LESSON 1

CONTEMPORARY WORLD

Objectives:

At the end of this video lecture, you will be able to:

Understand the meaning of Globalization

Identify the different qualities and characteristics of Globalization

Interpret your own meaning of Globalization

Chapter I. INTRODUCTION AND THE CONCEPT OF GLOBALIZATION

What is CONTEMPORARY WORLD?

Refers to circumstances and ideas of the present age, where it deals with problems and issues related to environment,
population, wealth, power, tensions, and conflicts.

Why Study CONTEMPORARY WORLD?

a. To be aware of Contemporary World problems and issues that all societies must be concerned.

b. To develop competencies and construct knowledge about problems and issues and become aware of our roles and
responsibilities as citizens.

DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION

Globalization (Borderless) as defined by the World Health Organization:

It is the increased interconnectedness and interdependence of people and countries through the opening of
international borders to increasingly fast flows of goods, services, finance, people, and ideas, and the changes in
institutions and policies at national and international levels that facilitate or promote such flows.

With the birth of Information Technology and its widespread use, the world has become interconnected. As a result,
anything and everything becomes global. Networking plays a pivotal role in establishing relationships between nations,
leading to the introduction of the new normal: Globalization.

Differences: Globalization, Internationalization, and Westernization

To understand better, we should distinguish Globalization from Westernization and Internationalization:

Globalization: The speed-up of movements and exchanges of human resources, goods and services, capital,
technologies, and cultural practices between countries in the world, or the expansion and intensification of economic,
political, and social relations and consciousness across the world.
Internationalization: Describes designing a product in a way that it may be readily consumed across multiple countries.

Westernization: A process where societies adopt Western culture in areas such as industry, technology, politics,
economics, lifestyle, law, norms, mores, customs, and traditions.

Examples of Globalization (Concept Map)

Globalization is often seen as an economic and financial phenomenon, but it extends far beyond the flow of goods,
services, or capital. Below is a concept map of some examples of globalization:

Economic Globalization: The development of trade systems within transnational actors such as multinational
corporations or NGOs.

Financial Globalization: Linked to the rise of a global financial system with international financial exchanges and
monetary exchanges. Stock markets, for example, are interconnected globally, meaning when one stock market
declines, others may be negatively impacted as well.

Cultural Globalization: Refers to the interpenetration of cultures where nations adopt the principles, beliefs, and
customs of other nations, potentially losing their unique culture.

Political Globalization: The growing influence of international organizations like the UN or WHO, which leads to
governmental action at an international level.

Sociological Globalization: The integration of different cultures and societies.

Technological Globalization: The phenomenon by which millions of people are interconnected through digital platforms
such as Facebook, Instagram, Skype, or YouTube.

Geographic Globalization: The new organization and hierarchy of world regions, constantly changing. With easy and
affordable transportation, traveling the world has become increasingly accessible.

Ecological Globalization: The idea that the Earth should be considered as a single global entity, where societies must
protect the planet, as climate change affects everyone. It’s often noted that poorer countries, which have contributed
the least to pollution, suffer the most from climate change.

THE BENEFITS OF GLOBALIZATION

Globalization has benefits across multiple areas. It has developed economies around the world and increased cultural
exchanges. It has facilitated financial exchanges between companies. Many people are now considered global citizens,
and the origin of goods has become secondary. Geographic distance is no longer a barrier for many services to happen.

Forces and Drivers of Globalization

Characteristics of Globalization

According to Held and McGrew (2002), Globalization has several distinguishing characteristics:

Creation and Multiplication of Connections: Development and increasing social networks and cultural activities that lead
to the breaking of traditional norms and practices in political, economic, and cultural realms.

Expansion and Stretching of Connections: Social operations and adjustments to how financial markets and trading
operate globally, such as the role of economic organizations like the WTO, ASEAN Economic Community, World
Economic Forum, and the European Union.
Intensification and Acceleration of Connections: Human activities describe how the process of global connections works.
A concrete example is the Fourth Industrial Revolution, where digital machines are widely used to reach global events.

