ANALOG ELECTRONICS LAB (EE307PC)

LABBORATORY MANUAL
DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
Course Objectives:
 To introduce components such as diodes, BJTs and FETs their switching
characteristics, applications
 Learn the concepts of high frequency analysis of transistors.
 To give understanding of various types of basic and feedback amplifier
circuits such as small signal, cascaded, large signal and tuned amplifiers.
 To introduce the basic building blocks of linear integrated circuits.
 To introduce the concepts of waveform generation and introduce some
special function ICs.

Course Outcomes:
At the end of this course, students will demonstrate the ability to
 Know the characteristics, utilization of various components.
 Understand the biasing techniques
 Design and analyze various rectifiers, small signal amplifier circuits.
 Design sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal oscillators.
 A thorough understanding, functioning of OP-AMP, design OP-AMP based
circuits with linear integrated circuits.
S.NO LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1 PN Junction Diode Characteristics A) Forward Bias B) Reverse Bias.
2 Full Wave Rectifier With & Without Filters
3 Common Emitter Amplifier Characteristics
4 Common Base Amplifier Characteristics
5 Common Source Amplifier Characteristics
6 Measurement Of H-Parameters Of Transistor In CB, CE, CC
Configurations
7 Inverting And Non-Inverting Amplifiers Using Op Amps.
8 Adder And Subtractor Using Op Amp.
9 Integrator Circuit Using IC 741.
10 Differentiator Circuit Using Op Amp.
11 Current Shunt Feedback Amplifier
12 RC Phase Shift Oscillator
13 Hartley And Colpitt’s Oscillators
14 Class A Power Amplifier
 1. P-N JUNCTION DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
AIM:
1. To observe and draw the Forward and Reverse bias V-I Characteristics of a P-N
Junction diode.
2. To calculate static and dynamic resistance in both forward and Reverse Bias
conditions.

APPARATUS:

1. P-NDiode1N4007 -1No.
2. Regulated Power supply(0-30V) -1No.
3. Resistor1KΩ -1No.
4. Ammeter(0-200mA) -1No.
5. Ammeter(0-200µA) -1No.
6. Voltmeter(0-20V) -2No.
7. Breadboard
8. Connecting wires
THEORY:
A p-n junction diode conducts only in one direction. The V-I
characteristics of the diode are curve between voltage across the diode and current
flowing through the diode. When external voltage is zero, circuit is open and the
potential barrier does not allow the current to flow. Therefore, the circuit current is zero.
When P-type (Anode) is connected to Positive terminal and n- type (cathode) is
connected to Negative terminal of the supply voltage is known as forward bias. The
potential barrier is reduced when diode is in the forward biased condition. At some
forward voltage, the potential barrier altogether eliminated and current starts flowing
through the diode and also in the circuit. Then diode is said to be in ON state. The
current increases with increasing forward voltage.
When N-type (cathode) is connected to Positive terminal and P- type
(Anode) is connected to Negative terminal of the supply voltage is known as reverse bias
and the potential barrier across the junction increases. Therefore, the junction resistance
becomes very high and a very small current (reverse saturation current) flows in the
circuit. Then diode is said to be in OFF state. The reverse bias current is due to minority
charge carriers.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FORWARD BIAS
REVERSE BIAS:

MODEL GRAPH:

PROCEDURE:
A) FORWARD BIAS:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. For forward bias, the RPS +ve is connected to the anode of the diode and RPS –ve
is connected to the cathode of the diode
3. Switch on the power supply and increases the input voltage (supply voltage) in Steps
of 0.1V
4. Note down the corresponding current flowing through the diode and voltage across
the diode for each and every step of the input voltage.
5. The reading of voltage and current are tabulated.
6. Graph is plotted between voltage (Vf) on X-axis and current (If) on Y-axis.
B) REVERSE BIAS:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
2. For reverse bias, the RPS Positive is connected to the cathode of the diode and
RPS Negative is connected to the anode of the diode.
3. Switch on the power supply and increase the input voltage (supply voltage) in Steps of
1V.
4. Note down the corresponding current flowing through the diode voltage across the
diode for each and every step of the input voltage.
5. The readings of voltage and current are tabulated
6. Graph is plotted between voltage (VR) on X-axis and current (IR) on Y-axis.
 OBSERVATIONS:

FORWARD BIAS:

SL.NO. APPLIED VOLTAGE (V) FORWARD FORWARDCURRENT

VOLTAGE(VF)V (IF)mA
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

REVERSE BIAS

Sl.No. Applied Voltage(V) Reverse Reverse Current(IR

Voltage(VR)(-V) (-µA))
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
PRECAUTIONS:

1. All the connections should be correct.

2. Parallax error should be avoided while taking the readings from the Analog meters

CALCULATIONS:
In Forward bias condition:
Static Resistance Rs = Vf / If = 0.6/14.2m = 0.046 KΩ = 46Ω
Dynamic Resistance Rd = ∆Vf/ ∆If = (0.7-0.65) / (23.7-14.2) = 5Ω
In Reverse bias condition:
Static Resistance Rs = VR/IR = 8.28/0.8µ = 1035M Ω
Dynamic Resistance Rd = ∆VR/ ∆IR = (9.29-8.28)/(0.9-0.8)=10.1M Ω

RESULT: Thus, we have calculated the static and dynamic resistance of P-N Junction diode from its
characteristics.
 2. FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITH AND WITHOUT FILTERS
AIM:
To examine the input and output waveforms of Full Wave Rectifier and also calculate its
load regulation and ripple factor.

