Debian Linux Web Cam Server Configuration

The material on this page was prepared using Sarge or Etch

configured using our Installation and Packages pages.
If you did not use our pages to set up your system, what you
encounter on your system may be different than what is given here.

First and foremost, be prepared to have some patience when trying to get a USB cam
to work under Linux. In trying to get mine to work, I searched many a newsgroup thread
only to find there was only one message in the thread, the original question stating the
problem. i.e. no one had an answer for the person who posted the question so you may
be on your own trying to get your cam to work. Often times the same camera model will
use different drivers for different sub-models (ex: not all QuickCam Express sub-models
use the same driver). However, my trials and tribulations were a good learning
experience and I'll share what I learned here to hopefully make your setup easier.

Investing the time necessary to get a cam to work may be worth it. If you set up a Linux
firewall/NAT server to share your home broadband connection (we show you how on
the Networking and Firewall pages), you can hook up a cam to it and keep an eye on
your home from a work or vacation spot via the Internet using a Web browser. (You
don't need a broadband connection in order to set up a Web cam server to play around
with though). A co-worker used one to set up a "baby-cam" so he could see his new
bundle of joy from the office. For businesses and organizations that wish to publish cam
images on their Web site, using Linux and $20 for a cam off of eBay is an attractive
alternative to spending $300 on a commercial cam unit. Modifying the firewall/NAT
diagram from the Networking page, we'd have the following:

With your Debian system doing triply duty, you add in the benefits of dynamic DNS
(covered on the DNS page) and you can pull up cam images from any Web browser
with a URL like:

http://www.myowndomain.com/webcam.htm

You could actually set up a Web cam server anywhere you wanted to remotely keep an
eye on things. Businesses can set them up at multiple remote or "quiet" locations for
surveillance and access them over a LAN. Theoretically you could also remotely keep
an eye on a summer cottage, greenhouse, etc. The problem is that if you don't have a
LAN or broadband connection at these locations, you won't know the external IP
address of your server. Connecting via a dial-up modem gives you a different IP
address every time you dial in. You could conceivably set up a shell script/cron job that
would periodically 1) dial into an ISP, 2) run the client software of dyndns.org so you
could use a named URL rather than an IP address to access your server, and 3) drop
the ISP connection after a given length of time. Something to play around with if you're
so inclined.

Remember that you can use your Debian CD set to set up as many different systems
as you want. If you wanted to get fancy you could have multiple security cams in
various locations without needing to have multiple firewall/Web servers. Simply set up a
system for each cam that would not need to have the Apache Web server software
running and have them use FTP to send the cam images to a central firewall/Web
server.

With a multiple cam setup, you'd have to specify a different file name for the image files
coming from the different servers (which we cover in the configuration instructions
below). You would then simply modify the sample HTML code given below for the
webcam.htm page to include the different image files from all of the cams so they're all
viewable on a single Web page.

Remember also that Debian doesn't need much in the way of horsepower so while the
above may look like quite a hardware investment, you can use old Pentium or Pentium-
II systems, even notebooks if you're feeling adventurous, provided they support your
cam's connectivity requirements, i.e. USB or parallel ports. (If you considering picking
up some old notebooks to use for cam systems, see the Resources page for a link to
linux-laptop.net where you can see if there are any articles for installing Woody on the
specific make/model of notebook you're considering buying.) While old Pentium
systems may not have USB ports, you can still use the old parallel port style cams with
them. Keep in mind that in the multi-cam configuration shown above, the systems with
the cams attached are not acting as servers. They're simply capturing cam images and
acting as FTP clients when they send the images to the firewall/Web server (and the
FTP client software gets installed by default).

Because the cam software uses FTP to transfer the images when the cam is on a
separate system from the Web server, you'll want to provide some FTP security on the
firewall/Web server by putting some good IPTABLES rules in place (as covered on the
Firewall page) or use the /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny files
associated with tcp wrappers which is enabled for FTP by default. (We cover tcp
wrappers on the Internet Servers page.)

You may recall back on the Installation page at one point we went through a "module"
selection routine. (The role modules play in a Linux system is covered on the Compiling
Software page.) What we were doing was chosing which modules we wanted to make
available for the kernel when and if they were needed. However, this module selection
can be done at any time. This leads me to a second very important point; when you
make changes to the USB modules REBOOT THE SYSTEM. (I probably wasted a lot of
time because I had to find this out on my own.)

We're going to set up a Web cam server using the popular IBM USB "PC Camera"
(which is actually made by Xirlink) because Woody has a driver for it (and because I
found a guy selling used ones on eBay for 12 bucks).