Consciousness and Awareness of Connections: The people, as the primary actors of globalization, impact the growing
outcomes and markers of globalization, particularly how their actions affect the norms and practices of a borderless
world.

LESSON 2
he Contemporary
I. Introduction to the Study of Globalization
What foreign products or entertainment have greatly influenced you?
Globalization
The physical and technological distance, becomes increasingly interconnected.
Globalization
“The process of world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter, things moving closer. It pertains to the
increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the world can interact, to mutual benefit with
somebody on the other side of the world.” - (Larsson, 2001)
The Concept
The increasing connection and interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and societies through
trade, technology and communication.
The Concept
Manifested by the increase in interaction between people around the world that involves the sharing of
ideas, cultures, goods, services and investment.
Free Trade
Liberalization Increase in Employment helped improved trade volumes between nations with minimal
interference. helped entrepreneurs to set up businesses and transact both within and outside the country.
helps companies increase their production capacity and set up operations in different parts of the world. It
also helps boost work opportunities in countries where these corporations have set up operations.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBALIZATION
Increased connectivity between nations helped countries improve trade relations with each other. It has
increased interaction between people and businesses.
Interdependence Cultural Exchange Standard of Living countries have become more reliant on each other.
allowed people to exchange ideas, behaviours and values with other countries. With increased economic
activity and opportunities for employment, people have more money in their pockets.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBALIZATION
Outsourcing allows companies to bring in third parties from outside the country to manage specific
processes.

Increased global trade and commerce

Cultural exchange and diversity

Global communication networks

International cooperation and governance

Interconnectedness and interdependence

Rapid technological advancements

Globalization of media and information

CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBALIZATION

Economic growth

Cultural Diversity

Innovation

Global Cooperation

Access to information

Improved living standards

Increased global understanding

BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES

Economic inequality

Cultural homogenization

Environmental degradation

Social injustice

Cybersecurity threats

Global health concerns

Political instability
1945
The creation of the United Nations at the end of World War II significantly increased political and economic
connections worldwide.
1947
The creation of GATT (the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) started the rise of free and low-tariff
trade agreements worldwide.
1991
The creation of the World Wide Web drastically accelerated the speed and ease of communication across
countries for individuals and businesses.
THE RISE OF GLOBALIZATION
1995
The creation of the World Trade Organization as a continuation of GATT created a powerful, unified body
to regulate trade worldwide.
THE RISE OF GLOBALIZATION
Philippines towards Globalization

Foreign Policy
The Philippines is a participant in both the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Asia-
Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), and the United Nations.
Philippines towards Globalization
The ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA) aspires to establish the free movement of goods in the
area, resulting in fewer commerce barriers and deeper economic ties among Member States, lower business
costs, higher trade, a larger market, and economies of scale for firms.
Philippines towards Globalization

Economics
The Philippines has been one of the most dynamic economies in the East Asia and Pacific region.
Philippines towards Globalization

Economics
The economy has sustained its strong momentum, growing 6.0 percent in the first half of 2024, placing it
among the top growth performers in the region.
Philippines towards Globalization
The Philippines ranked 68th out of 196 countries in the latest edition of the KOF Globalization Index
published by KOF Swiss Economic Institute which used 2022 data.
Philippines towards Globalization
The index measures the economic, social, and political dimensions of globalization.
Philippines towards Globalization
On a scale of 1 to 100, where 100 indicates a country is most globalized, the Philippines achieved a score of
66.61, above the world average of 60.80.
Philippines towards Globalization
People’s Republic of China was the country’s largest supplier of imported goods valued at USD 2.82 billion
or 27.0 percent of the country’s total imports in November 2024. a. Indonesia, USD 877.77 million (8.4%);
b. Japan, USD 827.75 million (7.9%); c. Republic of Korea, USD 774.55 million (7.4%); and d. USA, USD
621.30 million (5.9%).
By major trading partner, exports to the United States of America (USA) comprised the highest export value
amounting to USD 969.09 million or a share of 17.0 percent to the country’s total exports in November
2024. a. Japan, USD 916.12 million (16.1%); b. People’s Republic of China, USD 786.35 million (13.8%);
c. Hong Kong, USD 600.24 million (10.5%); and d. Singapore, USD 288.11 million (5.1%).
How do you think the concept of globalization is significant to your major/field?
Dimensions of Globalization
Four (4) main dimensions of globalization
Dimensions of Globalization
One (1) global issue today
Dimensions of Globalization
Political Dimension Economic Dimension Cultural/Social Dimension Ecological Dimension
Political Dimension
The political dimension of globalization encompasses the complex interactions between governments,
international organizations, and non-state actors, shaping global governance, policies, and power dynamics.
Global Governance

