transform and obtain Hd(n)
Convert the infinite duration sequence Hd(n) to h(n)
Take Z transform of h(n) to get H(Z)
4. Give the advantages of FIR filter?
Linear phase FIR filter can be easily designed
Efficient realization of FIR filter exists as both recursive and non-recursive structures.
FIR filter realized non-recursively stable.
The round off noise can be made small in non recursive realization of FIR filter.
5. List the disadvantages of FIR FILTER
The duration of impulse response should be large to realize sharp cutoff filters. The
non integral delay can lead to problems in some signal processing applications.
6. Define necessary and sufficient condition for the linear phase characteristic of a FIR
filter?
The phase function should be a linear function of w, which in turn requires constant
group delay and phase delay.
7. List the well-known design technique for linear phase FIR filter design?
Fourier series method and window method
Frequency sampling method
Optimal filter design method
8. For what kind of application, the anti-symmetrical impulse response can be used?
The anti-symmetrical impulse response can be used to design Hilbert transforms and
differentiators.
9. For what kind of application, the symmetrical impulse response can be used?
The impulse response, which is symmetric having odd number of samples, can be used
to design all types of filters, i.e., lowpass, highpass, bandpass and band reject. The symmetric
impulse response having even number of samples can be used to design lowpass and bandpass
filter.
10. Justify that that FIR filter is always stable?
FIR filter is always stable because all its poles are at the origin.
11. What condition on the FIR sequence h(n) are to be imposed in order that this filter
can be called a linear phase filter?
The conditions are
(i) Symmetric condition h(n )= h(N-1-n)
(ii) Antisymmetric condition h(n) = -h(N-1-n)
12. Under what conditions a finite duration sequence h(n) will yield constant group delay
in its frequency response characteristics and not the phase delay?

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If the impulse response is anti symmetrical, satisfying the condition H(n)=-h(N-1-n)

The frequency response of FIR filter will have constant group delay and not the phase delay.
13. What are the properties of FIR filter?
1. FIR filter is always stable.
2. A realizable filter can always be obtained.
3. FIR filter has a linear phase response.
14. When cascade from realization is preferred in FIR filters?
The cascade from realization is preferred when complex zeros with absolute
magnitude less than one.
15. What are the disadvantages of Fourier series method?
In designing FIR filter using Fourier series method the infinite duration impulse
response is truncated at n= ± (N-1/2).Direct truncation of the series will lead to fixed
percentage overshoots and undershoots before and after an approximated discontinuity in the
frequency response .
16. Define Gibbs phenomenon? OR What are Gibbs oscillations?
One possible way of finding an FIR filter that approximates H(ejw)would be to truncate
the infinite Fourier series at n= ± (N-1/2).Abrupt truncation of the series will lead to
oscillation both in pass band and is stop band .This phenomenon is known as Gibbs
phenomenon.
17. Give the desirable characteristics of the windows?
The desirable characteristics of the window are
1. The central lobe of the frequency response of the window should contain most of the
energy and should be narrow.
2. The highest side lobe level of the frequency response should be small.
3. The side lobes of the frequency response should decrease in energy rapidly as w tends to p.
18. What is the necessary and sufficient condition for linear phase characteristics in FIR
filter?
The necessary and sufficient condition for linear phase characteristics in FIR filter is the
impulse response h (n) of the system should have the symmetry property, i.e, H(n) = h(N-1-n)
Where N is the duration of the sequence
19. What are the advantages of Kaiser Widow?
1. It provides flexibility for the designer to select the side lobe level and N.
2. It has the attractive property that the side lobe level can be varied continuously from the
low value in the Blackman window to the high value in the rectangle window.
20. What is the principle of designing FIR filter using frequency sampling method?
In frequency sampling method the desired magnitude response is sampled and a linear phase
response is specified .The samples of desired frequency response are defined as DFT
coefficients. The filter coefficients are then determined as the IDFT of this set of samples.
21. For what type of filters frequency sampling method is suitable?
Frequency sampling method is attractive for narrow band frequency selective filters
where only a few of the samples of the frequency response are non-zero.
22. Compare FIR and IIR filter
S.No FIR Filter IIR Filter

1. The impulse response of this filter is restricted The impulse response extends to infinite
to finite number of samples duration
2. FIR Filters have linear phase IIR filter don’t have linear phase
3. Always stable Not always stable
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4. Greater flexibility Less flexibility

5. Errors due to roundoff noise are less severe IIR filters are more susceptible to errors due to
roundoff noise

23. Give the equation specifying Hanning and Blackmann window

Hanning Window
WH (n)=0.5+0.5cos2πn/N-1, (N-1)/2≤n≤(N-1)/2
= 0, otherwise
Blackmann Window