1. With Filter
2. With out Filter
APPARATUS:
Digital millimeter - 1No.
Transformer (6V-0-6V) - 1No.
Diode 1N4007 - 2No.
Capacitor 100μf/470μf - 1No.
Decade Resistance Box - 1No.
Breadboard
CRO and CRO probes
Connecting wires

THEORY:
A Full Wave Rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage into a pulsating dc voltage using both half
cycles of the applied ac voltage. It uses two diodes of which one conducts during one half cycle while the
other conducts during the other half cycle of the applied ac voltage.
The output voltage across the resistor R is the pharos sum of the two waveforms, it is also known as a
bi-phase circuit. The spaces between each half-wave developed by each diode are now being filled in by the
other. The average DC output voltage across the load resistor is now double that of the single half-wave
rectifier circuit and is about 0.637Vmax of the peak voltage by assuming no losses. VMAX is the maximum
peak value in one half of the secondary winding and VRMS is the rms value.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITH OUT FILTER:

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITH FILTER:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the ac mains to the primary side of the transformer and the secondary
side to the rectifier.
3. Measure the ac voltage at the input side of the rectifier.
4. Measure both ac and dc voltages at the output side of the rectifier.
5. Find the theoretical value of the dc voltage by using the formula Vdc=2Vm/П
6. Connect the filter capacitor across the load resistor and measure the values of
Vac and Vdc at the output.
7. The theoretical values of Ripple factors with and without capacitor are
calculated.
8. From the values of Vac and Vdc practical values of Ripple factors are calculated.
The practical values are compared with theoretical values.

THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:

Vrms = Vm/ √2 Vm =Vrms√2

Vdc=2Vm/П
With out filter:

Ripple factor, r = √ (Vrms/ Vdc )2 -1 = 0.812

S.NO RLΩ Vmax(V) Vdc Vrms Ripple ɳ

factor
1

4
With filter:
Ripple factor, r = 1/ (4√3 f C RL)

S.NO RL V1 V2 Vac Vdc Ripple

factor
1

MODEL WAVEFORMS:
INPUT WAVEFORM

OUTPUT WAVEFORM WITH OUT FILTER:

OUTPUT WAVEFORM WITH FILTER:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The primary and secondary side of the transformer should be carefully identified.
2. The polarities of all the diodes should be carefully identified.

RESULT:
We have examined the input and output waveforms of Full Wave Rectifier and also
calculate its load regulation and ripple factor.

1. With Filter
2. With out Filter
 3. COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

AIM: To find the voltage gain of a CE amplifier and to find its frequency

response.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Device Range/Rating Qty

1 (a) DC supply 12V 1
voltage
(b) BJT BC107 1
(c) Capacitors 10uF 3

(d) Resistors 5.6K,10K,1K,47K

2 Signal generator 0.1Hz - 1MHz 1
3 CRO 0Hz - 20MHz 1
4 Connecting wires Required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

The CE amplifier is a small signal amplifier. This small signal amplifier accepts low voltage ac
inputs and produces amplified outputs. A single stage BJT circuit may be employed as a small
signal amplifier; has two cascaded stages give much more amplification.

Designing for a particular voltage gain requires the use of a ac negative feedback to
stabilize the gain. For good bias stability, the emitter resistor voltage drop should be much
larger than the base -emitter voltage. And Re resistor will provide the required negative
feedback to the circuit. CE is provided to provide necessary gain to the circuit. All bypass
capacitors should be selected to have the smallest possible capacitance value, both to minimize
the physical size of the circuit for economy. The coupling capacitors should have a negligible
effect on the frequency response of the circuit.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Give l00Hz signal and 50mv p-p as Vs from the signal generator
3. Observe the output on CRO and note down the output voltage.
4.Keeping input voltage constant and by varying the frequency in
steps 100Hz-1MHz, note down the corresponding output voltages.
5.Calculate gain in dB and plot the frequency response on semi log sheet

TABULAR FORM:
Input voltage (Vi) =50m

Frequency (in Output Voltage Gain Av=Vo/Vi Gain(in dB)

Hz) (Vo) =20log10(Vo/Vi)
20
50
100
1k
10k
100k
200,500K
1M

MODEL GRAPH:

PRECAUTIONS:
Wires should be checked for good continuity.
Transistor terminals must be identified and connected carefully.

RESULT: -
1. Frequency response of BJT in CE mode amplifier is plotted.
2. Gain = dB (maximum).
3. Bandwidth= fH - fL = Hz.

4. COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

AIM: TO Plot the frequency response of a BJT amplifier in common base configuration, gain and
bandwidth.