International Organizations: United Nations (UN), World Trade Organization (WTO), International
Monetary Fund (IMF), and World Bank.

Multilateral Agreements: Trade agreements (e.g., WTO), climate accords (e.g., Paris Agreement), and
human rights conventions.

Global Standards: Regulatory frameworks for finance, trade, labor, and environment.
Political Processes
Globalization of Politics: Increased interconnectedness and interdependence among nations.

Transnational Networks: Collaborations between governments, NGOs, and private sector entities.

Diplomacy and International Relations: Shifts in power dynamics, rising influence of emerging economies.
Key Issues

Sovereignty: Balancing national interests with global governance.

Global Inequality: Disparities in economic development, income, and access to resources.

Human Rights: Protection and promotion of individual rights worldwide.

Environmental Governance: Managing global environmental challenges (climate change, biodiversity).

Security: Counter-terrorism, cybersecurity, and non-proliferation efforts.

Challenges and Opportunities

Ineffective Global Governance: Inadequate coordination and regulation.

Rising Nationalism: Protectionism and anti-globalization sentiments.

Global Inequality: Widening economic disparities.

Environmental Degradation: Climate change, biodiversity loss.

Technological Disruptions: Impact of AI, cybersecurity threats.

Opportunities for Cooperation: Addressing common challenges, promoting sustainable development.

Economic Dimension
The economic dimension of globalization encompasses the increasing interconnectedness and
interdependence of economies worldwide.
Economic Dimensions

International Trade: Global exchange of goods and services.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Cross-border investments.

Global Supply Chains: International production and distribution networks.

Multinational Corporations (MNCs): Global operations and strategies.

Economic Integration: Regional and global economic cooperation.

Benefits

Economic Growth: Increased trade, investment, and innovation.

Job Creation: New employment opportunities.

Increased Efficiency: Specialization and economies of scale.

Access to New Markets: Expanded consumer base.

Technological Transfer: Knowledge sharing and innovation.

Challenges

Income Inequality: Widening wealth disparities.

Job Displacement: Automation and outsourcing.

Cultural Homogenization: Loss of local businesses.

Environmental Degradation: Unregulated economic growth.

Economic Instability: Global financial crises.

Cultural/Social Dimension
The cultural and social dimension of globalization encompasses the exchange, blending, and transformation
of cultural practices, values, and social norms across the world.
Cultural Dimensions

Cultural Exchange: Sharing of arts, literature, music, and film.

Cultural Diversity: Coexistence of diverse cultural practices and values.

Cultural Homogenization: Spread of dominant cultures (e.g., Westernization).

Globalization: Adaptation of global cultural products to local contexts.

Hybridity: Blending of different cultural traditions.

Social Dimensions

Social Movements: Global activism (e.g., human rights, environmentalism).

Social Justice: Addressing inequality, poverty, and discrimination.

Identity Politics: Globalization's impact on identity formation.

Community Building: Transnational networks and diaspora communities.

Social Change: Shifts in social norms, values, and institutions.

Benefits

Cultural Enrichment: Exposure to diverse cultural practices.

Social Progress: Global cooperation on human rights and social justice.

Increased Understanding: Cross-cultural dialogue and exchange.

Global Citizenship: Emerging sense of global responsibility.

Innovation: Cultural fusion and creativity.

Challenges
Cultural Imperialism: Dominance of Western culture.

Cultural Loss: Erosion of traditional practices and languages.

Social Inequality: Exacerbating existing social disparities.

