t

Chapter - 2
OPERATING SYSTEM
SOFTVARE CONCEPTS /AND (5GL)! Fifth
lhe softwate is a part of the conputer you cannot touch,
languagos generation
Filth gonorationcurrently being used for
of neural
5
which is all the programmning that makes the computer to languages aro network is a form
run, controlling cverything hat tho computer doos networks, A ncural imitate how
attempts to
artifical
the human
intolligonco that
IPES OF SOFTWARE: mind works.
LEVELLANGUAGES:
System software TYPES OF WIGII
Programming software PIocodural Programming Languages
Application software 1 Structured Programming Languages
2 Programming Languages
1. System software: System software helps to run the 3 Objoct Oriented
computer harcwarr and computer system. It Procodural Programming Languages;Procedural
includes operating system, device drivers, servers, 1
of operafions that tho
windowing systems, utilities and more. programming spec1ties alistreach the desired stBo
to
program must complete functions, subroutines
Procedures, also known as
Progrannming software: Programming software sections of code that perfor
usually provides tools to
assist
a or methods, are small
programmer in aparticular function.
writing computer piograms and software using etc.
different programming languages. The tools include Examplos: FORTRAN, BASIC,
text editors. compilers, interpreters, linkers, Languages: Structured
debuggers, and so on. 2 Structured Programming of prOcedural
programming is a special type break program
3 programming. Here the programmers
Application software: Application software allows structure into small pieces of code
easily
that are
end users to accomplish one or more specific not allow the use of the GOTO
understood. It does
(non-computer related) tasks. Typical applications statement. It is often associated with a "top-down"
include industrial automation, business software,
educationa! software, medical software, databases, approach to design.
and computer games. Examples: C, Ada, and Pascal.
TYPES OF 3. Object-Oriented Programming Languages: . In
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: object-oriented programs, there is a pairing of
can be
There are five types of programming languages based a piece of data with the operations that
performed on it is known as an object. A program
on generations:
1
Machine level language thus becomes a collection of cooperating objects,
2 Assembly level language rather than alist of instructions. OOP concepts are:
3 High level language 1. Encapsulation
4 Fourth generation language 2. Inheritance
5. Fifth Generation Languages 3. Polymorphism
Examples: Java, Visual Basic, C#, C++, and Python.
1. Machine level language: Represent the very early, LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS:
primitive computer languages that consisted entirely
of 1's and 0's- the actual language that the
computer understands.
A computer can only understand programs written in
machine code. So, a program written for example in
2
a high level language such as Java cannot be run directly.
Assembly level language: Allow for the use of To execute a computer program written in high. or low
symbolic names instead of just numbers. Assembly level language, it must be first translated. There are
languages are known as second. generation 3 types of systemsoftware used for translating the code
languages. Code wi itten in an assembly language is that a programmer writes into a form that the computer
converted into machine language (1GL) can execute (i.e. machine code):
Le1. Assemblers
3. High ievel language: With the languages. 2 Compilers
ihtroduced by the third generation. of.computers 3. Interpreters
programming, words and commands (instead of just
Source Code is the code that is input to a translator.
symbols and numbers) were being used Third
generation languages are known as "high level Executable çode is the code that is output from the
translator.
languages" and include C, C++, Java, and so on.
1. Assembler:An Assembler converts an assembly.
4. Fourth generation languages (4GL): The syntax
program into machine code
used in 4GL is very close to human language, 4GL
languages are typically used to access databases Compilert ACompiler is aprogram that translates a.
and include SQL.. high level language into machine code.
Triumphant Institute of Management Education Pvt. Ltd. (T.J.M.E.) HO: 95B, 2d Floor, Siddamsetty Complex, Secunderabad 500003.