WARNING: Newer ("Model 4") IBM NetCamera and

NetCamera Pro models (22P50xx part numbers)
compress the video data by default and the Linux
kernel module cannot decompress it. If you're
planning on using an IBM branded cam, only get the
older "PC Camera" model (or the Xirlink C-It model)
as shown in the picture.

Logitech QuickCam Note: The QuickCam is another

popular cam that is readily available on eBay. I have one
and was unable to get any of the Debian-supplied drivers
to work with it, even using Sarge. Please see the
"Compiling A Driver Module" section near the bottom of
the Compiling Software page on how to download the qc-
usb source code driver and compile it with Sarge. There
are many different sub-models of the QuickCam and the open source driver
doesn't work with all of them. Before picking one up check out the driver
page on sourceforge.net. Also note that while I got a better image with the
QuickCam than the PC Camera, I sometimes got "frame lost" errors with the
QuickCam when using grabber utilities that I did not get when using the PC
Camera. This is a driver issue.

Referring to the first diagram above, because this is a Web cam server you have to
have the Apache application installed and running (we set that up on the Internet
Servers page). If you cams are connected to systems other than the Web server you'll
also need to have the WU-FTP FTP server application installed and running (we
installed this on the Packages page). It would be best to set up your FTP server without
anonymous FTP access for security reasons.

Setting up a Web cam server involves several steps:

1. Getting the cam to produce images (drivers)
2. Converting cam images to graphics files (utility)
3. Setting up a Web page to use those graphics files (HTML)

Hardware and OS Setup

With setups where the cams are on systems different from the Web server, you would
just need to set up Apache and WU-FTP on that server. The configuration of the cam
drivers and cam software which follows is all done on each of the systems to which a
cam is connected.

For Sarge (Debian 3.1 - 2.4 based kernels)

With the 2.4 kernel in Sarge I didn't have to do much of anything to get the cam
recognized by the OS. USB drivers are already loaded and when I plugged in the IBM
PC Camera the ibmcam driver for it (and related video drivers) loaded automatically.

If your camera driver doesn't load automatically there's a good chance you'll need to
download and compile a driver for it. However, see the troubleshooting section below
for some alternate drivers you can try.

For Woody (Debian 3.0 - 2.2 based kernels)

The first step is to connect the camera to a USB port. Then we install the kernel
modules for USB support and the cam. At the shell prompt type in:

modconf

(as in "module configuration") and you'll see the same module selection screen you saw
during the Debian install.

Note: If you don't see the modules mentioned in the next few
steps listed in the modconf screen it's likely because you didn't
specify a 'vanilla' installation as instructed to do on the Installation
page.

At the modconf main menu arrow down and highlight misc and press Enter. Arrow
down again and you'll see a long list of modules including the one we want which is:

videodev - Video For Linux

This is also known as the "video4linux" or "v4l" module. With it highlighted, press Enter
and when prompted for parameters just Tab to OK and press Enter. Once it's installed,
select the Exit selection at the misc sub-menu to return to the main menu.

Now arrow down and highlight USB and press Enter. Arrow down again and you'll see
modules for a variety of USB devices. You'll want to install the following in the order
shown:

usbcore Install on all systems

usb-uhci This is needed to enable USB circuitry on the motherboard

so it's (Intel) system-specific. If you get errors trying to
install it, try the usb-ohci or uhci drivers.
ibmcam USB IBM (Xirlink) C-It Camera support. If you have another
cam try the ov511 module (OV511 is a chipset that some
cams, like the Creative WebCam III, are built on) or the
dc2xx for those Kodak models.

You could also try both the cpia and cpia_usb drivers
(both at the same time). These are under the misc
 category instead of the usb category and some cameras
(Creative WebCam II for example) will work with these.
(There's also a cpia_pp driver for parallel port camera
models but be sure to also use the cpia module with it.)
The c-qcam and bw-qcam modules under this category
are for the parallel port QuickCam cams. A list of cameras
and the drivers they use are given in Section 4 of the
WebCam HOWTO at the LDP (Linux Documentation
Project).

You likewise don't need to enter anything when prompted for parameters when
installing these modules so just Tab to OK and press Enter. Once they're all installed,
select the Exit selection at the top of the USB sub-menu and again at the main menu to
exit modconf.

Now REBOOT your system. Once you get to the login prompt you can use the Shift-
PageUp key combo to look at the messages that were displayed during the boot-up
process. You should see messages related to the usb.c (core) and USB motherboard
modules being loaded and detecting USB hardware.