Identity Crisis: Conflicts between local and global identities.

Homogenization: Loss of cultural diversity.

Ecological Dimension
The ecological dimension of globalization encompasses the environmental impacts and consequences of
global economic activities, trade, and cultural exchange.
Environmental Impacts

Climate Change: Global warming, greenhouse gas emissions, and carbon footprint.

Biodiversity Loss: Deforestation, habitat destruction, and species extinction.

Water Pollution: Industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and ocean degradation.

Soil Degradation: Erosion, salinization, and nutrient depletion.

Resource Depletion: Overexploitation of fisheries, forests, and minerals.

Drivers of Ecological Globalization

Global Trade: International exchange of goods and services.

Economic Growth: Increased consumption and production.

Technological Advancements: Improved transportation, communication, and extraction technologies.

Migration and Urbanization: Human mobility and urbanization.

Consumerism: Global demand for resources and products.

Ecological Consequences

Environmental Degradation: Soil, water, and air pollution.

Loss of Ecosystem Services: Disruption of natural processes and cycles.

Human Health Impacts: Increased disease risk and mortality.

Food Insecurity: Threats to global food systems and nutrition.

Social and Economic Inequality: Disproportionate environmental burdens on vulnerable populations.

Underlying Philosophies of Globalization
MARKET GLOBALISM
A free market norm
Believes that globalism spreads democracy and benefits everybody
Innovation and technological advancements
 Steger (2017) believes that market globalism has six major ideological claims:
Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of markets.

Globalization is inevitable.

Nobody oversees globalization.

Globalization benefits everyone.

Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world.

Globalization requires war on terror.

JUSTICE GLOBALISM or GLOBAL JUSTICE MOVEMENT
Supports Social Equality and human rights and in opposition to social hierarchy.
Encouraging environmentally sustainable practices.
RELIGIOUS GLOBALISM
Fight against both market globalism and justice globalism as they seek to champion religious beliefs and
values.
Endeavors for a global religious community

LESSON 3

Underlying Philosophies of Globalization

MARKET GLOBALISM
A free market norm
Globalism spreads democracy and benefits everybody
Innovation and technological advancements
A separation between government and the market.
JUSTICE GLOBALISM or GLOBAL JUSTICE MOVEMENT
Supports Social Equality and human rights and in opposition to social hierarchy.
Encouraging environmentally sustainable practices.
Promote global civil society
Fair and environmental safeguards
RELIGIOUS GLOBALISM
Fight against both market globalism and justice globalism as they seek to champion religious beliefs and values.
Endeavors for a global religious community
METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
Metaphor is a figure of speech that describes an object or action in a way that isn't literally true.
Three Symbolism to Metaphor

1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Flow
Solid
 It refers to the barriers that may prevent free movement and it can be natural or man made.
EXAMPLES OF MAN MADE
EXAMPLES OF NATURAL
Liquid
 Refers to increasing ease of movement of people, things, information, and places in the global age.
Business Trade
Information
Transportation
Flow
 Refers to the free movement of people, things, ideas, and culture across the globe due to the advances in
technology, economic and political integration, and establishment of global policies that lessens and
eliminates the existing borders.
Technology
Waterfalls
Currency
Interconnected countries around the Globe
II. The Structures of Globalization
The Global Economy
From your list of 10 objects at home, which country of origin was the most represented?
Economy
The process or system by which goods and services are produced, sold, and bought in a country or
region.
Economies of countries are more connected from production, distribution, consumption and disposal of
goods and services.
Global Economy
Free movements of goods, capital, services, technology and information.
Increasing economic integration and interdependence of national, regional, and local economies across
the world.
Globalization affects markets of three kinds:
Commodities – goods and services of all varieties
Labor- workers who produce goods and services
Assets and Debts- securities, bank loans and deposits, titles to land and physical capital.
FOREIGN TRADE
Exchange of capitals, goods, and services across international borders or territories.
FOREIGN TRADE
Helps each country to specialize in the production of those goods, which best suits its environment.
Leads to maximum use of natural resources.
Enables a country to obtain goods by importing which cannot produce due to higher costs at home.
IMPORTANCE OF GLOBAL TRADE
Countries trade with each other when, on their own, they do not have the resources, or capacity to satisfy
their own needs and wants.
BENEFITS OF TRADING INTERNATIONALLY
Variety of goods
Outlet for surpluses
Reduction of market fluctuations
Lower costs
Production efficiency
Resource specialization
Innovation
Investment
MAN-MADE TRADE BARRIERS IN SEVERAL FORMS
Tariffs (tax on the goods being imported)
Non-tariff barriers to trade
Import licenses
Export licenses
Import quotas (number of goods imported, restrictions)