Tel : 040-27898195 Fax : 040-27847334 email: [email protected] website : www.tine4education.com SM2001607/8
 interface
GUI is an
Interpreter: íAn nterprert is Ats 3 progA) that GUI (Graphical Uaer Interfaco) ponting
commands by using a buttons,
M# Us8i h4jèa
peint äñd chck on icons, OSX
franslates high evef s0s (to itsto oxecutbe hi
code )ttowover the derente bötveen a copte. y a (n 9 rmouse) to MAC
and hn interpreter is that an interpielottanslates. cO0 EX Windows,
SYSTEM(MS-DOS):
MICROSOFTDISK OPERATINGGriented, coimafid r
LINKER inker is a omptet progtA that takes one of O3 is non graphical line
with a relatively simpie
more objects generated by a ompilet And combines rienu drVen operatirg syaterm,
"triendly" usor intorfaco It is
them into a single executatsle proqtm y interface buf not ovorty HGAr3inputars that provides
LOADER. Loade is e part of the Operating System that a systom soffWafä iBA0
socondary atorage devices and the
the marnagement of
brings an executable file residing on disk into memory information on thorm While oporatina a cormputer, Use
and starts its ekecution cornmands DOS converts these
nters
by cormputer
Commarnds into a yersion which is roadablg messageS
OPERATING SYSTEM memory DOS also converts the orrof
fomal)
An operating system is a software ptogram that provides generated by computoxs into an undrstandablewas the
an interface between the uset and the computer and MS DOS developed by Microsoft for JBM,
manages thousands of applicat on9 very general slandard oprrating systorn for iBM-cornpatible porsonal
purpose computer must have an operating system to run cormputers/DÖS is a 16 bit operating system and does.
other programs. The operating system is storcd on disk. not support rnultiple users or multitaskinig
but it needs to be loaded into memory (RAM) once the BOOTING: When the cornputer is switched on, tne
compute is switched on and before any other program firmware program in Read Only Mernory(ROM) äso called
can be run. The operating system is automatically
Ibaded into memory as soon as you turn on, or boot, the Basic Inpul-Output Systern(BI0S)reads prograrns and data
computer. The term booting refers to the process of i.e Operating System and loads it rto rmemory (RAM). This
loading an operating system into a computer's memory.) process is known Boo'strapping (Booting) The 0S once
loaded takes control of the computer. handles user
This process is done by a program (caled the bootstrap.
loader) that is stored permanently in the computer's interaction and executes application prograrns.
electronic circuitry (usually on a ROM chip). Çold boot:(Switching on' of the computer frorn Power off
TYPES OF OS: and loading the operating system is caled "Coid Boot
Batch Processing OS: ln a batch processing Warm boot: If the computer is already on or has hanged
operating system interaction between the user and up and we want to reboot the system, then we do "Wam
processor is limited there no interaction at all
during the execution of work. Data and programs Boot" by pressing ctrltalt del keys simultaneousiy or.by.
that need to be processed are bundled and collected pressing "Reset" button on the system.)
as a 'batch' and executed together.
Types of DOS commands:
Multi-user (time sharing) OS: Allows two or more
users to run programs at the same time.
'Any instruction given to the computer to perforrn
a specifictask is called a command) The commands are
Multiprocessing OS: Supports running a program on fwo types:
more than one CPU. (a) Internal Commands: These are inbuilt commands of
Multitasking OS; Allows more than one program to MS-DOS ie. these are stored in Command
run concurrently. interpreter file (COMMAND.COM). These
Multithreading OS: Allows different parts of å single commands reside in the memory as long as the
program to run concurrently. machine is at the system prompt (C:>) level.
Real time0S: Responds to input instantly. DOS and E.g. DATE,TIME, DIR, VER etc.
UNIX are not real-time. b) External commands:These are separate program..
Distributed OS: In a distributed system, software (,com) Tiles that reside in DOS directory and when
and data may be distributed around the system. executed behave like commands. e.g. HELP,
Programs and files may be stored on different DOSKEY, BACKUP, RESTORE, FORMAT etc. )
storage devices which are located in different
geographical locations and maybe accessed from File system in DOS:
different computer terminals.
FILE: A file may contain a program or any other kind of
FUNCTIONS OF OS: information. A file must be given a name that can be
1. Managing resources used to identify it. DOS permits the user to assign a
2. Running applications name consisting of two parts to a file
3. Support for built-in utility programs primary name
4. Control computer hardware secondary name.
5. Security management
6. Provide User interface Primary name: It can be of a maximum of eight
characters consisting of Characters, Alphabets, Number
USER INTERFACE. is a term._usedto. .describe.the.. and Hyphen,
communication between people and computer systems. Secondary name: t should- consist of three characters,
which is optional.