COMPONENTS & EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: -

S.No Device Range/Rating Qty

1 (a) DC supply voltage 12V 1
(b) BJT BC107 1, 2
(c) Capacitors 10F 1,2
(d) Resistors 20K,10k 1
2 Signal generator 0.1Hz-1MHz 1
3 CRO 0Hz-20MHz 1
4 Connecting wires Required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

In Common Base Amplifier Circuit Base terminal is common to both the input and output
terminals. In this Circuit input is applied between emitter and base and the output is taken
from collector and the base. As we know, the emitter current is greater than any other
current in the transistor, being the sum of base and collector currents i.e. IE= IB+ IC In the
CE and CC amplifier configurations, the signal source was connected to the base lead of the
transistor, thus handling the least current possible. Because the input current exceeds all
other currents in the circuit, including the output current, the current gain of this amplifier is
actually less than 1 (notice how Rload is connected to the

collector, thus carrying slightly less current than the signal source). In other words, it
attenuates current rather than amplifying it. With common-emitter and common-collector
amplifier configurations, the transistor parameter most closely associated with gain was β. In
 the common-base circuit, we follow another basic transistor parameter: the ratio between
collector current and emitter current, which is a fraction always less than 1. This fractional
value for any transistor is called the alpha ratio, or α ratio.( α= IC/IE) Since it obviously
can't boost signal current, it only seems reasonable to expect it to boost signal voltage.

OPERATION: The positive going Pulse of input Source increases the emitter voltage. As
the base voltage is Constant, the forward bias of emitter base junction reduces. This
reduces IB, reducing IC and hence the drop across RC since VO=VCC - IC RC, the
reduction in IC results in an increase in VO. Therefore, we can Say that positive going
input produces positive going

PROCEDURE: -

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in figure for common base amplifier.
2. Adjust input signal amplitude in the function generator and observe an
amplified voltage at the output without distortion.
3. By keeping input signal voltage, say at 50mV, vary the input signal frequency
from 0 to 1MHz in steps as shown in tabular column and note the corresponding
output voltages.
4. Find the voltage gain,
5. Plot AV VS frequency on a semi-log sheet.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose connections give proper input voltage

TABULAR COLUMN:

Frequency (in Output Voltage Gain Av=Vo/Vi Gain(in dB)

Hz) (Vo) =20log10(Vo/
Vi)
20
50

100
1k
10k
100k
200,500K
1M

EXPECTED GRAPH:
RESULT: -

1. Frequency response of BJT in CB mode amplifier is plotted.

2. Gain = dB (maximum).

3. Bandwidth= fH - fL = HZ

5. COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

AIM:
To find the voltage gain of a CS amplifier and to find its frequency response
 APPARATUS:

S.No Device Range/Rating Qty

1 (a) DC supply voltage 15V 1
(b) FET BFW10, 1,
(c) Capacitors 10F,47F 2,1
(d) Resistors 6.8KΩ, 1.5KΩ,1M Ω Each one
2 Signal generator 0.1Hz-1MHz 1
3 CRO 0Hz-20MHz 1
4 Connecting wires 5A

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

The CS amplifier is a small signal amplifier. For good bias stability, the source resistor
voltage drop should be as large as possible. Where the supply voltage is small, Vs may be
reduced to a minimum to allow for the minimum level of Vds.R2 is usually selected as 1MΏ
or less as for BJT capacitor coupled circuit, coupling and bypass capacitors should be
selected to have the smallest possible capacitance values. The largest capacitor in the circuit

sets the circuit low 3dB frequency (capacitor C2). Generally to have high input impedance
FET is used. As in BJT circuit RL is usually much larger than Zo and Zi is often much larger
than Rs.

PROCEDURE:
 1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
2. Give 1 KHz signal and 50 mv (P-P) as Vs from signal
generator.
3. Observe the output on CRO for proper working of the
amplifier.
4 After ensuring the amplifier function, vary signal frequency from 20 Hz to1MHz in proper
steps for 15-20 readings keeping Vs =50mv(PP) at every frequency ,note down the resulting
output voltage and tabulate in a table
5. Calculate gain in dB and plot on semi log graph paper for frequency Vs gain in dB

TABULAR FORM:

Input voltage =50mv

Frequency (in Output Voltage Gain Av=Vo/Vi Gain(in dB)

Hz) (Vo) =20log10(Vo/
Vi)
20
50
100
1k
10k
100k
200,500K
1M
MODEL GRAPH:

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Wires should be checked for good continuity.

2. FET terminals must be identified and connected carefully.
RESULT:
1. Frequency response of BJT in CS mode amplifier is plotted.
2. Gain = dB (maximum).
3. Bandwidth= fH - fL = Hz.
 6. H-PARAMETERS OF COMMON BASE CONFIGURATION
AIM :
To study the input and output characteristics of a transistor in Common Base configuration.
COMPONENTS:
S.No. Name Quantity
 1 Transistor BC 107 1(One) No.
2 Resistors (1K ) 2(Two) No.
3 Bread board 1(One) No.
EQUIPMENT:
S.No. Name Quantity
Dual DC Regulated Power
1 1(One) No.
supply (0 – 30 V)
Digital Ammeters ( 0 – 200
2 2(Two) No.
mA)
3 Digital Voltmeter (0-20V) 2(Two) No.
Connecting wires (Single
4 2
Strand)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