LESSON 4
GE 5- THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

TERMINOLOGIES

SILK ROAD- Oldest International trade route from China to Middle East and Europe

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT- Driver of globalization

TERMINOLOGIES

STAGFLATION- Stagnant economic growth, rising prices, and high unemployment

REVERSE FLOW- also known as deglobalisation, is a process that causes the production of goods and
services to move closer to the point of consumption (utilization of goods)

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI)- Stimulate economic growth by bringing in capital and
technology.

TERMINOLOGIES

INFLATION- price of goods and services increase

DEFLATION- price of the goods and services decrease

TERMINOLOGIES

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)- Total market value of all the goods and services.

NOMINAL GDP- the total market value of all goods and services produced calculated based on current
prices.

WORLD BANK- International development organization owned by 187 countries. Its role is to reduce
poverty by lending money to the governments of its poorer members.

TERMINOLOGIES

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND- provides capacity development, which is technical assistance

and training of government officials to help member countries strengthen economic institutions

TERMINOLOGIES

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE- The principal judicial organ of the UN. The Court has two
functions: To settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted by States, and To
give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized UN organs and specialized
agencies.

TERMINOLOGIES

KEYNESIAN THEORY- Keynesian economics is a macroeconomic theory of total spending in the

economy and its effects on output, employment, and inflation. It was developed by British economist
John Maynard Keynes during the 1930s in an attempt to deal with the effects of the Great Depression.

The central belief of Keynesian economics is that government intervention can stabilize the economy.

TERMINOLOGIES

Keynes advocated for increased government expenditures and lower taxes to stimulate demand and pull
the global economy out of the Depression.

TERMINOLOGIES

Neoliberalism- A political ideology emphasizing free market capitalism, reduce tariff (taxes), and
privatization.

greater competition and access to more products.

TERMINOLOGIES

POWERS OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION

Power of Classification- International organizations have the power to classify and categorize various
aspects of international relations.

TERMINOLOGIES

Power of Fix Meanings- Defining and fixing meanings related to international norms, standards, and
legal frameworks. Contributes to the development, interpretation, and application of international law
and agreements.

Power of Diffuse Norms- International organizations have the power to diffuse norms and promote
standards of behavior among their member states and the broader international community.

MARKET INTEGRATION

The process of creating a single, unified market from multiple, separate markets. This can occur within a
country, region, or globally.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF GLOBAL MARKET INTEGRATION

Agricultural Revolution- In this period, people learned how to domesticate plants and animals. Farming
helped societies build surpluses. The transition from a nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyle to agricultural
life.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF GLOBAL MARKET INTEGRATION

Industrial Revolution- Marking the shift from manual labor to machine-based manufacturing and
changing the way goods were produced, consumed, and distributed.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF GLOBAL MARKET INTEGRATION

Information Revolution- Also known as the “Digital Revolution,” refers to the rapid advancement and
widespread adoption of digital technologies, transforming the way we live, work, and communicate.

Market Integration can widen the gap between developed and developing countries.

Lead to job displacement, particularly in industries that are not competitive in the global market.

Can lead to environmental degradation

Can lead to loss of cultural identity

GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM

Network of relationships between sovereign states that shape global politics, economy, and security.

Global Interstate System can address conflicts between nations by encouraging diplomacy, negotiation,
and the use of international law

The primary function of international organizations in the global interstate system is to facilitate
cooperation between states and provide a platform for addressing global challenges.