CLI (Command Line Interface):CLI is a fom of
interface where the user types commands for the The primary name and the secondary (or extension)
computer to carry out. Ex: DOS, UNIX. name are to be separated by a dot (.). )
Triumphant Institute of Management Education Pvt. Ltd. (T..M.E.) IIO: 95B, 2d Floor, Siddamsetty Complex, Secunderabad -- s00 003.
Tel : 040-27898195 Fax : 010-27847334 email : [email protected] website : www.imeteducation.conm SM2001607/9
 2012-2013 Windows 8
8. 1
10 2013-2014: Windows
Windows 10
1 2014Present:
ROOT DIRECTORY, whch voneifs (ot Programs of windows 0S:
DREC TORIES, eah poneists ot a NDIVDUAL
nd the SUBIDIRECTORY
intoemntion fhese fokters ss FLES
in DESKTOP: The desktop is the main Gcreen aroa
you see after you turn on your conputer and og on
FORMATTING When you open prograrns or t,
metam saly Formattg
a means to pepare astoragt
yos fmat a disk disk for toading and writg When
Windows
appearon the desktop folders. hey
the operating
bookkei
make Sure allintormation on the disk system erases
tests the isk t
ICONS: lcons are smal pictures that represont 6
sectors ae rehable. narks folders, programs, and other iterns. Doubie.
(that s those that are bad secto3
soratched) and creates intemal
address tables that t ater a desktop icon opens the item it represents -clicking
You mUsl fomat a uses to
disk before you canlocate nfomation RECYCLE BIN: When you delete a file or folder.i
use it doesn't actually get deleted right away -t goes to the
PARTITONING:
mass storage intoPartitionng
isolated
means to dvIde menory of
Recycle Bin, If you're sure that you won't need the
deleted items again, you can empty the Recycle Bin
and sections.
you can partition a disk In DOS
wil systems,
each partition Doing that will permanently delete the items and reciairn
ltke a separate disk behave
drive
Usefui it you run more than onePart1tioning particularly
is any disk space they were using.
operating system START MENU: The Start menu is the main gateway to
MICROSOFT
Microsoft WINDOWS:
Windows is a
your computer's programs, folders, and settings. t's
called a menu because it provides a list of choices
produced by Mcrosoft series of operating systems
user intertace (GUI), Windows provides a graphical Use the Start menu to do these common activities:
penpheral devices multitasking, and support for many Start programs
Open commonly used folders
Basic concepts of windows: Search for files, folders, and programs
Adjust computer settings
Versions: Get help with the Windows operating system
Turn off the computer
1982-1985: Introducing Windows 1.0; It
Log off from Windows or switch to a different user
of drop-down menus, scroll bars, icons, consists
dialog
account
To open the Start menu, click the Start button in the
boxes, ability to switch among
several
restart. It also programs
without having to quit and lower-left corner of your screen. Or, press the Windows
MS-DOS file management, paint, includes logo key on your keyboard. The Start menu appears.
notepad, calculätor, a windows writer,.
to help you manage calendar, card file, and clock TASKBAR: The taskbar is at the bottom of your screen.
day-to-day actívities. It shows you which programs are running
and allows you
to switch between them. It also
2.
1987-1992: Windows contains the Start button.
more speed: Microsoft 2.0-2.11-More windows,
released Windows 2.0 with
which you can use to access programs,
folders, and
Computer settings. It has four main sections:
desktop icons and expanded memory. There is an The Start button, which opens the
improved graphics support, Start menu.
Controls the screen layout, andoverlap windows, The Quick Launch toolbar, which lets
you stat
uses keyboard programs with one click.
shortcuts to speed up your work. The middle section, which
shows you which
3
1990-1994: Windows 3.0--Windows NT-Getting programs and documents you have open and allows
the graphics you to quickly switch between them.