These modules will allow the camera to talk to the Linux operating system. However,
we still need to install the software that will make it work with the Apache Web server
application to serve up the images. We're going to assume that you already have
Apache installed and configured. If not, the Internet Servers page will show you how.

If you have a cam that doesn't have a driver listed, you'll have to search the Web for the
appropriate driver source code and follow the instructions for using it to create a kernel
module file. When doing so, remember that when using the 'vanilla' installation routine
for Debian you are running the 2.2.x version of the Linux kernel.

Testing and Troubleshooting

There's a popular Linux "X" (i.e. GUI) application called xawtv that we'll use to see if
the cam is working. xawtv is made to work with many types of video devices, including
TV tuner cards and frame buffers. As a result, getting errors when starting xawtv doesn't
necessarily mean your cam won't work. It may just mean you're using a device (such as
a USB cam) that doesn't support the same features as a TV tuner card.

apt-get install xawtv

will kick off the installation. You'll notice that about ten other packages will get installed
which are located on the first two Debian CDs.

• You'll be asked if you want to create the "video*" special files (video0, video1,
etc.). Recall that Linux treats everything like a file so we need a file in /dev
that represents the cam so answer Yes to this.

• Select Yes when asked if you want to create a default configuration file.

• NTSC is the "TV norm" in the US with PAL being common in Europe and other
non-US areas. If you're not sure which is proper for your country you'll have to do
some Web searching to find out.
 • The "frequency table" selection doesn't really concern us because we're not
setting up a TV tuner card so just select whatever looks good (I used us-bcast).

• Select No when prompted to scan for TV stations.

xawtv and the other helper apps will now be set up and when it's done we're ready to
try it out. xawtv is kind of strange in that it's an X application but you have to start it from
a command line. As a result, we need to start up the GUI but then open an Xterm
window to get at a shell prompt.

Note: You don't really need to get xawtv working to get the Web
cam server working. We're using it simply to create the needed
/dev/video0 device file (the"special files" referred to in the
xawtv package installation). If you can't seem to get xawtv working
in a Linux GUI (or you don't even have a GUI installed) and you're
fairly certain the cam is OK and you've got the correct drivers
loaded, simply try going onto the next couple sections to see if
things still work. Just because you can't get a cam image in a
Linux GUI doesn't mean it won't generate images for use in a Web
page.

Entering startx at the shell prompt will start the GUI and give us the gray
background and 'X' mouse pointer. Left-click your mouse, arrow to Debian and then
XShells and select XTerm to open a console window. To minimize the possibility of
access issues, make sure your mouse pointer is on the Xterm window (to give it focus)
and make the cam device readable by everyone with the command:

chmod 666 /dev/video0

That's a zero after the word 'video', not a letter 'O'. Then just enter the command:

xawtv

You'll likely see error messages and then your mouse pointer will have another window
attached. Place that along side the Xterm window and left-click once to open it and you
should see a cam image! Right-click on the cam image and you'll open a control
window.

Troubleshooting

If you don't see a cam image you've got some investigating to do.
Unfortunately, since you'll see error messages in xawtv even when the cam
works, those error messages and error messages from its companion utility
v4l-conf may not be very helpful. One way to find out if xawtv is seeing your
cam is to have it tell you. If xawtv is still running, press Control-C to end it
and get your Xterm shell prompt back. At the shell prompt enter the
command:

xawtv -hwscan

You'll see your video card listed but you should also see your cam listed as
/dev/video0 or with some other number besides '0'. If you don't, the problem can
be in one of two areas, USB itself (the motherboard driver) or camera (either driver or
hardware). Don't discount the possibility that the cam itself is bad, especially if you
bought it used. If you suspect the cam, try using on another system to see if it works on
that.

If you used the Shift-PageUp procedure given earlier in this page to check your boot up
messages, you may want to look at them again to make sure everything is initializing
properly from a USB perspective.

You should see USB messages like "hub found" and "detected 2 ports". Correct USB
messages typically indicate that the motherboard driver (usb-uhci) is correct and
operating properly. If you're not getting good USB initialization messages try a different
motherboard driver as indicated in the table in the previous section. You may also see
that a cam driver was registered but that doesn't mean it's the correct driver. However, a
message saying that your model of camera was found usually does indicate that the
correct cam driver is loaded.