WB (n) = 0.42+0.5cos2πn/N-1+0.08cos4πn/N-1, -(N-1)/2≤n≤(N-1)/2

=0, else
24. What do you understand by Linear Phase Response in filters?
In linear phase filter ( ) α , the linear phase filter does not alter the shape of the original
signal. If phase response of the filter is nonlinear the output signal is distorted one. In many
cases Linear Phase filter is required throughout the passband of the filter to preserve the shape
of the given signal within the pass band. An IIR filter cannot produce a linear phase. The FIR
filter can give linear phase, when the impulse response of the filter is symmetric about its
midpoint.
25. State Frequency Warping
Because of the non-linear mapping: the amplitude response of digital IIR filter is expand
at lower frequencies and compressed at higher frequencies in comparison to the
analog filter.
26. What is the importance of poles in filter design?
The stability of a filter is related to the location of the poles. For a stable analog filter the
poles should lie on the left half of s-plane. For a stable digital filter the poles should lie
inside the unit circle in the z-plane.
27. State the condition for a digital filter to be causal and stable
Causal---------h(n)= 0 for n<0

Stable -------------------
28. Write the procedure for designing FIR filter using windows
1. Choose Desired Frequency Response Hd(
2. Find Infinite Impulse Response Sequence hd(n)=1/2π
3. Multiply the Infinite Impulse response to obtain filter coefficients h(n) and to make it
finite
h(n) = hd(n)w(n),
=0, otherwise
4. Find the transfer function of the realizable filter
H(Z) = z-(N-1)/2[h(0) +
29. Write the procedure for designing FIR filter using Frequency Sampling Method
1. Find phase
2. Choose Desired frequency response Hd(
3. Find Filter Coefficients h(n)
30. What are the applications of FIR Filters?
Symmetric Response
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To design all types of filter such as HPF, LPF, BPF, BSF

Antisymmetric Response
To design Hilbert Transformer and Differentiator

PART - B

1. Write the expressions for the Hamming, Hanning, Bartlett and Kaiser windows (6)
2. Explain the design of FIR filters using windows. (10)
3. Design an ideal high pass filter with

Using Hanning window for N=11. (16)

4. Design an ideal high pass filter with

Using Hamming window for N=11. (16)

5. Using a rectangular window technique design a lowpass filter with pass band gain of unity,
cutoff frequency of 1000 Hz and working at a sampling frequency of 5 kHz. The length of the
impulse response should be 7. (16)
6. .Design a FIR linear phase digital filter approximating the ideal frequency response (16)

With T=1 Sec using bilinear transformation .Realize the same in Direct form II
7. Obtain direct form and cascade form realizations for the transfer function of the system
givenby (10)

8. Design a LPF for the following response using hamming window with N=7 (8)

9. Prove that an FIR filter has linear phase if the unit sample response satisfies the condition
h(n)= ±h(M-1-n), n=0,1,….M-1. Also discuss symmetric and antisymmetric cases of FIR
filter (8)

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10. Explain the need for the use of window sequences in the design of FIR filter. Describe the
window sequences generally used and compare their properties (16)

11. Explain the need for the use of window sequences in the design of FIR filter. Describe the
window sequences generally used and compare their properties. (16)

12. Realize the following system using minimum number of multipliers

(i) H(z)= 1+2Z-1+3 Z-2+4Z-3+3Z-4 + 2Z-5+Z-6 (8)

13. Design an ideal band reject filter using Hamming window for the given frequency
response. Assume N=11 (16)

14. Design an FIR filter using Hanning window with the following specification (16)

15. Using a rectangular window technique, design a low pass filter with pass band gain of unity cut off
frequency of 1000Hz and working at a sampling frequenc y of 5 kHz. The length of the impulse
response should be 7. (8)

16. Design an ideal band pass filter with a frequency response. (16)

Find the values of h(n) for N 7. Find the realizable filter transfer function and
magnitude function of

17. Design a digital FIR band pass filter with lower cut off frequency 2000Hz and upper cut off
frequency 3200 Hz using Hamming window of length N = 7. Sampling rate is 10000Hz. (8)

18. Design an FIR low pass digital filter using the frequency sampling method for the following
specifications (16)
Cut off frequency = 1500Hz Sampling frequency = 15000Hz Order of the filter N = 10
Filter Length require d L = N+1 = 11

19. Determine the coefficients of a linear phase FIR filter of length M = 15 which has a
symmetric unit sample response and a frequency response that satisfies the conditions. (8)

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20. Design the first 15 coefficients of FIR filters of magnitude

specification is given below: (8)

21. Draw THREE different FIR structures for the H(z) given below: (10)
-1 -2 -1
H(Z) = (1+5Z +6Z )(1+Z )

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