The notification area, which includes a
clock and
4.1995-2001: Windows 95: Windows 95 features the icons (small pictures) that communicate the status of
first appearance of the Start menu, taskbar, and certain programs and computer settings.
minimize, maximize, and close buttons on each MINIMIZE AND RESTORE WINDOWS: WNhen a window
window... is active (its taskbar button appears
1998-2000: Windows clicking its taskbar button minimizes thepressed down).
window. That
98, Windows 2000 means that the window disappears from the desktop.
6.
2001-2005: Windows XP-Stable, usable, and fast Minimizing a window doesn't close it or delete its
Contents-it merely removes it from the desktop
7 2006-2008: Windows Vista--Smart on security temporarily. You can also minimize a window by clicking
the Minimize button, in the upper-right corner of the
8. 2009-2012: Windows 7 window. To restore a minimized window (make it show
up again on the desktop), click its taskbar button.
Triumphant Institute of Management Education Pvt. Ltd. (T.I.M.E.) HO: 95B, 2d loor,
Tel : 040-27898195 Fax : Siddamsetty Coplex, Secunderabad- 500 003.
040-27847334 ennail: [email protected]
website:www.time4education.com SM2001607/10
 WORKING WITH WINDOWs: windoOwsthat
Whencver
on your you open a
program, file,
aresmall if you
Seo therm in dialog boxes, whichtask. For example, might
Screen box or framo or folder, it appears
in a contain options for completing| a savingit first, you
Parts of a window
called a window buttons.
closo a word docurmont without yes, no, cancelchanges
S00 a dialog bOX which consists
document and any document
1
Menu bar
Title bar Clicking "Yos" savos the deletes the
3 you'va made, and clicking "No"you've made. Clicking
Minimize button
4. Maximize button and discards any changos returns you to
the
and
Close button "Cancol" dismisses tho dialog box
6
Scroll bar program.
when
Border two parts the
Split buttons: If a button changes into button. Clicking
Menu bar: you point to it, it is called as a split command, whereas
make choicesMenu bar
in a contains items that you can click to main part of the button performs a
more options.
program. clicking the arrow opens a menu with
Title bar:
progranm (or Displays the
the folder namename
if
of the
document and
allow you o
Using option buttons: Option buttons options. They
you're working in a folder). make one choice among two or more
Minimize,
buttons hideMaximize, and Close frequently
select an option,
appear in dialog boxes. To option can be
screen, and close it,window, enlarge it tobuttons:
the
fill the Theso
click one of the buttons. Only one
respectively. whole selected.
Scroll bar: Lets you scroll the Using check boxes: Check boxes allow you to
select
seeinfomation that is currently contents of the buttons,
out of view. window to one or more independent options. Unlike option
which restrict you to one choice. check boxes allow you
Borders: You can drag these with your tochoose multiple options at the same time.
change the size of the window. mouse pointer to
Moving a window: USing text boxes: Atext box allows you to Iype
paSSWord.
information, such as a search term or
To move a A blinking vertical line called the cursor indicates wnere
pointer. Thenwindow, point to its
drag the window title bar with the mouse
to the location that
the text that you type will appear.
want. (Dragging means you
the mouse button, pointing to an item, holding down Using. drop-down lists: Drop-down lists are similar tO
moving the item with the pointer, and
then releasing the mouse menus. Here you choose an option. When closed, a drop
button.) down list shows only the curently selected option. Ine
Switching between windows: other available options are hidden until you click the control.
1. Using the taskbar
2. Using ALT+TAB Using list boxes: Alist box displays a list of options that
you can choose from. Unlike a drop-down list, some or
Dialog boxes: all of the options are visible without having to open the
list
A dialog box is a special type
a question, allowS you to of window that asks you
a task, or provides you with select options to perform USING WINDOWNS PROGRAMS:
dialog boxes when a program information. You'lH often see
a response from you to
or Windows needs Starting a program: To open the Start menu, click the
continue. Start buton. The left pane of the Start menu
contains
a small list of programs, including your Internet browser,
USING MENUS, BUTTONS, BARS, AND BOXES: e-mail program, and recently used programs. To start
Menus, buttons, scroll bars, and check boxes are a program, click it.
examples of controls that you operate with your mouse
or keyboard.
