INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION

HISTORY OF
COMPUTER:
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
PREPARED BY: MR. ARCEE B. CORTEZ
DEFINITION OF COMPUTER
• Computer is a programmable machine.

• Computer is an electronic device that manipulates

information, or data. It can store, retrieve, and process data.

• Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to

a list of instructions (program).

• Computer is any device which aids humans in performing

various kinds of computations or calculations.

EXAMPLE OF A COMPUTER
 THREE PRINCIPAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF
COMPUTER
• It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-

defined manner.

• It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions.

• It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.

MAIN PROCESS OF COMPUTER

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

MAIN PROCESS OF COMPUTER

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 HISTORY
OF
COMPUTER
Earliest Computers originally calculations were computed
by humans, whose job title was computers.
• These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation
of a mathematical expression.
• The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive,
requiring years of training in mathematics.
• The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613,
referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations,
and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of
the 20th century.
TALLY STICKS
A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and
document numbers, quantities, or even messages.
ABACUS
An abacus is a mechanical device used to
aid an individual in performing
mathematical calculations.
• The abacus was invented in Babylonia
in 2400 B.C.
• The abacus in the form we are most
familiar with was first used in China in
around 500 B.C.
• It used to perform basic arithmetic
operations.
NAPIER’S BONES
• Invented by John Napier in 1614.
• Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square
and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them
in specially constructed boards.
SLIDE RULE
Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.

• Is based on Napier's ideas about

logarithms.
• Used primarily for – multiplication –
division – roots – logarithms –
Trigonometry
• Not normally used for addition or
subtraction.
PASCALINE
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
• It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
• It is too expensive.
STEPPED RECKONER
• Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
• The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide
automatically.
JACQUARD LOOM
• The Jacquard loom is a
mechanical loom, invented
by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in
1881.
• It is an automatic loom
controlled by punched
cards.
ARITHMOMETER
• A mechanical calculator invented by
Thomas de Colmar in 1820,
• The first reliable, useful and
commercially successful calculating
machine.
• The machine could perform the four
basic mathematic functions.
• The first mass-produced calculating
machine.
DIFFERENCE ENGINE AND
ANALYTICAL ENGINE
• It an automatic, mechanical
calculator designed to tabulate
polynomial functions.
• Invented by Charles Babbage in
1822 and 1834
• It is the first mechanical
computer.
FIRST COMPUTER
PROGRAMMER
• In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron
suggests to Babbage that he
use the binary system.
• She writes programs for the
Analytical Engine.
SCHEUTZIAN
CALCULATION ENGINE
• Invented by Per Georg
Scheutz in 1843.
• Based on Charles
Babbage's difference
engine.
• The first printing
calculator.
TABULATING MACHINE
• Invented by Herman
Hollerith in 1890.
• To assist in
summarizing
information and
accounting.
HARVARD MARK 1
• Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator (ASCC).
• Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
• The first electro-mechanical computer.
Z1
• The first programmable
computer.
• Created by Konrad Zuse in
Germany from 1936 to 1938.
• To program the Z1 required that
the user insert punch tape into a
punch tape reader and all output
was also generated through
punch tape
ATANASOFF-BERRY
COMPUTER (ABC)
• It was the first electronic
digital computing device.
• Invented by Professor John
Atanasoff and graduate
student Clifford Berry at
Iowa State University
between 1939 and 1942
ENIAC
• ENIAC stands for Electronic
Numerical Integrator and
Computer.
• It was the first electronic
general-purpose computer.
• Completed in 1946.
• Developed by John Presper
Eckert and John Mauchly.
UNIVAC 1
• The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal
Automatic Computer 1) was
the first commercial
computer.
• Designed by John Presper
Eckert and John Mauchly.
EDVAC
• EDVAC stands for Electronic
Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer
• The First Stored Program
Computer
• Designed by Von Neumann in
1952.
• It has a memory to hold both a
stored program as well as data.
THE FIRST PORTABLE
COMPUTER
• Osborne 1 – the first portable
computer.
• Released in 1981 by the
Osborne Computer
Corporation.
THE FIRST COMPUTER
COMPANY
• The first computer company
was the Electronic Controls
Company.
• Founded in 1949 by John
Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
PREMECHANICAL
• It can be defined as the time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D.
• "Earliest Age" of information technology.
• Early alphabets were developed such as the Phoenician
alphabet
• Pens and paper began to be developed.
• This is where the first books and libraries are developed.
• Around 100A.D. was when the first 1-9 system was created by
people from India.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
PREMECHANICAL
• It wasn’t until 875A.D. (775 years later) that the
number 0 was invented.
• A calculator was the very first sign of an information
processor. The popular model of that time was the
abacus.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
MECHANICAL
• The mechanical age can be defined as the time between 1450
and 1840.
• Technologies like the slide rule (an analog computer used for
multiplying and dividing) were invented.
• Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline which was a very popular
mechanical computer.
• Charles Babbage developed the difference engine which
tabulated polynomial equations using the method of finite
differences.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
ELECTROMECHANICAL
• The electromechanical age can be defined as the time
between 1840 and 1940.
• These are the beginnings of telecommunication.
• The telegraph was created in the early 1800s.
• Morse code was created by Samuel Morse in 1835.
• The telephonewas created by Alexander Graham Bell
in 1876.
• The first radio developed by Guglielmo Marconi in
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
ELECTROMECHANICAL
• The first large-scale automatic digital computer in the
United States was the Mark 1 created by Harvard
University around 1940. This computer was 8ft high,
50ft long, 2ft wide, and weighed 5 tons. It was
programmed using punch cards.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
ELECTRONIC
• It can be defined as the time between 1940 and
present.
• The ENIAC was the first high-speed, digital computer
capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range
of computing problems - used by the U.S. Army for
artillery firing tables
• ENIAC size 680 square feet and weighing 30 tons.
• It mainly used vacuum tubes to do its calculations.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
ELECTRONIC
• There are 4 main sections of digital computing.
• First was the era of vacuum tubes and punch cards
like the ENIAC and Mark 1. Rotating magnetic drums
were used for internal storage.
• Second generation replaced vacuum tubes with
transistors, punch cards were replaced with magnetic
tape, and rotating magnetic drums were replaced by
magnetic cores for internal storage.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
ELECTRONIC
• During this time high-level programming languages
were created such as FORTRAN and COBOL.
• The third generation replaced transistors with
integrated circuits, magnetic tape was used
throughout all computers, and magnetic core turned
into metal oxide semiconductors.
• An actual operating system showed up with the
advanced programming language BASIC.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
ELECTRONIC
• Fourth and latest generation brought in CPUs (central
processing units) which contained memory, logic, and
control circuits all on a single chip. The personal
computer was developed (Apple II). The graphical user
interface (GUI) was developed.
TO BE CONTINUED..