H – PARAMETER MODEL OF CB TRANSISTOR:

THEORY:
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) is a three terminal (emitter, base, collector) semiconductor device. There
are two types of BJTs, namely NPN and PNP. It consists of two PN junctions, namely emitter junction and
collector junction.
The basic circuit diagram for studying input characteristics is shown in the circuit diagram. The input is
applied between emitter and base, the output is taken between collector and base. Here base of the transistor is
common to both input and output and hence the name is Common Base Configuration.
Input characteristics are obtained between the input current and input voltage at constant output voltage. It is
plotted between VEE and IE at constant VCB in CB configuration.
Output characteristics are obtained between the output voltage and output current at constant input current. It
is plotted between VCB and IC at constant IE in CB configuration.
PROCEDURE:
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Keep output voltage VCB = 0V by varying VCC.
3. Varying VEE gradually, note down emitter current IE and emitter-base voltage (VEE).
4. Step size is not fixed because of nonlinear curve. Initially vary VEE in steps of 0.1 V. Once the current
starts increasing vary VEE in steps of 1V up to 12V.
5. Repeat above procedure (step 3) for VCB = 4V.

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Keep emitter current IE = 5mA by varying VEE.
3. Varying VCC gradually in steps of 1V up to 12V and note down collector current IC and collector-base
voltage(VCB).
4. Repeat above procedure (step 3) for IE = 10mA.
5. Repeat above procedure (step 3) for IE = 10mA.
OBSERVATIONS:
Input Characteristics
VEE (Volts) VCB = 0V VCB = 4V
VEB (Volts) IE (mA) VEB (Volts) IE (mA)

Output Characteristics
VCC IE = 10 mA IE = 20mA IB = 25 mA
(Volts) VCB (Volts) IC (mA) VCB (Volts) IC (mA) VCB (Volts) IC (mA)

GRAPH:
 1. Plot the input characteristics for different values of VCB by taking VEE on X-axis and IE on Y-axis
taking VCB as constant parameter.
2. Plot the output characteristics by taking VCB on X-axis and taking IC on Y-axis taking IE as a constant
parameter.
CALCULATIONS FROM GRAPH:
The h-parameters are to be calculated from the following formulae:
1. Input Characteristics: To obtain input resistance, find VEE and IE for a constant VCB on one of the
input characteristics.
Input impedance = hib = Ri = VEE / IE (VCB = constant)
Reverse voltage gain = hrb = VEB / VCB (IE = constant)
2. Output Characteristics: To obtain output resistance, find IC and VCB at a constant IE.
Output admittance = hob = 1/Ro = IC / VCB (IE = constant)
Forward current gain = hfb = IC / IE (VCB = constant)
INFERENCE:
1. Input resistance is in the order of tens of ohms since Emitter-Base Junction is forward biased.
2. Output resistance is in order of hundreds of kilo-ohms since Collector-Base Junction is reverse biased.
3. Higher is the value of VCB, smaller is the cut in voltage.
4. Increase in the value of IB causes saturation of transistor at small voltages.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. While performing the experiment do not exceed the ratings of the transistor. This may lead to damage
the transistor.
2. Connect voltmeter and ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per the circuit
diagram.
4. Make sure while selecting the emitter, base and collector terminals of the transistor.

THE H-PARAMETERS FOR A TRANSISTOR IN CB CONFIGURATION ARE:

a. The Input resistance (hib) __________________ Ohms.
b. The Reverse Voltage Transfer Ratio (hrb) __________________.
c. The Output Admittance (hob) __________________ Mhos.
d. The Forward Current gain (hfb) __________________.

RESULT:
 Input and Output characteristics of a Transistor in Common Base Configuration are studied.

7. INVERTING AND NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIERS USING OP AMPS.

 AIM: To design and setup an inverting amplifier and mob- inverting amplifier circuit with OP
AMP 741C for a gain of 10, plot the waveforms, observe the phase reversal, measure the gain.
APPARATUS:

Sl .No Name and Specification Quantity required

1 Dual power supply +/- 15V 1
2 Function generator (0 - 1MHz) 1
3 Oscilloscope 1
4 Bread board 1
5 IC 741C 1
6 Resistors 2
7 Probes and connecting wires As required.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig: Inverting amplifier

Fig: Non Inverting amplifier

THEORY:

INVERTING AMPLIFIER:

It is a closed loop mode application of opamp and employs negative feedback. The Rf and
Ri are the feedback and input resistance of the circuit respectively. The input terminals of the
opamp draws no current because of the large differential input impedance. The potential
difference across the input terminals of an opamp is zero because of the large open loop gain.
Due to these two conditions, the inverting terminal is at virtual ground potential. So the current
flowing through Ri and Rf are the same.
 Ii = If

That is Vin/Ri = - Vo /Rf

Therefore Vo/Vin = Av = - Rf/ Ri,

Here the –Ve sign indicates that the output will be an amplified wave with 1800 phase
shift (inverted output). By varying the Rf or Ri, the gain of the amplifier can be varied to any
desired value.

NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER:

It is a linear closed loop mode application of op-amp and employs negative feedback.
The Rf and Ri are the feedback and input resistance of the circuit respectively. There will be no
phase difference between the output and input. Hence it is called non-inverting amplifier.