Creating a new document: Many programs allow you
to create, edit, save, and print
Using menus: Commands are organized under menus. documents. In general,
a document is any type of file that you can edit. Click
Aprogram menu shows you a list of choices. To keep the the
Screen uncluttered, menus are hidden until you click their File menu in the program you are using, and tnen
click New.
titles in the menu bar, located just underneath the title
bar. To choose one of the commands listed in amenu,
click it. Sometimes a dialog box appears, in which you Saving a document: On the File menu, click Save. If
this is the first time you are saving the
can select further options. be asked to provide a name for it and a document,on youll
location your
computer to save it to.
Using scroll bars: When a document, webpage, or
picture exceeds the size of its window, scroll bars appear
to allow youto see the information that is currently out of Moving information between files: Most programs
View. allowyou to share text and images between them. When
you copy information, it goes into a temporary storage
Using Command-buttons: A command button makes area called the Clipboard. From there, you can paste it
something happen when you click it. You'll most often into a document.

Triumphant Institute of Management Education Pvt. Ltd. (T.J.M.E.) II0: 95B, 2H Floor, Siddamsetty Complex,
Tel : 040-27398195 Fax : 040-27847334 email :
Secunderabad - 500003.
[email protected] website : wIrw.time4education.com SM2001607/11
 CTRL+LEFT ARROW: Moves
Undong your last ac tion: Most the insertion
Undo (reverse) actions vou take programs beginning of tho proVious word
To undo an or
allow you
action On the Edit menu,mistakos you makt.
the
CTRL+DOWNARROW Moves the point to
Geting hop with aprogram: To access a
click Undo

program s
theboginning of the next
CTRL+UP ARROW: Moves the
paragraph
insertion point to
insertion
Help system on the Help
first item in the lisi.
This function key opens
menu of the program, ChC
such as "View Hclp," or Press F1
beginning of the previous paragraph
CTRL+SHIFT with any of tho arrow keys: point to
he
Help in almost any
Exiting a
program:
button in the top right corner
Exit
progtam
To exit a program, click the Close
Or on tho File menu,
Chon
a block of

one
text
SHIFT with any of the arrow keys: Selects,more than
item in a window or on the
text in a docurnent
desktop,
Highights
or

KEYBOARD SIORTCUTS FOR WINDOVWS:

CTRL+A: Select all
ALT+ENTER: Views the properties for the
seleds
CTRL+C:
ALT+F4: Closes the active item, or quit seltheected item
CTRL+X.
copy
Cut
program
ALT+SPACEBAR: Opens the shortcut
menu fofor the
actve
CTRL+V Paste active window
CTRL+F4: Closes the active document in
CTRL+Z. Undo
DELETE: Delete
SHIFT+DELETE. Delete the selected item permanenty
that enable you to have multiple
simultaneously documentprsograopenmns
without placing the ALT+TAB: Switches between the open items
F1: help
item in the Recycle Bin ALT+ESC: Cycles through items in the
they had been opened in order
F2 key:
Renamnes the selected item SHIFT+F10: Displays the shortcut ha
F3 key:
Search for a file or afolder
F4 key: Displays the selected item menu for the
Computer or Address bar Iist in My CTRL+ESC: Displays the Start menu
Windows Explorer -BACKSPACE: Views the folder one
F5 key Updates the active window
F6 key: Cycles through the Computer or Windows Explorer level up in My
a window or on the screen elements in ESC: Cancels the current task
desktop
F10key: Activates the SHIFT when you insert a CD-ROM into the
automaticallyCD-ROM
menu bar in the active program drive: Prevents the CD-ROM from
CTRL+RIGHT ARROW:
the beginning of the next Moves the insertion point to CTRL+SHIFT+ESC: Opens Task Manager playing
word

Trit 3mohant Institute of

Tel: 040-27898 I95 Fax :
Management Education Pvt. Lta. (T.l.M.E.) IO: 953, 2" Floor,
040-27847334 email : [email protected] Siddan1setty Complex
website: www.time4education.cor secunderabad
- 500 005
SV0016012