The lsmod will list all modules currently loaded in memory. You should see entries
that match the module names you selected in modconf like so:

usbcore
usb-uhci
usbvideo (with 2.4 kernel)
ibmcam
videodev

This indicates that the modules are available to the kernel for its using.
Again, just because the cam driver module is loaded doesn't mean anything.
The wrong driver will get loaded. And if you're certain it is the right driver then
you likely have a cam hardware problem. If the cam works on another
system, then there's something about your X setup that xawtv doesn't like.
It's possible that the number of colors for your X windows setup is too low. 8
bpp is only 256 colors which may not be enough for a cam image. If 8 bpp
was the highest selection available to you during the Debian installation, it's
possible you don't have much memory on your video card.

You can try manually loading cam drivers using the command:

modprobe driver-name

modprobe will automatically load any other required drivers like videodev and
usbvideo if needed. In addition to the drivers listed in the Woody section above you
could also try pwc and stv680. If they're not available you'll get "can't locate" message.

Again, the drivers will likely load (if they're available). They'll only do you any good if
they're used by your cam once it's loaded. To see if this is the case use the lsmod
command and see if [unused] appears on the same line as the driver name. If it
does, it's not the right driver. You can remove it with the command:

rmmod driver-name

Once you've got your cam working you have verified that you have a working
"video4linux device" and you can exit out of xawtv. To do this, place your mouse pointer
over the Xterm window (not the cam image window) to give it focus and then press
Control-C to end xawtv. The window with the cam image (and the control window if you
have it open) will close automatically and the shell prompt will return. Type in 'exit' at the
shell prompt to close the console window and then exit out the GUI.

Getting Files From Images

Once we have a cam spitting out images, we need a "grabber" application that will
capture those images and save them to a (typically JPG) file and put them where our
Web page can use them. For that we use the webcam utility. Installing it is simply:

apt-get install webcam

The webcam package doesn't do any configuration. It doesn't even create the config
file. We have to create one using the nano text editor with the command:

nano /etc/webcam.conf

and enter the following into it:

[ftp]
host = localhost
user = nobody
pass = xxxxxx
dir = /var/www
file = webcam.jpg
tmp = imageup.jpg
local = 1

[grab]
device = /dev/video0
width = 320
height = 240
delay = 0
input = camera
norm = ntsc
quality = 75
trigger = 180

Recall that /var/www is the default DocumentRoot directory for Apache. The FTP
user and pass can be anything because with local set to 1 FTP isn't being used.
(If you have a Web server running on another system you can use the FTP option to
send the image files over to it.) The delay setting is how often an image is grabbed
but keep in mind the shorter you make this the higher the load on your system. The
norm setting may need to be pal in Europe and other non-US locations instead of the
ntsc setting shown.

For setups where the cam is on a different system than the Web
server, you'd have to:

• Set the local value to 0 in the config file

• Create a new user account on the Web server for FTP
image submissions
• Make sure the Web server is running the WU-FTP FTP
 server software and the new user account can access it
from a remote system
• Give this new user account write access to the /var/www
directory on the Web server
• Enter this new user account name and password for the
user and pass values in the config file
• Enter the IP address of the Web server for the host value
in the config file
• For the file and tmp values in the config file you'll need
to use a unique value on each cam system such as
webcam-garage.jpg and garage-up.jpg

If the above settings give you a cam image file that looks like it
has no vertical sync (i.e. just a bunch of diagonal lines) you'll need
to play around with the 'width' and 'height' settings fo find one that
your cam supports. Typical width/height settings are as follows
(with 352x288 and 320x240 being the commonly-used settings):

160x120
176x144
320x240
352x288
640x480

So now lets see what your cam image files look like. We have to specify the
configuration file when we start the program so we use the command:

webcam /etc/webcam.conf &

A bunch of stuff will start scrolling up the screen. If you see a line that says:

ftp: connect failed, sleeping 10 sec

it's likely because you either mis-typed the configuration file specifier on the command
line or you're not connecting to a remote Web server. That's because it uses the
information in the configuration file to connect to the locally running FTP service.

The & in the above command runs it in the background. Hitting the Enter key will get
your shell prompt back so you can continue to use your system.

Now just go to another system on your network and point the browser to your Debian
system's IP address and the image file like so:

http://192.168.1.10/webcam.jpg

If you installed Mozilla on the Debian system you could also just fire up the GUI and use
it, replacing the IP address with 'localhost'.

To stop webcam from running enter the command:

fg webcam

to bring it to the foreground and press Control-C which will stop it and return your shell
prompt.
I've found that webcam gives the images a green cast under low or incandescent light.
There are a few grabber utilities out there and the documentation pretty much sucks for
most of them. vgrabbj is one but there's a problem with the Debian package which I
have notified the maintainer about. It doesn't install a required file. You can work around
it but it's a pain. I'll keep an eye out for a better a package and update this page if I find
one. Now that we're getting an image file, we need a Web page to display it on.