Av = Vo / Vin = 1+ Rf/ Ri ,

Here the +Ve sign indicates that the output will be an amplified wave in phase with the
input. By varying the Rf or Ri, the gain of the amplifier can be varied to any desired value.

PROCEDURE:

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Give 1 Vpp / 1 KHz sine wave as input.
5. Observe input and output on the two channels of the oscilloscope simultaneously.
6. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.
7. Verify the input and output waveforms are out of phase.
8. Verify the obtained gain is same as designed value of gain.

OBSERVATIONS:

Inverting amplifier:

Amplitude(v) Time
period(msec)

In put

Out put
Non inverting amplifier:

Amplitude(v) Time
period(msec)

In put

Out put

RESULT: The operation of inverting and non inverting op amp is studied and values are noted.

8. ADDER AND SUBTRACTOR USING OP AMP.

AIM: To design and setup a summing amplifier circuit with OP AMP 741C for a gain of 2 and
verify the output.
APPARATUS:

Sl .No Name and Specification Quantity required

1 Dual power supply +/- 15V 1
2 DC power source 1.5V 2
3 Function generator (0- 1MHz) 1
 4 Oscilloscope 1
5 Bread board 1
6 IC 741C 1
7 Resistor 3
8 Probes and connecting wires As required.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig: Adder

Fig : Subtractor

THEORY:

ADDER:

Op-amp can be used to design a circuit whose output is the sum of several input signals.
Such a circuit is called a summing amplifier or an adder. Summing amplifier can be classified as
inverting & non-inverting summer depending on the input applied to inverting & non-inverting
terminals respectively. Circuit Diagram shows an inverting summing amplifier with 2 inputs.
Here the output will be amplified version of the sum of the two input voltages with 1800 phase
 reversal.
Vo = - ( Rf/ Ri )(V1+V2)
SUBTRACTOR:
A difference amplifier is a circuit that gives the amplified version of the difference of the
two inputs, Vo =A(V1-V2), Where V1 and V2 are the inputs and A is the voltage gain.
Here input voltage V1 is connected to non-inverting terminal and V2 to the inverting terminal.
This is also called as differential amplifier. Output of a differential amplifier can be determined
using super position theorem. When V1=0, the circuit becomes an inverting amplifier with input
V2 and the resulting output is V02= -Rf /Ri (V2). When V2=0, the circuit become a non-inverting
amplifier with input V1 and the resulting output is V01= Rf/Ri(V1).

Therefore the resulting output according to super position theorem is

Vo = V01+ V02 = Rf/Ri(V1-V2)
PROCEDURE:
1. Check the components.
2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Give V1 =V2 = +1.5V DC with polarity as shown in fig.1.
5. Make sure that the CRO selector is in the D.C. coupling position.
6. Observe input and output on two channels of the oscilloscope simultaneously.
7. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.
8. Verify that the output voltage is -6VDC
9. Repeat the procedure with V1 =1Vpp / 1 KHz sine wave and V2 = +1.5Vdc as shown in
fig2.
 10. Verify the output .

v1(v) V2(v) V0(v)

OBSERVATIONS:
Adder:

Subtractor:

v1(v) V2(v) V0(v)

RESULT: The operation of IC 741 as adder and subtractor is studied and values are noted.
 9.INTEGRATOR CIRCUIT USING IC 741
AIM: To design and setup an integrator circuit using OP AMP 741C and plot its pulse
response.
APPARATUS:

Sl. No Name and Specification Quantity required

1 Dual power supply +/- 15V 1
2 Function generator (0-1MHz) 1
3 Oscilloscope 1
4 Bread board 1
5 IC 741C 1
6 Resistor 1
7 Capacitor 0.01µF 1
8 Probes and connecting wires As required.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig: integrator
THEORY:

It is a closed loop op-amp circuit which performs the mathematical operation of

integration. That is the output waveform is the integral of the input voltage and is given by Vo =
( -1/RfC) ∫Vindt. The integrator circuit is constructed from basic inverting amplifier by replacing
the feedback resistance Rf with capacitor C. This circuit also works as low pass filter.
PROCEDURE:

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Give Vi= 2Vpp, 1KHz square wave.
5. Keep the oscilloscope in AC coupling mode.
6. Observe input and output on two channels of the oscilloscope simultaneously.
7. Draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.

OBSERVATIONS:

For sine wave:

Amplitude(V) Time
Period(Msec)

Input

Output

For square wave:

Amplitude(V) Time
Period(Msec)

In Put

Out Put
Result: For a given sine and square wave, the output waveforms of integrator are observed.
 10. DIFFERENTIATOR CIRCUIT USING OP AMP.
AIM: To design and setup a Differentiator circuit using OP AMP 741C and plot their pulse
response.
APPARATUS:

Sl. No Name and Specification Quantity required

1 Dual power supply +/- 15V 1
2 Function generator (0- 1MHz) 1
3 Oscilloscope 1
4 Bread board 1
5 IC 741C 1
6 Resistor 1
7 Capacitor 1
8 Probes and connecting wires As required.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig: differentiator
THEORY:

It is an opamp circuit which performs the mathematical operation of differentiation. That is

the output waveform is the derivative or differentia l of the input voltage. That is Vo= -
RfCd(Vin)/dt. The differentiator circuit is constructed from basic inverting amplifier by replacing
the input resistance Ri with capacitor C. This circuit also works as high pass filter.
PROCEDURE:

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Keep the oscilloscope in AC coupling mode.
5. Give Vi= 2Vpp, 1KHz square wave.
6. Observe input and output on two channels of the oscilloscope simultaneously.
7. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.