Auto-Updating Web Page

We want a Web page that will automatically re-read the file so the displayed cam image
gets updated. There's three ways to do this. With HTML META tags, Javascript, or a
Java applet. We'll use the first option here because it's the simplest. The downside to
this approach is that the whole page gets refreshed, not just the image, but since our
page will be simple that's not a problem.

All we need to do is create a simple page in which we specify the same image file that
we specified in the webcam.conf file. Use the command:

nano /var/www/webcam.htm

and enter the following into it:

<html>
<head>
<META HTTP-EQUIV="pragma" CONTENT="no-cache">
<META HTTP-EQUIV="refresh" CONTENT="0">
</head>
<body>
<center>
<h2>My Web Cam</h2>
<img src="webcam.jpg" width="480" height="360">
</center>
</body>
</html>

Exit the editor saving the file and then start up webcam again. Once again, go to a
different system on your network (or use Mozilla on the same system) and this time
point the browser to the Web page your created like so:

http://192.168.1.10/webcam.htm

Your Web page with the embedded cam image file should be displayed. Move the
camera around a bit and make sure the image is updating. If your system is connected
to the Internet via broadband or modem, have a distant friend or relative try to access it
using the public IP address assigned via DHCP by your ISP (or your Web server's URL
if you're using dynamic DNS) in place of the IP address above.

Note that the delay = 0 in the webcam configuration file will put a load on your
system and the CONTENT="0" in the META refresh tag in the Web page will eat up
some bandwidth. If necessary your should use low non-zero values (2 to 5) to reduce
these loads. If you don't need frequent updates you can conserve resources by using
values of 10 to 15 or even 30 to 60 (set the Web page refresh time a little longer than
the webcam delay time).

If you want to create a fancier Web page, check out

developers.webcamworld.com/templates.html for Javascript and Java page templates
and applet files.

Setting Up An IP Camera

An IP camera is not the same as a typical "Web cam" that connects to a computer. An
IP camera, also referred to as a network camera, is a stand-alone device that contains
it's own internal Web server. As such, it acts like a stand-alone server.

IP cameras used to costs hundreds of dollars (and the high-end

models still do). However, you can now get a low-end IP cam like the
Trendnet TV-IP100 for around $85. Setting up one of these units for
Internet viewing is pretty easy.

Because these cameras are self-contained Web servers, they are set
to "listen" for requests on port 80 by default. However, if port 80 is
already being used by your Web server we need to change that. This is easy to do
because we have to go into the Configuration/Network setup menu in the camera in
order to change the IP address anyway.

Note that in the above camera configuration page we set the IP address to
192.168.1.40 and set the port the camera should listen on to 8080. (You can use your
own values of course.)

If you're using a commercial cable/DSL router instead of a Debian server to do things

like NAT and firewalling, we need to set the cable/DSL router to route port 8080 traffic to
the IP camera. Note that in the following example we assume you have a Debian server
with an IP address of 192.168.1.80 acting as an Apache Web server, which listens on
port 80. (We cover setting up a home Web server on the Internet Servers page.)
You can browse to your camera from your internal network by using it's IP address and
port number as so:

http://192.168.1.40:8080

In order to browse to the camera from the Internet you'll either need to know the
external IP address of your router (the IP address assigned to you by your broadband
provider) or you'll want to use your own domain name with a dynamic DNS service (see
our DNS page for information on how to set that up). If you have this set up already for
your Web server, then the URL would be something like:

http://www.you-last-name.net:8080

If you want to set up multiple cameras, you'd just set each camera to use a different
port, and put a corresponding entry in the router for each camera. Under this scenerio,
the above diagram would be changed to the following:
You can add as many IP cams to your network as you want. You're only
limitation would be the number of open ports on your hub or switch, and you
can always upgrade to a 16-port switch which are going for around $65
these days. If you don't want to mess with running cables and be concerned
about switch ports, the same IP cam comes in a wireless version for around
$110, and a wireless pan/tilt model for $180.

SECURITY WARNING

Do NOT plan to use the system you will create using these guide pages as a "production" (real)
server. It will NOT be secure!

There are many steps involved in creating a secure Internet or LAN server. While we do refer to
some things you can do to make your system more secure, there are many other measures
related to system security that also need to be taken into consideration and they are not covered
on these pages.

These guide pages are meant as a learning tool only. The knowledge gained on these pages will
help you understand the material covered in security-related publications when you are ready to
consider setting up a production server.

Did you find this page helpful ?

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