OBSERVATIONS:

For sine wave:

Amplitude(v) Time
period(msec)

In put 8 1

Out put 28 1
For square wave:
 Amplitude(v) Time
period(msec)

In put 8 1

Out put 1.8 1

Result: For a given sine and square wave, the output waveforms of differentiator are observed.
 11. CURRENT SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
AIM :
1. To study the current shunt feedback amplifier.
2. To measure the voltage gain of the amplifier at 1 KHz.
3. To obtain the frequency response characteristic and the band width of the amplifier.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Device Range/Rating Qty

1 (a) DC supply voltage 12V 1
(b) BJT BC107BP 2
10uF,47uF ,
(c) Capacitors 10kΩ 47kΩ,100kΩ 4,1
(d) Resistors 1,2,1,
5kΩ,4.7kΩ,1kΩ,470kΩ
1,2,1,1
2 Signal generator 0.1Hz-1MHz 1
3 CRO 0Hz-20MHz 1
4 Connecting wires 5A

THEORY:

Feedback plays a very important role in electronic circuits and the basic parameters,
such as input impedance, output impedance, current and voltage gain and bandwidth, may be
altered considerably by the use of feedback for a given amplifier.

A portion of the output signal is taken from the output of the amplifier and is combined
with the normal input signal and thereby the feedback is accomplished.

There are two types of feedback. They are i) Positive feedback and ii) Negative
feedback. Negative feedback helps to increase the bandwidth, decrease gain, distortion, and
noise, modify input and output resistances as desired.

A current shunt feedback amplifier circuit is illustrated in the figure. It is called a

series-derived, shunt-fed feedback. The shunt connection at the input reduces the input
resistance and the series connection at the output increases the output resistance. This is a true
current amplifier.
 PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.

2. Keep the input voltage constant at 20mV peak-peak and 1 kHz frequency. For different values

𝑨𝑽=𝟐𝟎𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒕/𝒗𝒊𝒏)
of load resistance, note down the output voltage and calculate the gain by using the expression

3. Add the emitter bypass capacitor and repeat step 2. And observe the effect of feedback on
the gain of the amplifier.
4. For plotting the frequency the input voltage is kept constant at 20mV peak-peak and the
frequency is varied from 100Hz to 1MHz.
5. Note down the value of output voltage for each frequency. All the readings are tabulated

𝑨𝑽=𝟐𝟎𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒕/𝒗𝒊𝒏)
and the voltage gain in dB is calculated by using expression

6. A graph is drawn by taking frequency on X-axis and gain on Y-axis on semi log graph sheet.
7. The bandwidth of the amplifier is calculated from the graph using the expression
Bandwidth. B.W=f2-f1
Where f1 is lower cut-off frequency, f2 is upper cut-off frequency.
8. The gain-bandwidth product of the amplifier is calculated by using the expression.

Gain-Bandwidth Product=(3-dB mid band gain)×(Bandwidth).

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

WITHOUT FEEDBACK
WITH FEEDBACK

TABULAR FORM:

V(in)=20mv

Frequency Output Output Gain Gain Gain in Gain in

(in voltage voltage with without dB dB with
Hz) without feedback feedback with without feedback
feedback feedback feedback
𝑉0/𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑨𝑽=𝟐𝟎𝒍𝒐 𝑨𝑽=𝟐𝟎𝒍𝒐
𝒈(𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒕/ 𝒈(𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒕/
𝒗𝒊𝒏) 𝒗𝒊𝒏)
𝑉0/𝑉𝑖𝑛
20
50
100
1K
10K
100K
200K,500K
1M
MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT: - With feed-back, gain decreases and band width increases

1. Frequency response of Current-Shunt Feedback amplifier is plotted.

2. Gain = dB (maximum).without Feed-back. 3
3. Gain = dB (maximum).with Feed-back.
4. Bandwidth= fH--fL = Hz. without Feed-back.
5. Bandwidth= fH--fL = Hz. with Feed-back.
 12.RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
AIM:
To design and setup RC phase shift oscillator using BJT and observe the sinusoidal output wave form.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Name Of The Type Range Quantity (No.S)

Equipment

1 Transistor BC107BP 2

2 Resistors 100KΩ,4.7KΩ one from each

1kΩ,
3 Resistor 10kΩ 3

4 Capacitors 100μF 1

5 Capacitor 1nF 3

6 CRO 0-20MHZ

7 RPS (0 – 30V) 1

8 Bread
Board 1

9 Connecting Required
wires

THEORY:

An oscillator is an electronic circuit for generating an AC signal voltage with a DC

supply as the only input requirement. The frequency of the generated signal is decided by the
circuit elements used. An oscillator requires an amplifier, a frequency selective network and a
positive feedback from the output to the input.
The Barkhausen criterion for sustained oscillation is Aβ = 1 where A is the gain of the amplifier
and β is the feedback factor (gain).The unity gain means signal is in phase. ( If the signal is 1800
out of phase and gain will be -1). RC-Phase shift Oscillator has a CE amplifier followed by three
sections of RC phase shift feed-back Networks. The output of the last stage is return to the input
of the amplifier. The values of R and C are chosen such that the phase shift of each RC section is
60º.Thus The RC ladder network produces a total phase shift of 180º between its input and
output voltage for the given frequency. Since CE Amplifier produces 180 º phases shift. The total
phase shift from the base of the transistor around the circuit and back to the base will be exactly
360º or 0º. This satisfies the Barkhausen condition for sustaining oscillations and total loop gain
 of this circuit is greater than or equal to 1, this condition used to generate the sinusoidal
oscillations.
MODEL GRAPH:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Identify the pin details of BC107 Transistor (or equivalent silicon Transistor such as
BC108/547) and test it using a millimeter. Set up the circuit on breadboard as shown in figure.

2. A 12V Supply Voltage is given by using Regulated power supply and output is taken
from collector of the Transistor.

3. By using CRO the output time period and voltage are noted.

4. Plot all the readings curves on a single graph sheet.

RESULT:
Thus the RC phase shift oscillator using BJT was obtained and the output waveform was plotted.

13.HARTLEY AND COLPITT’S OSCILLATOR

 13.(A) HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
AIM: Find practical frequency of HARTLEY oscillator and compare it with theoretical frequency for L =
10mH and C = 20nF.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Device Range/Rating Quantity

a) DC supply 12V 1
voltage
1 b) Inductors 10mH 2
c) Capacitor 20nF, 10uF,47uF 1,2,1

d) Resistor 1Kohm,10Kohm,4.7Kohm,1 Each 1

00Kohm
e) NPN Transistor BC 107 1

2 Cathode Ray (0-20) MHz 1

Oscilloscope
3 BNC Connector 1
4 Connecting wires Required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
 In a Hartley oscillator the oscillation frequency is determined by a tank circuit comprising
of two inductors and one capacitor. The inductors are connected in series and the capacitor is
connected across them in parallel. Hartley oscillators are commonly used in radio frequency (RF)
oscillator applications and the recommended frequency range is from 20KHz to 30MHz. Hartley
oscillators can be operated at frequencies lower than 20KHz, but for lower frequencies the
inductor value need to be high and it has a practical limit. The circuit diagram of a typical
Hartley oscillator is shown in the figure above.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. With C6=20nF capacitor and L1=L2=10mH in the circuit and observe the waveform.
3. Time period of the waveform is to be noted and frequency is to be calculated by
the formula f = 1/T .

Find the theoretical frequency from the formula 𝑓 = 1/2П√𝐿𝑡𝐶

Where LT = L1 + L2 = 10mH + 10mH = 20mH and compare
theoretical and practical values

TABULATIONS:
LT(mH) C (uF) Theoretical Practical Vo (peak
frequenc frequenc to peak)
y (KHz) y (KHz)
20mH 20nF

RESULT:

For C6=20nF and =20mH

1. Theoretical frequency=
2. Practical frequency=

13.B. COLPITTS OSCILLATOR

AIM: Find practical frequency of Colpitt’s oscillator and to compare it with theoretical Frequency
for L= 10mH and C= 10nF respectively.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Device Range/Rating Quantity

a) DC supply 12V 1
voltage
1 b) Inductors 20mH 1
c) Capacitor 10nF,10uF,47uF 2,2,1

d) Resistor 1Kohm,10Kohm,4.7Kohm,1
00Kohm
e) NPN Transistor BC 107 each one
1
2 Cathode Ray (0-20) MHz 1
Oscilloscope
3 BNC Connector 1
4 Connecting wires Required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
Oscillator is an amplifier with the positive feedback and it converts DC input signal into
 AC output waveform with certain variable frequency drive and certain shape of output waveform
(like sine wave or square wave, etc) by using the positive feedback instead of input signal.
named after an American Engineer Edwin H Colpitts in 1918.
Colpitt’s Oscillator consists of a tank circuit which is an LC resonance sub circuit made
of two series capacitors connected in parallel to an inductor and frequency of oscillations can be
determined by using the values of these capacitors and inductor of the tank circuit.

PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure
2. Connect C3= 10nF and C4= 10nF in the circuit and observe the waveform.
3. Time period of the waveform is to be noted and frequency should be calculated
by the formula f=1/T

Find theoretical frequency from the formula 𝑓=1/2П√𝐿𝐶𝑇

Where 𝐶𝑇=𝐶1𝐶2/𝐶1+𝐶2 and compare theoretical and practical values

TABULATIONS:

RESULT:
S.NO L(mH) C3 (F) C4 (F) CT (F) Theoretical Practical Vo(V)
Frequency Frequency Peak to
(KHz) (KHz) peak
1 10 10n 10n
1. For C3=10nF, C4=10nf & L= 10mH

Theoretical frequency =

Practical frequency =
 14.CLASS-A POWER AMPLIFIER.

AIM: To construct a Class A power amplifier and observe the waveform and to compute maximum output
power and efficiency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Name Range Quantity

1 Transistor CL100, BC558 1,1
2 Resistor 47kΩ,33Ω,220Ω, 2,1
3 Capacitor 47 μF 2
4 Signal Generator (0-3)MHz 1
5 CRO 30MHz 1
6 Regulated power (0-30)V 1
supply
7 Bread Board 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

The power amplifier is said to be Class A amplifier if the Q point and the input signal are
selected such that the output signal is obtained for a full input signal cycle.
 For all values of input signal, the transistor remains in the active region and never
enters into cut-off or saturation region. When an a.c signal is applied, the collector
voltage varies sinusoidally hence the collector current also varies sinusoidally. The
collector current flows for 3600 (full cycle) of the input signal. i e the angle of the
collector current flow is 3600.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set Vi =50 mv, using the signal generator.
3. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 10 Hz to 1M Hz in
regular steps and note down the corresponding output voltage.
4. Plot the graph; Gain (dB) vs Frequency(Hz).
2/RL Effeciency,η = Po,max/Pc

Maximum power transfer =Po,max=Vo

TABULAR
COLUMN:

Sl.No. Frequency Output Voltage(Vo) Gain Av=Vo/Vi Gain In Db

20 Log Gain

RESULT:

1. Frequency response of BJT in class-A Power Amplifier is plotted.

2. Gain = dB (maximum).
3. Bandwidth= fH--fL = Hz.
 ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS

15. COMPARATOR USING OP AMP.

AIM: To design and setup a zero crossing detector circuit with OP AMP 741C and plot the
waveforms.
APPARATUS:

Sl .No Name and Specification Quantity required

1 Dual power supply +/- 15V 1
2 Function generator (0- 1MHz) 1
3 Oscilloscope 1
4 Bread board 1
5 IC 741C 1
6 Probes and connecting wires As required.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig:comparator
THEORY:

It is the open loop/ saturation mode operation of op-amp. Here the signal is given the non-inverting
terminal. So the output signal is in phase with the input signal. Such a circuit is called non-inverting zero

crossing detector. In open loop configuration, the gain of the op-amp is very high, so when the input voltage is
above zero voltage, output of the circuit goes to+ Vsat which is approximately +13V. Similarly when the input
voltage is below zero voltage, the output goes to - Vsat which is approximately -13V.

PROCEDURE:
1. Check the components.
2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Give Vin= 2 Vpp/ 1KHz sine wave.
5. Observe input and output on the oscilloscope simultaneously.
6. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.
7. Verify the output .

OBSERVATIONS:

Amplitude(v) Time
period(msec)

In put

Out put

RESULT: The operation of Ic 741 as comparator is studied and values are noted.
 16. WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

AIM: To design and set up a Wein Bridge oscillator using BJT and to observe the sinusoidal output
waveform.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO NAME OF THE TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
. EQUIPMENT (NO.S)

1 Transistor BC547 2

2 Resistors 47kΩ, one from each

10kΩ,2.2kΩ,680Ω
3 Resistor 4.7kΩ 3

4 Capacitors 1μF,22μF one from each

5 Capacitor 0.01 μF 3

6 CRO

7 RPS (0 – 30V) 1

8 Bread
Board 1

9 Connecting Required
wires

THEORY:

An oscillator is an electronic circuit for generating an AC signal voltage with a DC supply as the
only input requirement. The frequency of the generated signal is decided by the circuit elements
used. An oscillator requires an amplifier, a frequency selective network and a positive feedback
from the output to the input.
The Barkhausen criterion for sustained oscillation is Aβ = 1 where A is the gain of the amplifier
and β is the feedback factor (gain).The unity gain means signal is in phase. ( If the signal is 1800
out of phase and gain will be -1).
 A Wien bridge oscillator is a type of electronic oscillator that generates sine waves. It
cangenerated a large range of frequencies. The oscillator is based on a bridge circuit originally
developed by Max Wien in 1891 for the measurement of impedances. The bridge comprises four
resistors and two capacitors. The oscillator can also be viewed as a positive gain amplifier
combined with a bandpass filter that provides positive feedback. Automatic gain control,
intentional non-linearity and incidental non-linearity limit the output amplitude in various
implementations of the oscillator.
The circuit shown to the right depicts a common implementation of the oscillator, with automatic
gain control, using modern components. Under the condition that R1=R2=R and C1=C2=C, the
frequency of oscillation is given by:

𝒇=1/𝟐П𝑹𝑪

and the condition of stable oscillation is given by 𝑹𝒃=𝑹𝒇/𝟐

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:
PROCEDURE:
1. Identify the pin details of BC107 Transistor (or equivalent silicon
Transistor such as BC108/547) and test it using a millimeter. Set up the
circuit on breadboard as shown in figure.
2. A 12V Supply Voltage is given by using Regulated power supply
and output is taken from collector of the Transistor.
3.By using CRO the output time period and voltage are noted.
4.Plot all the readings curves on a single graph sheet.
RESULT:
Thus the Wein Bridge oscillator using BJT was obtained and the output waveform was
plotted.